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. 2020 Jan 15;15(1):e0225958. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225958

Microscopic distance from tumor invasion front to serosa might be a useful predictive factor for peritoneal recurrence after curative resection of T3-gastric cancer

Shingo Togano 1,2, Masakazu Yashiro 1,2,3,*, Yuichiro Miki 1,2, Yurie Yamamato 2,3, Tomohiro Sera 1,2, Yukako Kushitani 1,2, Atsushi Sugimoto 1,2, Shuhei Kushiyama 1,2, Sadaaki Nishimura 1,2, Kenji Kuroda 1,2, Tomohisa Okuno 1,2, Mami Yoshii 1, Tatsuro Tamura 1, Takahiro Toyokawa 1, Hiroaki Tanaka 1, Kazuya Muguruma 1, Sayaka Tanaka 4, Masaichi Ohira 1
Editor: Kun Yang5
PMCID: PMC6961828  PMID: 31940352

Abstract

Background

Peritoneal recurrence is one of the most frequent recurrent diseases in gastric cancer. Although the exposure of cancer cells to the serosal surface is considered a common risk factor for peritoneal recurrence, there are some cases of peritoneal recurrence without infiltration to the serosal surface even after curative surgery. This study sought to clarify the risk factors of peritoneal recurrence in the absence of invasion to the serosal surface.

Materials and methods

Ninety-six patients with gastric cancer who underwent curative surgery were enrolled. In all 96 cases, the depth of tumor invasion was subserosal (T3). The microscopic distance from the tumor invasion front to the serosa (DIFS) was measured using tissue slides by H&E staining and pan-cytokeratin staining. E-cadherin expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining.

Results

Among the 96 patients, 16 developed peritoneal recurrence after curative surgery. The DIFS of the tumors with peritoneal recurrence (156±220 μm) was significantly shorter (p = 0.011) than that without peritoneal recurrence (360±478 μm). Peritoneal recurrence was significantly correlated with DIFS ≤234 μm (p = 0.023), but not with E-cadherin expression. The prognosis of DIFS ≤234 μm was significantly poorer than that of DIFS >234 μm (log rank, p = 0.007). A multivariate analysis of the patients' five-year overall survival revealed that DIFS ≤234 μm and lymph node metastasis were significantly correlated with survival (p = 0.005, p = 0.032, respectively).

Conclusion

The measurement of the DIFS might be useful for the prediction of peritoneal recurrence in T3-gastric cancer patients after curative surgery.

Introduction

Among all malignant neoplasms worldwide, gastric cancer ranks fifth for cancer incidence and second for cancer deaths [1]. Although curative resection (R0) with lymph node dissection plus adjuvant chemotherapy has prolonged the survival of patients with gastric cancer, the recurrence rate of R0 cases remains around 30% in patients at stage II/III [2, 3]. Peritoneal recurrence is the most frequent recurrence pattern in patients with gastric cancer after curative resection, and as such, peritoneal recurrence is the most common cause of subsequent cancer death [4–7].

The exposure of cancer cells to the serosal surface (i.e., T4) is a common risk factor for and accounts for most cases of peritoneal recurrence [8, 9]. However, peritoneal recurrence can develop in not only T4 cases but also cases without the exposure of cancer cells to the serosal surface (i.e., T3). According to the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer, peritoneal recurrence was the cause of death in 2.3% of T1 cases, 6.9% of T2 cases, 17.2% of T3 cases, 33.4% of T4 cases of gastric cancer[9].

It has been reported that E-cadherin is one of important factors for tumor invasion and distant metastasis in some solid cancers[8, 10–12]. Taken together, we previously reported the correlation between the microscopic distance from the tumor invasion front to the serosa (DIFS) and serosal exposure of gastric cancer cells, and speculated that DIFS might be associated with peritoneal recurrence[3]. Then, in this study we focused on the significance of DIFS and E-cadherin in peritoneal recurrence.

The present study was conducted to clarify the risk factors of peritoneal recurrence after R0 surgery for T3-stage gastric cancer.

Materials and methods

Patients

A total of Ninety-six patients with gastric cancer, who received gastrectomy between 2000 and 2016 at Osaka City University, were enrolled in this study. The inclusion criteria were as follows; 1. histologically proven gastric adenocarcinoma; 2. the depth of tumor invasion was T3; 3. curative operation; 4. intraoperative peritoneal lavage cytology-negative (Fig 1). Since the peritoneal recurrence of T1 and T2 cancers has been considered to develop via trans-lymphatic pathway[13, 14], we excluded T1 and T2 cases in this study. The follow-up period was 60 months, and the median follow-up was 49.3 months. The follow-up program of postoperative surveillance consisted of computed tomography, and ultrasound performed every 3 months in order to diagnose recurrent diseases.

Fig 1. The inclusion criteria in flowchart.

Fig 1

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The inclusion criteria were as follows; 1. histologically proven gastric adenocarcinoma; 2. the depth of tumor invasion was T3; 3. curative operation; 4. intraoperative peritoneal lavage cytology-negative (Fig 1).

The pathological data was recorded according to the eighth edition of TNM Classification[15]. Pathologic examination was performed using the section which include center of the tumor. Macroscopic type were determined according to the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association classification with third English edition[16]. This study was approved by the Osaka City University Ethics Committee (approval number 924). Written informed consent for research was obtained from patients.

Immunohistochemical techniques

After gastrectomy, the gastric tumor was immediately treated with 10% formalin neutral buffer solution for 24–72 hours. Paraffin-embedded sections were de-paraffinized in xylene and de-hydrated through graded ethanol. The sections were heated for 10 min at 105°C by autoclave in Target Retrieval Solution (DAKO, Carpinteria, CA, USA). Then sections were incubated with 3% hydrogen peroxide to block endogenous peroxidase activity before immunohistochemistry using the following antibodies: anti pan-cytokeratin (26411-1-AP, 1:2000; Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA) and anti E-cadherin (NCH-38, 1:100; DAKO). The specimens were incubated with E-cadherin and pan-cytokeratin antibody for overnight at 4°C. The sections were incubated with an appropriate immunoglobulin G for 10 min, followed by three washes with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The slides were treated with streptavidin-peroxidase reagent, and were incubated in PBS with diaminobenzidine and 1% (vol/vol) hydrogen peroxide, followed by counterstaining with Mayer’s hematoxylin and subsequently examined using light microscopy.

Measurement of the microscopic distance from tumor invasion front to serosa (DIFS)

Pan-cytokeratin staining, that are detectable epithelial components including cancer cells, was used to identify the tumor invasion front. We checked invasion depth of all specimens of the tumor using H-E staining slides. After selecting three specimens with high invasion depth, the three specimens were stained by pan-cytokeratin and measured DIFS of 3 slides. The shortest distance was defined as DIFS of the case. DIFS was measured using the microscope (BZ-X710, Keyence, Osaka, Japan).

Evaluation of E-cadherin expression

E-cadherin expression was evaluated by intensity of staining and percentage of stained tumor cells at the invading tumor front: intensity was given scores 0–3 (0 = no, 1 = weak, 2 = moderate, 3 = intense), and frequency of positive cells was determined 0–24%, 25–49%, 50–74%, 75–100%. Expressions were considered positive when intensity scores ≥2 and frequency ≥50%, and negative when intensity scores ≤1 or frequency ≤49%. The pathologist, Dr Sayaka Tanaka, checked DIFS and E-cadherin expression. Dr Togano S, Dr Yashiro M, and Dr Tanaka S checked DIFS and E-cadherin expression.

Statistical analysis

The chi-square test was used to determine the significance of the differences between the covariates. The durations from surgery to peritoneal recurrence were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Multivariate analysis with respect to peritoneal recurrence was performed using logistic regression analysis. Multivariate analysis with respect to five-year overall survival was performed using Cox proportional hazard model. Covariates were selected from those with significant differences in univariate analysis. All statistical analyses were performed using the JMP statistical software (version 13.2; SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Two-sided probability P values of < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.

Results

Correlations between peritoneal recurrence and clinicopathologic features

Post-operative recurrence was confirmed at the peritoneum in 16 of the 96 cases. Five of the 16 peritoneal recurrence cases developed liver recurrence, and two developed lymph node recurrence. Tables 1 and S1 shows the correlations between peritoneal recurrence and clinicopathologic features. There was a significant correlation between peritoneal recurrence and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.012).

Table 1. Correlation between peritoneal recurrence and clinicopathologic features in 96 cases at T3 stage.

Clinicopathologic features Peritoneal recurrence (n = 16) No peritoneal recurrence (n = 80) p value
Age
< 70 Years 10 (16.9%) 49 (83.1%)
≥ 70 Years 6 (16.2%) 31 (83.8%) 0.925
Sex
Male 6 (19.4%) 25 (80.6%)
Female 10 (15.4%) 55 (74.6%) 0.626
Macroscopic typea
type1-2 7 (18.4%) 31 (81.6%)
type3-4 9 (15.5%) 49 (84.5%) 0.709
Histological type
intestinal 9 (15.5%) 49 (84.5%)
diffuse 7 (18.4%) 31 (81.6%) 0.709
LN metastasisb
negative 3 (6.3%) 45 (93.7%)
positive 13 (27.1%) 35 (72.9%) 0.012
INFc
a/b 9 (12.9%) 61 (87.1%)
c 7 (30.4%) 16 (69.6%) 0.064
Lymphatic invasion
negative 2 (7.7%) 24 (92.3%)
positive 14 (20.0%) 56 (80.0%) 0.221
Vascular invasion
negative 14 (18.9%) 60 (81.1%)
positive 2 (9.1%) 20 (90.9%) 0.278
Tumor size
< 50 mm 7 (14.3%) 42 (85.7%)
≥ 50 mm 9 (19.1%) 38 (80.9%) 0.523
DIFSd
≤ 234 μm 14 (17.2%) 44 (82.8%)
> 234 μm 2 (5.3%) 36 (94.7%) 0.023
E-cadherin
negative 7 (24.1%) 22 (75.9%)
positive 2 (13.4%) 36 (86.6%) 0.196
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a: Macroscopic type; The classification according to the general rules for gastric cancer study of the Japanese Research Society for Gastric Cancer

b: LN metastasis; Lymph node metastasis

c: INF; Pattern of tumor infiltration into the surrounding tissue. The predominant pattern of infiltrating growth into the surrounding tissue is classified as follows; INF a: The tumor shows expanding growth and a distinct border with the surrounding tissue. INF b: This category is between INF a and INF c. INF c: The tumor shows infiltrating growth and an indistinct border with the surrounding tissue.

d: DIFS; the microscopic distance from tumor invasion front to serosa

Correlations between peritoneal recurrence and the DIFS or E-cadherin expression

Pan-cytokeratin was expressed mainly in the cell membrane of the cancer cells (Fig 2). The DIFS of the tumors with peritoneal recurrence (156±220 μm, mean±std. dev.) was significantly shorter than that of the tumors without peritoneal recurrence (360±478 μm) (p = 0.011, t-test). The cutoff value for the DIFS was determined as 234 μm based on the results of the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (Fig 3).

Fig 2. The microscopic distance from the tumor invasion front to the serosa.

Fig 2

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The microscopic distance from the tumor invasion front to the serosa (DIFS) was calculated by H&E staining and/or pan-cytokeratin staining. Pan-cytokeratin staining was used to determine the cancer cells at the invasion front.

Fig 3. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve with the DIFS.

Fig 3

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The cutoff value for DIFS was 234 μm.

E-cadherin was mainly expressed in the cell membrane of cancer cells (Fig 4). Table 1 shows the correlations between peritoneal recurrence and the DIFS or E-cadherin expression. Peritoneal recurrence was significantly correlated with DIFS ≤234 μm (p = 0.023), but not with E-cadherin expression.

Fig 4. E-cadherin staining.

Fig 4

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E-cadherin was expressed mainly at the cell membrane.

Risk factors of peritoneal recurrence

Table 2 summarizes the results of the univariate and multivariate analyses with respect to peritoneal recurrence. A DIFS ≤234 μm and lymph node metastasis were independent risk factors for peritoneal recurrence (p = 0.049, p = 0.023, respectively).

Table 2. Univariate and multivariate analysis with respect to peritoneal recurrence.

Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis
Variables Odds ratio 95% CI p-value Odds ratio 95% CI p-value
E-cadherin
positive vs negative 2.051 0.681–6.178 0.202
DIFSa
> 234 μm vs ≤ 234 μm 5.727 1.221–26.868 0.027 4.862 1.005–23.516 0.049
Macroscopic type
type1-2 vs type3-4 0.813 0.275–2.408 0.709
Histological type
intestinal vs diffuse 1.229 0.415–3.639 0.710
LN metastasisb
negative vs positive 5.571 1.472–21.083 0.011 4.846 1.249–18.803 0.023
Lymphatic invasion
negative vs positive 3.000 0.632–14.232 0.167
Vascular invasion
negative vs positive 0.429 0.090–2.051 0.429
Tumor size
< 50 mm vs ≥ 50 mm 1.421 0.482–4.188 0.524
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a: DIFS; the microscopic distance from tumor invasion front to serosa

b: LN metastasis; Lymph node metastasis

Survival

Fig 5 provides the Kaplan-Meier survival curve for the 96 patients. The prognosis of the patients with a DIFS ≤234 μm was significantly poorer than that of the patients with a DIFS >234 μm (log rank, p = 0.007). The prognosis of the lymph node metastasis (N1) patients was significantly poorer than that of the patients without lymph node metastasis (N0) (log rank, p = 0.017). In contrast, no significant correlation was found between E-cadherin expression and prognosis. A multivariate analysis with respect to five-year overall survival revealed that DIFS ≤234 μm and lymph node metastasis were significantly (p = 0.005, and p = 0.032, respectively) correlated with survival (Table 3).

Fig 5. Survival of the patients with gastric cancer.

Fig 5

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The five-year overall survival of all patients (n = 96) based on the DIFS and on the E-cadherin expression. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve indicates that the five-year overall survival of the patients with a DIFS ≤234 μm was significantly worse than that of the patients with a DIFS >234 (p = 0.007). E-cadherin expression was not associated with the prognosis.

Table 3. Univariate and multivariate analysis with respect to five-year overall survival.

Univariate analysis Multivariate analysis
Variables Hazard ratio 95% CI p-value Hazard ratio 95% CI p-value
E-cadherin
positive vs negative 1.260 0.387–3.649 0.683
DIFSa
> 234 μm vs ≤ 234 μm 9.834 1.955–178.670 0.003 8.752 1.670–160.900 0.005
Macroscopic type
type1-2 vs type3-4 1.245 0.430–4.051 0.692
Histological type
intestinal vs diffuse 0.884 0.272–2.559 0.884
LN metastasisb
negative vs positive 4.186 1.306–18.514 0.015 3.582 1.091–16.104 0.032
Lymphatic invasion
negative vs positive 2.516 0.685–16.180 0.181
Vascular invasion
negative vs positive 0.941 0.213–3.018 0.925
Tumor size
<50 mm vs ≥50 mm 1.046 0.358–3.054 0.934
Open in a new tab

a: DIFS; the microscopic distance from tumor invasion front to serosa

b: LN metastasis; Lymph node metastasis

Discussion

The DIFS was associated with peritoneal recurrence. The cut-off value of DIFS was determined as 234 μm in accordance with the ROC curve analysis. In the multivariate analysis, DIFS ≤234 μm was an independent risk factor for peritoneal recurrence. These findings suggest that the DIFS is an important pathologic factor that could be used to predict the prognosis of patients with T3-stage gastric cancer.

According to guideline, tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil (S-1) monotherapy is recommended for the gastric cancer patients with stage II, and oxaliplatin combination therapy is recommended for the gastric cancer patients with stage III in Japan[2, 17–19]. Our study might suggest that oxaliplatin combination therapy may be recommended not only for stage III but also for stage II with DIFS ≤ 234 μm.

There were no significant factors associated with DIFS ≤234μm, but which tended to be associated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.095; S1 Table). Lymph node metastasis was correlated with peritoneal recurrence in our study. It has been reported that peritoneal recurrence is caused by gastric cancer cells leave the primary tumor, adhere to the peritoneum, and proliferate at the site of adherence, resulting in the development of peritoneal recurrence[20, 21]. But some studies have suggested that peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer without serosal invasion may occur via trans-lymphatic pathway[13, 22]. As for T3-stage gastric cancer with DIFS ≤234μm, our study might suggest same hypothesis.

It has been reported that E-cadherin, a cell-cell adhesion molecule, plays an important role in tumor invasion and distant metastasis such as peritoneal recurrence[12, 23, 24]. However, in the present study, no significant correlation was found between E-cadherin expression and peritoneal recurrence in gastric cancer at stage T3. One of the reasons why E-cadherin did not affect the peritoneal recurrence of T3 cases might be that E-cadherin might affect the invasion activity of cancer cells at early T-stage such as T1 and T2, but not advanced T-stage such as T3 and T4.

In addition to H&E staining, pan-cytokeratin staining was used to evaluate the cancer cells at the invasion front. Pan-cytokeratin was expressed mainly in the cell membrane of cancer cells. The combination of pan-cytokeratin staining and H&E staining was a useful method to determine the cancer cells at the invasion front, especially for undifferentiated tumors. Pan-cytokeratin staining, which stains epithelial elements, makes the invasion front of cancer cells clear.

There may be limitations in this study. Since it is difficult to examine the whole lesions of tumor, it is uncertain that the obtained section represented most invasive lesion of cancer cells.

In conclusion, the measurement of the DIFS might be useful for the prediction of peritoneal recurrence among gastric cancer patients who have undergone R0 curative surgery.

Supporting information

S1 Table. Correlation between peritoneal recurrence and clinicopathologic features in 96 gastric cancer cases at T3 stage.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file. (17.5KB, docx)
S2 Table. Correlation between DIFS ≤234 and lymph node metastasis.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file. (15.9KB, docx)

Acknowledgments

We thank Kayo Tsubota (Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine), for technical assistance.

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Nos. 18H02883(M.Y.).

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Kun Yang

30 Sep 2019

PONE-D-19-23016

Microscopic distance from tumor invasion front to serosa might be a useful predictive factor for peritoneal recurrence after curative resection of gastric cancer

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1. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.

Reviewer #1: Partly

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: Yes

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2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: Yes

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3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: Yes

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4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: Yes

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5. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: The authors reported the predictive significance of microscopic distance from tumor invasion front to serosa for peritoneal recurrence in T3-stage gastric cancer. The results of this study are interesting, but I think it is natural that the deeper depth of invasion was associated with the more frequent peritoneal recurrence. In addition, authors should revise following several points to improve the content.

1. This study evaluated only T3-gastric cancer.I suggest to change the title.

"gastric cancer" to "T3-gastric cancer"

2. Why did the authors focus on the microscopic distance from the tumor invasion front to the serosa (DIFS) and E-cadherin. Please mentioned in Introduction section.

3. Please clarify the inclusion criteria. The authors should describe the study period and flow chart.

4. The authors have used the UICC/AJCC 7th edition staging manual. Please use the most current staging manual.

5. As the authors mentioned in Introduction section, we sometimes experienced peritoneal recurrence even in T1-2 cancer patients.Why T1-2 cancer was not included in this analysis? They should included T1-2 cancers in this study.

6. In this analysis, location of the tumor (Upper/Middle/Lower and Anterior/Posterior/Grater curvature side/Lesser curvature side) was not included. These factor should be included.

Reviewer #2: The authors demonstrated that short distance from the tumor invasion front to the serosa (DIFS) was an independent risk factor for peritoneal recurrence and unfavorable survival. This study may have considerable clinical implications, but there are several problems in their presentation that need to be solved:

1. Did the authors examine peritoneal washing cytology? If so, the authors should describe the result and analyze the relationship between peritoneal recurrence and cytology.

2. The authors should show the clinicopathological features in more detail in Table 1, including tumor location, type of gastrectomy, extent of lymph node dissection, and the number of the patients who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy.

3. In Material and methods section (page 5, line 77-82), the author should describe who evaluated E-cadherin IHC staining (e.g. by experienced pathologist unaware of clinical data). If possible, the authors should perform the agreement study of E-cadherin expression and show the concordance between the two pathologist.

4. The authors should discuss several limitations of this study in Discussion section.

5. Please recheck the grammar and terminology.

6. The statistical method for the multivariate analysis is unclear.

Reviewer #3: Togano, et al. investigated the risk factors of peritoneal recurrence in patients who underwent curative gastrectomy for T3 gastric cancer. They evaluated the correlation between the occurrence of peritoneal recurrence and clinicopathologic factors including distance from tumor invasion front to serosa (DIFS) and expression status of E-Cadherin, and found that lymph node metastasis and DIFS were the independent factors associated with peritoneal recurrence. This manuscript will provide very important clinical information for readers. Several changes will improve the quality of this manuscript.

1. The authors focused on the risk factors of peritoneal metastasis after curative resection for T3 gastric cancer. The title does not include the information that this study especially focused on T3 gastric cancer.

2. The follow-up period of the study cohort is very important information for readers. Besides, it is also important how these patients were followed up. The authors should provide the information on the follow-up period, timing and modality for follow-up.

3. Adjuvant chemotherapy may influence the survival of patients. Please include the information on presence or absence of adjuvant chemotherapy into the background.

4. When discussing the DIFS, the preparation of tissue section for pathology is very important information. Please provide the details of preparation for tissue section.

5. Please provide the C-statistic of the ROC curve shown in Figure 2.

6. The authors should describe the detail of multivariate analysis. How did they select the covariates?

7. The discussion seems to be poor. Please discuss why the expression of E-Cadherin did not influence the peritoneal metastasis in this study cohort, and the clinical evidence of adjuvant therapy to decrease peritoneal recurrence. Also, they should declare the limitation of this study.

Reviewer #4: Comments for the author

Decision: Minor revision

This article identified a predictive factor for peritoneal recurrence of T3 gastric cancer patients. They focused on the distance from the tumor invasion front to the serosa (DIFS) and clarified the cut off value of DIFS for the prediction of peritoneal recurrence.

Major points

1. DIFS is very important in this article. So they should describe the precise method to measure the DIFS. For example, how many did they check to confirm the invasion front. They should clarify the identification of DIFS in details.

2. They classified the patients to peritoneal recurrence and non-recurrence groups. How long did they observe those patients? They should describe the observation period.

3. The explanation of the importance of E-cadherin in gastric cancer patients is necessary.

4. DIFS and lymph node metastasis are independent predictive factors for peritoneal recurrence. So they should add subgroup analysis in T3, lymph node metastasis negative patients.

Minor points

1. In Table1, they should include DIFS and E-cadherin expression.

2. In line 189, “by H&E staining” is unnecessary.

**********

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Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

Reviewer #3: Yes: Masayuki Watanabe

Reviewer #4: Yes: Shinichiro Hasegawa

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PLoS One. 2020 Jan 15;15(1):e0225958. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225958.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

31 Oct 2019

Dear Kun Yang Ph.D.

Academic Editor

We greatly appreciate your invitation for us to revise our article “Microscopic distance from tumor invasion front to serosa might be a useful predictive factor for peritoneal recurrence after curative resection of T3-gastric cancer”. We would like to thank you for a number of comments and suggestions for improvement in our manuscript. We have carefully considered the referees’ comments and have made point-by-point responses as described below. Also, we highlight all changes in the revised manuscript. This manuscript is not being considered in whole or in part by any other journal. All authors are aware of the content of this manuscript.

We hope you will seriously consider this report for publication in PLOS ONE.

Dear Reviewer#1

Thank you very much for the careful review of the Reviewer #1. We corrected several points according to the descriptions by the Reviewer #1, as described below. We indicated the changes point by point and highlighted them in the revised paper.

1. This study evaluated only T3-gastric cancer.

I suggest to change the title. "gastric cancer" to "T3-gastric cancer"

According to the reviewer#1's comment, we change the title, "Microscopic distance from tumor invasion front to serosa might be a useful predictive factor for peritoneal recurrence after curative resection of T3-gastric caner". (on page 1, line 3)

2. Why did the authors focus on the microscopic distance from the tumor invasion front to the serosa (DIFS) and E-cadherin. Please mentioned in Introduction section.

It has been reported that E-cadherin is one of important factors for tumor invasion and distant metastasis in some solid cancers [8, 10-12]. Taken together, we previously reported the correlation between DIFS and serosal exposure of gastric cancer cells, and speculated that DIFS might be associated with peritoneal recurrence [3]. Then, in this study we focused on the significance of DIFS and E-cadherin in peritoneal recurrence. We added the comments in the introduction. (on page 3 line 40-45)

[3] Miki Y, Yashiro M, Ando K, Okuno T, Kitayama K, Masuda G, et al. Examination of cancer cells exposed to gastric serosa by serosal stamp cytology plus RT-PCR is useful for the identification of gastric cancer patients at high risk of peritoneal recurrence. Surgical oncology. 2017;26(4):352-8. Epub 2017/11/09. doi: 10.1016/j.suronc.2017.07.008. PubMed PMID: 29113652.

[8] Sun F, Feng M, Guan W. Mechanisms of peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer. Oncology letters. 2017;14(6):6991-8. Epub 2018/01/19. doi: 10.3892/ol.2017.7149. PubMed PMID: 29344127; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5754894.

[10] Gao M, Zhang X, Li D, He P, Tian W, Zeng B. Expression analysis and clinical significance of eIF4E, VEGF-C, E-cadherin and MMP-2 in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget. 2016;7(51):85502-14. Epub 2016/12/03. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13453. PubMed PMID: 27907907; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5356753.

[11] Liang G, Ding M, Lu H, Cao NA, Niu Y, Gao Y, et al. Metformin upregulates E-cadherin and inhibits B16F10 cell motility, invasion and migration. Oncology letters. 2015;10(3):1527-32. Epub 2015/12/02. doi: 10.3892/ol.2015.3475. PubMed PMID: 26622703; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4533732.

[12] Torabizadeh Z, Nosrati A, Sajadi Saravi SN, Yazdani Charati J, Janbabai G. Evaluation of E-cadherin Expression in Gastric Cancer and Its Correlation with Clinicopathologic Parameters. International journal of hematology-oncology and stem cell research. 2017;11(2):158-64. Epub 2017/09/07. PubMed PMID: 28875011; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5575728.

3. Please clarify the inclusion criteria. The authors should describe the study period and flow chart.

The inclusion criteria were as follows; 1. histologically proven gastric adenocarcinoma; 2. the depth of tumor invasion was T3; 3. curative operation; 4. intraoperative peritoneal lavage cytology-negative. The follow-up period was 60 months, and the median follow-up was 49.3 months. We described these criteria in the materials and Fig. 1. (on page 4 line 52-58)

4. The authors have used the UICC/AJCC 7th edition staging manual. Please use the most current staging manual.

We changed the 7th edition of TNM Classification to the 8th edition of TNM Classification [15]. (on page 5 line 71)

[15] Brierley JD, Gospodarowicz MK, Writtekind C. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, 8th Edition 2016.

5. As the authors mentioned in Introduction section, we sometimes experienced peritoneal recurrence even in T1-2 cancer patients. Why T1-2 cancer was not included in this analysis? They should include T1-2 cancers in this study.

Since the peritoneal recurrence of T1 and T2 cancers has been considered to develop via trans-lymphatic pathway [13, 14], we excluded T1 and T2 cases in this study. (on page 4 line 55-57)

[13] Yoshida M, Sugino T, Kusafuka K, Nakajima T, Makuuchi R, Tokunaga M, et al. Peritoneal dissemination in early gastric cancer: importance of the lymphatic route. Virchows Arch. 2016;469(2):155-61. Epub 2016/05/26. doi: 10.1007/s00428-016-1960-7. PubMed PMID: 27220762.

[14] Yamamoto M, Taguchi K, Baba H, Endo K, Kohnoe S, Okamura T, et al. Peritoneal dissemination of early gastric cancer: report of a case. Surgery today. 2006;36(9):835-8. Epub 2006/08/29.

6. In this analysis, location of the tumor (Upper/ Middle/ Lower and Anterior/ Posterior/ Grater curvature side/ Lesser curvature side) was not included. These factors should be included.

We included the tumor location in S1 Table.

Dear Reviewer#2

Thank you very much for the careful review of the Reviewer #2. We correct several points according to the descriptions by the Reviewer #2, as follows.

1. Did the authors examine peritoneal washing cytology? If so, the authors should describe the result and analyze the relationship between peritoneal recurrence and cytology.

We performed peritoneal washing cytology in all cases. Peritoneal washing cytology-positive cases were excluded in this study, which was described in the materials and Fig. 1. (on page 4 line 52-55)

2. The authors should show the clinicopathological features in more detail in Table 1, including tumor location, type of gastrectomy, extent of lymph node dissection, and the number of the patients who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy.

We added the detail of clinicopathological features, including tumor location, type of gastrectomy, extent of lymph node dissection, and the number of the patients who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy in S1 Table.

3. In Material and methods section (page 5, line 77-82), the author should describe who evaluated E-cadherin IHC staining (e.g. by experienced pathologist unaware of clinical data). If possible, the authors should perform the agreement study of E-cadherin expression and show the concordance between the two pathologist.

The pathologist, Dr Sayaka Tanaka, checked DIFS and E-cadherin expression. Dr Togano S, Dr Yashiro M, and Dr Tanaka S checked DIFS and E-cadherin expression. We added these comments in the materials and methods. (on page 6 line 119-121)

4. The authors should discuss several limitations of this study in Discussion section.

We added limitations in the manuscript, as follows. Since it is difficult to examine the whole lesions of tumor, it is uncertain that the obtained section represented most invasive lesion of cancer cells. (on page 14 line 347-349)

5. Please recheck the grammar and terminology.

The manuscript was proofread by a professional editor and native English speaker.

6. The statistical method for the multivariate analysis is unclear.

Multivariate analysis with respect to peritoneal recurrence was performed using logistic regression analysis. Multivariate analysis with respect to five-year overall survival was performed using Cox proportional hazard model. Covariates were selected from those with significant differences in univariate analysis. (on page 7 line 130-133)

Dear Reviewer#3

Thank you very much for the careful review of the Reviewer #3. We correct several points according to the descriptions by the Reviewer #3, as follows.

1. The authors focused on the risk factors of peritoneal metastasis after curative resection for T3 gastric cancer. The title does not include the information that this study especially focused on T3 gastric cancer.

According to the reviewer's comments, we changed the title, "Microscopic distance from tumor invasion front to serosa might be a useful predictive factor for peritoneal recurrence after curative resection of T3-gastric cancer" (on page 1, line 3)

2. The follow-up period of the study cohort is very important information for readers. Besides, it is also important how these patients were followed up. The authors should provide the information on the follow-up period, timing and modality for follow-up.

We added follow-up period, timing and modality in Materials and Method section, as follows. The follow-up period was 60 months, and the median follow-up was 49.3 months. The follow-up program of postoperative surveillance consisted of computed tomography, and ultrasound performed every 3 months in order to diagnose recurrent diseases. (on page 4 line 57-60)

3. Adjuvant chemotherapy may influence the survival of patients. Please include the information on presence or absence of adjuvant chemotherapy into the background.

We included the data of adjuvant chemotherapy in S1 Table.

4. When discussing the DIFS, the preparation of tissue section for pathology is very important information. Please provide the details of preparation for tissue section.

The preparation of tissue section was as follows. After gastrectomy, the gastric tumor was immediately treated with 10% formalin neutral buffer solution for 24-72 hours. We added the comments in Materials and Method section. (on page 5 line 79-80)

5. Please provide the C-statistic of the ROC curve shown in Figure 2.

We added the C-statistic (0.66) in Figure 2.

6. The authors should describe the detail of multivariate analysis. How did they select the covariates?

Multivariate analysis with respect to peritoneal recurrence was performed using logistic regression analysis. Multivariate analysis with respect to five-year overall survival was performed using Cox proportional hazard model. Covariates were selected from those with significant differences in univariate analysis. (on page 7 line 130-133)

7. The discussion seems to be poor. Please discuss why the expression of E-Cadherin did not influence the peritoneal metastasis in this study cohort, and the clinical evidence of adjuvant therapy to decrease peritoneal recurrence. Also, they should declare the limitation of this study.

One of the reasons why E-cadherin did not affect the peritoneal recurrence of T3 cases might be that E-cadherin might affect the invasion activity of cancer cells at early T-stage such as T1 and T2, but not advanced T-stage such as T3 and T4. (on page 13 line 334- page 13 line 340)

According to guideline, tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil (TS-1) monotherapy is recommended for the gastric cancer patients with stage II, and oxaliplatin combination therapy is recommended for the gastric cancer patients with stage III in Japan [2.17-19]. Our study might suggest that oxaliplatin combination therapy may be recommended not only for stage III but also for stage II with DIFS ≤ 234 μm. (on page 13 line 317-321).

We added limitations in the manuscript, as follows. Since it is difficult to examine the whole lesions of tumor, it is uncertain that the obtained section represented most invasive lesion of cancer cells. (on page 14 line 348-350).

[2] Sakuramoto S, Sasako M, Yamaguchi T, Kinoshita T, Fujii M, Nashimoto A, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer with S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine. The New England journal of medicine. 2007;357(18):1810-20. Epub 2007/11/06. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa072252. PubMed PMID: 17978289.

[17] Sasako M, Sakuramoto S, Katai H, Kinoshita T, Furukawa H, Yamaguchi T, et al. Five-year outcomes of a randomized phase III trial comparing adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 versus surgery alone in stage II or III gastric cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2011;29(33):4387-93. Epub 2011/10/20. doi: 10.1200/jco.2011.36.5908. PubMed PMID: 22010012.

[18] Bang YJ, Kim YW, Yang HK, Chung HC, Park YK, Lee KH, et al. Adjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin for gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy (CLASSIC): a phase 3 open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet (London, England). 2012;379(9813):315-21. Epub 2012/01/10. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(11)61873-4. PubMed PMID: 22226517.

[19] Noh SH, Park SR, Yang HK, Chung HC, Chung IJ, Kim SW, et al. Adjuvant capecitabine plus oxaliplatin for gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy (CLASSIC): 5-year follow-up of an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. The Lancet Oncology. 2014;15(12):1389-96. Epub 2014/12/03. doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045(14)70473-5. PubMed PMID: 25439693.

Dear Reviewer#4

Thank you very much for the careful review of the Reviewer #4. We correct several points according to the descriptions by the Reviewer #4, as follows.

Major points

1. DIFS is very important in this article. So they should describe the precise method to measure the DIFS. For example, how many did they check to confirm the invasion front. They should clarify the identification of DIFS in details.

We checked invasion depth of all specimens of the tumor using H-E staining slides. After selecting three specimens with high invasion depth, the three specimens were stained by Pan-cytokeratin and measured DIFS of 3 slides. The shortest distance was defined as DIFS of the case. We added the comments in Materials and Method section. (on page 6 line 108-111)

2. They classified the patients to peritoneal recurrence and non-recurrence groups. How long did they observe those patients? They should describe the observation period.

The follow-up period was 60 months, and the median follow-up was 49.3 months. We added follow-up period in Materials and Method section. (on page 4 line 57-58)

3. The explanation of the importance of E-cadherin in gastric cancer patients is necessary.

It has been reported that E-cadherin is one of important factors for tumor invasion and distant metastasis in some solid cancers [8, 10-12]. We added the comments in the introduction. (on page 3 line 40-45)

[8] Sun F, Feng M, Guan W. Mechanisms of peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer. Oncology letters. 2017;14(6):6991-8. Epub 2018/01/19. doi: 10.3892/ol.2017.7149. PubMed PMID: 29344127; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5754894.

[10] Gao M, Zhang X, Li D, He P, Tian W, Zeng B. Expression analysis and clinical significance of eIF4E, VEGF-C, E-cadherin and MMP-2 in colorectal adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget. 2016;7(51):85502-14. Epub 2016/12/03. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.13453. PubMed PMID: 27907907; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5356753.

[11] Liang G, Ding M, Lu H, Cao NA, Niu Y, Gao Y, et al. Metformin upregulates E-cadherin and inhibits B16F10 cell motility, invasion and migration. Oncology letters. 2015;10(3):1527-32. Epub 2015/12/02. doi: 10.3892/ol.2015.3475. PubMed PMID: 26622703; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4533732.

[12] Torabizadeh Z, Nosrati A, Sajadi Saravi SN, Yazdani Charati J, Janbabai G. Evaluation of E-cadherin Expression in Gastric Cancer and Its Correlation with Clinicopathologic Parameters. International journal of hematology-oncology and stem cell research. 2017;11(2):158-64. Epub 2017/09/07. PubMed PMID: 28875011; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5575728.

4. DIFS and lymph node metastasis are independent predictive factors for peritoneal recurrence. So they should add subgroup analysis in T3, lymph node metastasis negative patients.

We performed subgroup analysis for lymph node metastasis negative patients (n=48), positive patients (n=48). Only 3 cases developed in lymph node metastasis negative patients (n=48). There was no significant correlation between DIFS ≤234 μm and peritoneal recurrence (data not shown).

Minor points

1. In Table1, they should include DIFS and E-cadherin expression.

2. In line 189, “by H&E staining” is unnecessary.

According to the comment, we include DIFS and E-cadherin expression to Table 1 and omit a sentence, “by H&E staining” In line 189.

Dear Reviewer#5

Thank you very much for the careful review of the Reviewer #5. We correct several points according to the descriptions by the Reviewer #5, as follows.

1. The authors measured the microscopic distance from the tumor invasion front to the serosa (DIFS) using tissue slides by H&E staining and pan-cytokeratin. However, there are no description about the numbers of slides they evaluated the DIFS. It might be necessary to measure at least 3 slides per case to evaluate DIFS precisely.

We checked invasion depth of all specimens of the tumor using H-E staining slides. After selecting three specimens with high invasion depth, the three specimens were stained by Pan-cytokeratin and measured DIFS of 3 slides. The shortest distance was defined as DIFS of the case. We added the comments in Materials and Method section. (on page 6 line 108-111)

2. The authors did not mention about the adjuvant chemotherapy. The authors should describe the presence or absence of adjuvant chemotherapy, and also indicate the contents of adjuvant chemotherapy.

We showed the data of adjuvant chemotherapy in S1 Table.

3. The authors pointed out that the lymph node metastasis were independent risk factors for peritoneal recurrence. And they assumed that the serosal invasion may occur via translymphatic pathway. It should be desireble to present the mechanism of serosal invasion may occur via translymphatic pathway. And they should evaluate the exposure of cancer cell at the surface of lymph node which the cancer cells metastases.

We commented as follows; peritoneal recurrence in gastric cancer without serosal invasion may occur via trans-lymphatic pathway. (on page 13 line 327-330)

Evaluation of the exposure of cancer cells from the lymph nodes may be useful to prove peritoneal recurrence via trans-lymphatic pathway. However, lymph node metastasis might be secondary developed after peritoneal recurrence. Therefore, it is difficult to evaluate whether peritoneal metastasis might occur via trans-lymphatic pathway or serosal exposure of cancer cells.

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Decision Letter 1

Kun Yang

18 Nov 2019

Microscopic distance from tumor invasion front to serosa might be a useful predictive factor for peritoneal recurrence after curative resection of T3-gastric cancer

PONE-D-19-23016R1

Dear Dr. Yashiro,

We are pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it complies with all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you will receive an e-mail containing information on the amendments required prior to publication. When all required modifications have been addressed, you will receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will proceed to our production department and be scheduled for publication.

Shortly after the formal acceptance letter is sent, an invoice for payment will follow. To ensure an efficient production and billing process, please log into Editorial Manager at https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/, click the "Update My Information" link at the top of the page, and update your user information. If you have any billing related questions, please contact our Author Billing department directly at authorbilling@plos.org.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, you must inform our press team as soon as possible and no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact onepress@plos.org.

With kind regards,

Kun Yang

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Please change from "TS-1" to "S-1".

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.

Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #3: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #4: (No Response)

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: (No Response)

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: (No Response)

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: (No Response)

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

Reviewer #3: Yes

Reviewer #4: (No Response)

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: The authors responded well to the comments and the manuscript was improved substantially. However, authors should revise the following point.

1. Change from "TS-1" to "S-1".

Reviewer #2: I think that the authors have answered appropriately reviewers’ comments point-by-point and this article is now acceptable for the PLOS ONE.

Reviewer #3: Togano, et al. investigated the risk factors of peritoneal recurrence in patients who underwent curative gastrectomy for T3 gastric cancer. They evaluated the correlation between the occurrence of peritoneal recurrence and clinicopathologic factors including distance from tumor invasion front to serosa (DIFS) and expression status of E-Cadherin, and found that lymph node metastasis and DIFS were the independent factors associated with peritoneal recurrence. The authors appropriately revised the manuscript.

Reviewer #4: (No Response)

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

Reviewer #3: Yes: Masayuki Watanabe

Reviewer #4: No

Acceptance letter

Kun Yang

26 Nov 2019

PONE-D-19-23016R1

Microscopic distance from tumor invasion front to serosa might be a useful predictive factor for peritoneal recurrence after curative resection of T3-gastric cancer

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Associated Data

    This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

    Supplementary Materials

    S1 Table. Correlation between peritoneal recurrence and clinicopathologic features in 96 gastric cancer cases at T3 stage.

    (DOCX)

    Click here for additional data file. (17.5KB, docx)
    S2 Table. Correlation between DIFS ≤234 and lymph node metastasis.

    (DOCX)

    Click here for additional data file. (15.9KB, docx)
    Attachment

    Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

    Click here for additional data file. (40.1KB, docx)

    Data Availability Statement

    All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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