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. 2020 Jan 1;11(4):804–809. doi: 10.7150/jca.36651

The association of RAN and RANBP2 gene polymerphisms with Wilms tumor risk in Chinese children

Xiaokai Huang 1,*, Jie Zhao 1,*, Wen Fu 2,*, Jinhong Zhu 3, Susu Lou 1, Xiaoqian Tian 1, Shanshan Chen 1, Jichen Ruan 1, Jing He 1,2,✉, Haixia Zhou 1,✉
PMCID: PMC6959007  PMID: 31949483

Abstract

Wilms tumor is considered to be the most common renal malignancy among children. RAN, a member of RAS superfamily, and its binding partner RANBP2 are related to the progression of multiple tumors. Nevertheless, the effects of the RAN and RANBP2 gene polymorphisms on the tumorigenesis of Wilms tumor remain unclarified. In this study, three potentially functional polymorphisms (rs56109543 C>T, rs7132224 A>G, and rs14035 C>T) in the RAN and one (rs2462788 C>T) in the RANBP2 were chosen to investigate their association with Wilms tumor susceptibility. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to assess the association of the selected polymorphisms with Wilms tumor susceptibility. Results shown that RAN rs7132224 AG/GG genotypes significantly increased Wilms tumor risk when compared to AA genotype (adjusted OR=1.40, 95% CI=1.01-1.95, P=0.047). Carriers of 1-3 risk genotypes have a significantly higher Wilms tumor risk than those without risk genotype (adjusted OR=1.49, 95% CI=1.07-2.07, P=0.020). Moreover, stratified analysis indicated that RAN rs56109543 CT/TT genotypes, RAN rs7132224 AG/GG genotypes and RANBP2 rs2462788 CT/TT genotypes remarkably increased Wilms tumor susceptibility among the subgroups. Our results indicated that RAN and RANBP2 polymorphisms were associated with Wilms tumor susceptibility in Chinese children. The role of RAN/RANBP2 in cancers deserves more attention.

Keywords: RAN, RANBP2, polymorphism, Wilms tumor, susceptibility

Introduction

Wilms tumor, resulting from deviant cellular proliferation and differentiation, is currently one of the most concerned tumors in children 1, 2. It is also one of the most common solid pediatric tumors, especially before the age of five years 3. This tumor affects 1 in 10000 children and constitutes 8% of pediatric cancers 4. Although Wilms tumor have an overall survival rate of 80%, more than 15% of patients have a poor prognosis despite aggressive retreatment 5. The patients with anaplastic Wilms tumor, relapsed and blastemal-type disease have a very low survival rate 6. Therefore, it is indispensable to find more effective therapies in order to improve the poor prognosis of Wilms tumor.

In recent years, it is gradually recognized that the occurrence and development of Wilms tumor is closely connected to various genetic alterations 7. For instance, aberrant splicing of WT1, a pivotal cancer suppressor gene, increased the risk of Wilms tumor 8. MYCN amplification enhances promoted the development of Wilms tumor through multiple mechanisms 9. Moreover, numerous gene polymorphisms have been found to predispose to Wilms tumor 10-12, including WTX 13, P53 14, CTNNB1 15, BARD1 16, HACE1 17, LIN28B 18, XPD 19, hOGG1 and FEN1 gene 20, KRAS 21. Although quite a few of predisposing genetic factors have been found, they are far from enough to explicitly explain the genetic pathogenesis of Wilms tumor.

RAN, belonging to RAS superfamily, is a small GTP-binding protein, which is composed of 216 amino acids with typical sequence motifs. Previous experiments have demonstrated that RAN was closely related to mitotic process, nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, nuclear transport of proteins, and the formation of nuclear envelope 22-24. RAN is regarded as a decisive molecular switch for chromosome arrangement and mitotic progression. When nucleotide-free RAN binds to Mog1, not only is anaphase of mitosis delayed, but also many mitotic defects appeared 25. RANBP2, recognized as a pleiotropic protein, plays physiological roles in reconciling gene-environment interactions. It consists of several domains, including four RAN-binding domains 26. Both RAN and RANBP2 are involved in mitosis and are associated with a variety of cancers. Thus, we conducted this study to examine the association of RAN and RANBP2 gene polymorphisms with Wilms tumor risk as well as cumulative effects of polymorphisms in the two genes.

Materials and methods

Study subjects

This study was authorized by the Institutional Review Board of Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University. Written informed consents were obtained from all participants signed by their guardians. In this retrospective research, 183 patients diagnosed with Wilms tumor and 603 cancer-free volunteers were recruited (Supplementary Table 1). All the included patients were newly diagnosed and had histopathologically verified Wilms tumor. The exclusion criteria included prior chemotherapy or radiation, other types of tumors, and secondary or recurrent tumors. Controls were recruited from children receiving regular physical examination int the designated hospitals during the same period. Age and sex were matched between cases and controls. Both the cases and controls were unrelated ethnic Chinese Han individuals.

Polymorphisms selection and genotyping

Three potentially functional polymorphisms in the RAN (rs56109543 C>T, rs7132224 A>G, rs14035 C>T) and one potentially functional polymorphism in the RANBP2 (rs2462788 C>T) were chosen in this study. The criteria of SNPs selection and genotyping have been described in our previous study 27.

Statistical analysis

Chi-squared test was used to compare the demographic variables and the frequency distribution of gene polymorphisms between cases and controls. The goodness-of-fit χ2 test was used to estimate the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in control subjects. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the association of RAN/RANBP2 gene polymorphisms with Wilms tumor susceptibility. All of the statistical tests adopted bilateral. Results were recognized as statistically significant if P<0.05.

Results

Associations between RAN/RANBP2 polymorphisms and Wilms tumor risk

The whole genotype frequencies of polymorphisms in the RAN and RANBP2 gene were outlined in Table 1. It is apparently that rs7132224 AG/GG genotypes carriers were associated with an increased risk of Wilms tumor when compared with AA genotype carriers (adjusted OR=1.40, 95% CI=1.01-1.95, P=0.047). However, no significant association was detected between the other three polymorphisms and Wilms tumor susceptibility. Furthermore, higher risk was demonstrated in participants with 1-3 risk genotypes (adjusted OR=1.49, 95% CI=1.07-2.07, P=0.020) when compared with those without risk genotype.

Table 1.

Association between RAN/RANBP2 gene polymorphisms and Wilms tumor susceptibility

Genotype Cases
(N=183)		 Controls
(N=603)		 P a Crude OR
(95% CI)		 P Adjusted OR
(95% CI) b 		P b
RAN rs56109543 C>T (HWE=0.258)
CC 117 (63.93) 430 (71.31) 1.00 1.00
CT 59 (32.24) 154 (25.54) 1.41 (0.98-2.02) 0.065 1.41 (0.98-2.02) 0.065
TT 7 (3.83) 19 (3.15) 1.35 (0.56-3.30) 0.505 1.35 (0.56-3.30) 0.504
Additive 0.164 1.31 (0.97-1.75) 0.077 1.30 (0.97-1.75) 0.077
Dominant 66 (36.07) 173 (28.69) 0.058 1.40 (0.99-1.99) 0.058 1.40 (0.99-1.99) 0.058
Recessive 176 (96.17) 584 (96.85) 0.655 1.22 (0.51-2.96) 0.656 1.22 (0.51-2.96) 0.655
RAN rs7132224 A>G (HWE=0.231)
AA 87 (47.54) 337 (55.89) 1.00 1.00
AG 78 (42.62) 220 (36.48) 1.37 (0.97-1.95) 0.075 1.38 (0.97-1.95) 0.074
GG 18 (9.84) 46 (7.63) 1.52 (0.84-2.75) 0.170 1.52 (0.84-2.75) 0.168
Additive 0.132 1.28 (1.00-1.65) 0.052 1.29 (1.00-1.65) 0.051
Dominant 96 (52.46) 266 (44.11) 0.047 1.40 (1.003-1.95) 0.048 1.40 (1.01-1.95) 0.047
Recessive 165 (90.16) 557 (92.37) 0.339 1.32 (0.75-2.34) 0.340 1.32 (0.75-2.34) 0.338
RAN rs14035 C>T (HWE=0.389)
CC 113 (61.75) 403 (66.83) 1.00 1.00
CT 63 (34.43) 176 (29.19) 1.28 (0.90-1.82) 0.178 1.28 (0.89-1.82) 0.179
TT 7 (3.83) 24 (3.98) 1.04 (0.44-2.48) 0.929 1.04 (0.44-2.47) 0.937
Additive 0.401 1.17 (0.87-1.55) 0.299 1.16 (0.87-1.55) 0.302
Dominant 70 (38.25) 200 (33.17) 0.205 1.25 (0.89-1.76) 0.205 1.25 (0.89-1.76) 0.207
Recessive 176 (96.17) 579 (96.02) 0.925 0.96 (0.41-2.27) 0.926 0.96 (0.41-2.26) 0.917
RANBP2 rs2462788 C>T (HWE=0.298)
CC 163 (89.07) 554 (91.87) 1.00 1.00
CT 20 (10.93) 49 (8.13) 1.39 (0.80-2.40) 0.242 1.39 (0.80-2.41) 0.240
TT 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) / / / /
Additive 0.241 1.39 (0.80-2.40) 0.242 1.39 (0.80-2.41) 0.240
Dominant 20 (10.93) 49 (8.13) 0.241 1.39 (0.80-2.40) 0.242 1.39 (0.80-2.41) 0.240
Combined effect of risk genotypes for RAN c
0 84 (45.90) 336 (55.72) 1.00 1.00
1 28 (15.30) 68 (11.28) 1.65 (1.00-2.72) 0.051 1.65 (1.00-2.73) 0.050
2 9 (4.92) 26 (4.31) 1.39 (0.63-3.07) 0.422 1.39 (0.63-3.09) 0.415
3 62 (33.88) 173 (28.69) 1.43 (0.98-2.09) 0.060 1.43 (0.99-2.09) 0.060
0 84 (45.90) 336 (55.72) 1.00 1.00
1-3 99 (54.10) 267 (44.28) 0.020 1.48 (1.06-2.07) 0.020 1.49 (1.07-2.07) 0.020
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OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HWE, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. aχ2 test for genotype distributions between Wilms tumor patients and controls. bAdjusted for age and gender. c Risk genotype were with rs56109543 CT/TT, rs7132224 AG/GG and rs14035 CT/TT.

Stratified analysis

As shown in Table 2 and Table 3, the RAN rs56109543 CT/TT genotypes (adjusted OR=1.98, 95% CI=1.15-3.38, P=0.013) and RAN rs7132224 AG/GG genotypes (adjusted OR=2.80, 95% CI=1.64-4.77, P=0.0002) increased the risk of Wilms tumor among the children aged ≤18 months. The presence of 1-3 risk genotypes have an increased risk of Wilms tumor in children aged ≤18 months (adjusted OR=2.80, 95% CI=1.64-4.77, P=0.0002) and male (adjusted OR=1.57, 95% CI=1.01-2.46, P=0.046) when compared with those without risk genotype. In addition, the RANBP2 gene rs2462788 CT/TT conferred the susceptibility to Wilms tumor in children aged ≤18 months (adjusted OR=2.43, 95% CI=1.15-5.12, P=0.020), male (adjusted OR=2.15, 95% CI=1.08-4.25, P=0.029) and subgroup with clinical stage I+II Wilms tumor (adjusted OR=2.77, 95% CI=1.41-5.46, P=0.003).

Table 2.

Stratification analysis of RAN polymorphisms with Wilms tumor susceptibility

Variables rs56109543
(cases/controls)		 AOR (95% CI) a P a rs7132224
(cases/controls)		 AOR (95% CI) a P a Risk genotypes
(cases/controls)		 AOR (95% CI) a P a
CC CT/TT AA AG/GG 0 1-3
Age, month
≤18 46/201 30/67 1.98 (1.15-3.38) 0.013 27/161 49/107 2.80 (1.64-4.77) 0.0002 27/161 49/107 2.80 (1.64-4.77) 0.0002
>18 71/229 36/106 1.10 (0.69-1.74) 0.694 60/176 47/159 0.86 (0.56-1.34) 0.510 57/175 50/160 0.95 (0.62-1.48) 0.830
Gender
Female 52/189 29/78 1.35 (0.80-2.28) 0.263 38/141 43/126 1.27 (0.77-2.09) 0.350 36/140 45/127 1.38 (0.84-2.27) 0.207
Male 65/241 37/95 1.45 (0.91-2.31) 0.123 49/196 53/140 1.52 (0.97-2.36) 0.067 48/196 54/140 1.57 (1.01-2.46) 0.046
Clinical stages
I+II 43/430 24/173 1.39 (0.82-2.36) 0.226 30/337 37/266 1.56 (0.94-2.61) 0.086 30/336 37/267 1.56 (0.93-2.59) 0.090
III+IV 65/430 33/173 1.26 (0.80-1.98) 0.328 51/337 47/266 1.17 (0.76-1.80) 0.478 48/336 50/267 1.30 (0.85-2.00) 0.226
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AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. a Adjusted for age and gender, without the corresponding stratify factor.

Table 3.

Stratification analysis of RANBP2 rs2462788 C>T polymorphism with Wilms tumor risk

Variables rs2462788 (cases/controls) OR (95% CI) P AOR (95% CI) a P a
CC CT/TT
Age, month
≤18 63/247 13/21 2.43 (1.15-5.11) 0.020 2.43 (1.15-5.12) 0.020
>18 100/307 7/28 0.77 (0.33-1.81) 0.546 0.77 (0.33-1.82) 0.556
Gender
Females 76/243 5/24 0.67 (0.25-1.81) 0.425 0.67 (0.25-1.81) 0.429
Males 87/311 15/25 2.15 (1.08-4.25) 0.029 2.15 (1.08-4.25) 0.029
Clinical stages
I+II 54/554 13/49 2.72 (1.39-5.33) 0.004 2.77 (1.41-5.46) 0.003
III+IV 93/554 5/49 0.61 (0.24-1.57) 0.302 0.62 (0.24-1.59) 0.317
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OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; AOR, adjusted odds ratio. aAdjusted for age and gender, without the corresponding stratify factor.

Haplotype analysis

As presented in Table 4, compared to haplotype TTT, the following four haplotypes significant increased the risk of Wilms tumor: TTC (adjusted OR=22.58, 95% CI=2.68-190.04, P=0.004), TCT (adjusted OR=1.56, 95% CI=1.04-2.34, P=0.031), CCT (adjusted OR=15.22, 95% CI=1.69-136.97, P=0.015) and CCC (adjusted OR=1.46, 95% CI=1.09-1.97, P=0.012).

Table 4.

The frequency of inferred haplotypes of RAN gene based on observed genotypes and their association with the risk of Wilms tumor

Haplotypesa Cases
(n=366)		 Controls
(n=1206)		 Crude OR
(95% CI)		 P AOR (95% CI)b P b
TTT 231 (63.11) 872 (72.31) 1.00 1.00
TTC 6 (1.64) 1 (0.08) 22.65 (2.71-189.07) 0.004 22.58 (2.68-190.04) 0.004
TCT 38 (10.38) 92 (7.63) 1.56 (1.04-2.34) 0.032 1.56 (1.04-2.34) 0.031
TCC 7 (1.91) 36 (2.99) 0.73 (0.32-1.67) 0.461 0.74 (0.32-1.68) 0.465
CTT 1 (0.27) 0 (0.00) / / / /
CTC 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) / / / /
CCT 4 (1.09) 1 (0.08) 15.10 (1.68-135.74) 0.015 15.22 (1.69-136.97) 0.015
CCC 79 (21.58) 204 (16.92) 1.46 (1.09-1.97) 0.012 1.46 (1.09-1.97) 0.012
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OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; AOR, adjusted odds ratio. a The haplotypes order were rs56109543, rs7132224 and rs14035. b Obtained in logistic regression models with adjustment for age and gender.

Discussion

In this study with 183 cases and 603 controls, significant association was found between the rs7132224 A>G polymorphism and Wilms tumor risk. As far as we know, the current study is the first investigation regarding the association of RAN and RANBP2 gene polymorphisms with Wilms tumor susceptibility.

Previous researches have proved that RAN is involved in multiple cellular processes, including nucleo-cytoplasmic transport, mitotic spindle organization and the formation of nuclear envelope 28-30. RAN has been shown to be implicated in carcinomas, such as breast cancer and lung cancer, by regulating cell adhesion, migration and invasion 31. Several researches illustrated that RAN-inhibitory peptide-loaded PEG-PLGA NPs have great potential in curbing cancer through limiting the formation of active forms of RAN 32-34. In addition, the expression level of RAN was significantly altered in glioblastoma, pancreatic cancer, neuroblastoma, melanoma 35-40.

Recently, there is a growing list of RAN binding proteins, which are molecular targets for inhibiting RAN signaling pathways of in cancer cells, and provide a neoteric approach to the treatment of cancers 27, 41. RANBP2 known to regulate numerous cellular activities, is reported has an indivisible association with nasopharyngeal carcinoma through interacting with Epac1 42. In addition, some investigations have confirmed that RANBP2 is a tumor suppressor 43-45. Horio et al. found that the transcription of RANBP2 was significantly higher in small cell lung cancer than in other types of lung cancers 46. Furthermore, RANBP2 was verified to be upregulated in more than half of the multiple myeloma cases47.

We conducted this study to explore the association of RAN and RANBP2 gene polymorphisms with Wilms tumor susceptibility has not yet been explored. Compared to RAN rs7132224 AA genotype, AG/GG genotypes were found significantly correlated with the risk of Wilms tumor. However, we failed to significant association for other three gene polymorphisms. An early study by Ying et al. indicated that the CC genotype of RAN rs14035 significantly increased the venture of gastric cancer 48. And the RAN rs14035 CT heterozygote was a protective factor against colorectal cancer for Korean male 49. However, we failed to find significant association between the rs14035 polymorphism and Wilms tumor, which could be caused by the small sample size. We also testified that carriers of 1-3 risk genotypes were more susceptible to Wilms tumor than those without risk genotype. The stratified analysis exhibited that rs56109543 CT/TT and rs7132224 AG/GG increase the risk of Wilms tumor in children aged ≤18 months. and Carriers of 1-3 risk genotypes have a significant increased susceptibility of Wilms tumor in children aged ≤18 months and male. What's more, the rs2462788 CT/TT in RANBP2 gene increased the chance of Wilms tumor in children aged ≤18 months, male and clinical stage I+II Wilms tumor. So far, no studies have shown a link of RAN rs56109543, RAN rs7132224 and RANBP2 rs2462788 with other tumors, which required more researches.

Although our study is the first investigation about the association of RAN/RANBP2 gene SNPs with Wilms tumor risk, several flaws should be noted. First, the sample size of our study was relatively small. The significant results could be just chance findings, and our results need to be verified by independent cohorts. Secondly, recruitment of participants only from Wenzhou and Guangzhou may cause selection bias; thus the results cannot fully represent other population. Thirdly, mechanisms of how the SNPs modify Wilms tumor susceptibility should be studied. Finally, we only explored the effects of genes polymorphisms on tumor susceptibility, but not on tumor development and prognosis.

In conclusion, our data provide evidence that RAN gene rs7132224 A>G polymorphism is significantly associated with increased Wilms tumor susceptibility. More comprehensive researches with lager sample size were warranted to validate the association between RAN/RANBP2 gene polymorphisms and Wilms tumor risk.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary figures and tables.

Click here for additional data file. (137.2KB, pdf)

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by grants from the Pearl River S&T Nova Program of Guangzhou (No: 201710010086), Scientific Research Foundation of Wenzhou (No: 2015Y0492), and Zhejiang Provincial Science and Technology Animal Experimental Platform Project (No: 016C37113).

Abbreviations

HWE

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

OR

odds ratio

CI

confidence interval

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