Table 1.
Multidimensional assay (MDA) methods for detecting antibodies against influenza HA strains.
| Methods | Target Antigen | Species | Isotype | Sample Type(s) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luminex array | NP, M1 and NS1 proteins | Chicken, turkey | IgY | Serum | [69] |
| Whole HA of H1, H3, H5, Flu B | Human | IgA1, IgG1 | Serum | [70] | |
| Whole HA of H1, H3, Flu B | Ferret, mouse, human | IgG, IgA, IgM | Serum | [67] | |
| Whole HA of H1, H3, H5 | Human | IgG | Serum | [71] | |
| Whole HA of H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, H9, Flu B and chimeric HA | Human | IgG | Serum MBC culture | [63,72,73,74] | |
| Whole HA of H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, H9, Flu B | Human | IgG | Purified mAb | [31] | |
| Whole HA of H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, H9, Flu B and chimeric HA | Human | IgA, IgG | Breast milk Infant serum | [75] | |
| Whole HA of H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, H9, Flu B and chimeric HA | Human | IgG | Serum | [64,76] | |
| H1-16 whole HA, and N1-9 whole NA Avian flu | Chicken | IgY | Serum | [77] | |
| Microarray | Random sequence peptides | Human | IgG | Serum | [65] |
| Head domain of HA of H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, H9 | Human | IgG | Serum or dry blood spots | [60,61,62,78,79,80,81] | |
| H1-H16 and H18 whole HA protein and/or HA peptides | Human | IgG | Serum | [66,82,83] | |
| H1-H18 whole HA | Chicken, duck, bat | IgY, IgG | Serum | [79,84,85] | |
| Arrayed Imaging | H1, H3, H6, H5 | Human | IgG | Serum | [86] |
| Reflectometry (AIR) | H1-H12 and Flu B | Mallard duck | IgY | Serum | [87] |