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Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia logoLink to Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia
. 2020 Jan 6;14(1):48–56. doi: 10.4103/sja.SJA_401_19

Prevalence of postoperative nausea and vomiting: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Mehrbanoo Amirshahi 1, Niaz Behnamfar 1, Mahin Badakhsh 1, Hosein Rafiemanesh 2, Khadije Rezaie Keikhaie 3,✉, Mahmood Sheyback 4, Mahdeh Sari 5
PMCID: PMC6970369  PMID: 31998020

Abstract

Objective:

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a daily phenomenon, to which less attention has been paid in a variety of surgeries. Despite the individual studies, there is no comprehensive study on the prevalence of PONV. The aim of this study was to determine the global prevalence of PONV.

Materials and Methods:

In this systematic and meta-analysis study, descriptive studies of four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar) were searched for relevant texts from the time they were created until 31 December 2018. The random effects model was used for meta-analysis of studies included. All the steps were carried out by two individuals. Hoy et al.'s tool was used to evaluate its risk bias.

Results:

A total of 23 studies that were performed on 22,683 people from 11 countries were entered into the final phase. The prevalence of PONV, nausea, and vomiting was 27.7%, 31.4%, and 16.8%, respectively. The prevalence of PONV was higher during the first 24 h in European countries.

Conclusion:

Considering the high prevalence of PONV and our goal to better control it, it is necessary to use high cost-effective approaches and recommendations and to educate health caregivers and patients.

Keywords: Meta-analysis, postoperative nausea and vomiting, prevalence, surgery complications

Introduction

Nowadays, attention to postoperative time is as important as the intraoperative time. PONV is an unpleasant and commonly occurring phenomenon after surgical procedures.[1] Nausea refers to a feeling of a tendency to vomiting and vomiting refers to reflux of the gastric contents.[2] Nausea and vomiting are a multidimensional phenomenon and are affected by various risk factors. The most important factors affecting the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) include female gender, nonsmoker, and high age.[3] Although there is no accurate information on the prevalence of PONV worldwide, individual studies indicate a prevalence of 20%–30% in normal populations[1,4] and 70%–80% in high-risk populations (tonsillectomy, strabismus, and laparoscopy).[5] PONV imposes a lot of impacts on patients, which leads to decreased quality of life and overall satisfaction, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, aspiration of gastric secretions, esophageal rupture, bleeding, increased morbidity, increased hospitalization time, delayed discharge from hospital, delayed return to work, and, more importantly, increased rehospitalization.[6,7,8,9,10,11]

On the contrary, PONV imposes billions of dollars to the healthcare system annually due to increased surgical complications, unpredictable hospitalizations, long-term nursing care, and increased care required in postoperative recovery.[12,13,14] Despite the plenty of texts available, PONV has been studied in terms of the various definitions, risk factors, complications, and management, but there are only individual studies on PONV prevalence, and despite the vast searches carried out by researchers, as well as its great importance, there has still been no comprehensive study in this regard. Determining the precise prevalence of PONV can help better manage it by surgeons, nurses, and patients. It also helps policymakers in determining effective operational programs to deal with it. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of PONV after surgery.

Materials and Methods

Registration and eligibility criteria

The protocol has been registered (PROSPERO: CRD42019130265). The methods adopted for this systematic review were developed in accordance with the Cochrane book and PRISMA checklist.[15] Institutional Review Board approval and informed patients' consent were not needed for this type of studies. Cross-sectional, case–control, and cohort studies were included, and case series, letter to editors, case reports, clinical trials, study protocols, systematic reviews, and narrative reviews were excluded from this study. Participants: All studies conducted on patients with breast cancer were included. Outcome: The main objective was quality of life. The outcome was collected as reported. Sampling methods and sample size: All observational studies with any sampling and census designs were included in the systematic review. The minimum required sample size was ≥25 patients.

Search strategy

Searches were conducted by two independent researchers in four international databases, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, for related studies from the inception of the databases to 31 December 2018 in English language. To ensure literature saturation, the reference lists of included studies or relevant reviews identified through the search were scanned. The specific search strategies were created by a Health Sciences Librarian with expertise in systematic review search using the MESH terms and free terms according to the PRESS standard.[16] After the MEDLINE strategy was finalized, it was adapted to search in other databases. Accordingly, PROSPERO was searched for ongoing or recently related completed systematic reviews. The key words used in the search strategy were “prevalence,” “incidence,” “epidemiology,” “nausea,” “vomiting,” “Postoperative nausea and vomiting,” and “PONV” combined with Boolean operators including AND, OR, and NOT.

Selection of studies and data extraction

Two researchers independently screened the titles and abstracts considering the eligibility criteria. After removing duplicated studies, full texts of the studies were screened depending on the eligibility criteria, and the required information were extracted. To resolve questions about eligibility, additional information were obtained from the authors of the study where necessary. The consensus method was used to solve controversies between the two researchers. Extracted data items were first author, year, country, sampling method, design, year of data collection, type of surgery, participants, gender (male/female), age, setting, sample size and risk of bias, and prevalence of nausea, vomiting, and PONV.

Quality assessment

To assess the methodological quality and risk of bias of each included observational study, Hoy et al.'s tool was used.[17] This 10-item tool was used to evaluate the quality of studies in two dimensions including external validity (items 1–4 assessed the target population, sampling frame, sampling method, and nonresponse bias minimal) and internal validity (items 5–9 assessed the data collection method, case definition, study instrument, and mode of data collection, while item 10 assessed bias related to data analysis). The risk of bias was independently evaluated by two researchers. Disagreements were resolved through consensus method.

Data synthesis

All the eligible studies were included in the synthesis after a systematic review. Data were combined with the forest plot. The prevalence of PONV was evaluated by the random effects model. The heterogeneity of the preliminary studies was evaluated with I2 tests. Subgroup analysis was conducted to determine the heterogeneity based on the age, type of surgery, and gender. Meta-analysis was performed using STAT 14 statistical software.

Results

Overall results

Study selection

A total of 403 articles from initial searches were retrieved in various databases. Of 361 nonduplicated studies in the title and abstract screening process, 311 studies were excluded due to inappropriate titles. Out of 50 studies, 23 had eligibility criteria. Out of 27 excluded studies, 10 studies were review, 1 study was letter to the editor, 4 studies had no full text, 10 studies were published in non-English language, and 2 studies did not meet the minimum quality requirements for inclusion in the study [Figure 1].

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Flow diagram of study selection

Study characteristics

Twenty-three studies were conducted on 22,683 participants from 11 countries from 2002 to 2018. The age range of the participants was between 5 and 73 years. Of the 23 included, more studies were carried out in the United States (n = 7), South Korea (n = 5), and Czech Republic and Japan (n = 2) for each country. The most common sampling method was census (n = 19), and the design of included studies was prospective cross-sectional (n = 14), respectively. Data were collected in most studies (n = 21) between 2000 and 2015. The time of data collection was not mentioned in two studies. PONV was recorded and reported based on standard forms after the surgery. PONV was recorded and reported in most studies (n = 17) within 24 h of surgery. It was also reported in the recovery room (RR) in six studies and 48 h postoperatively in three studies. Regarding the type of surgery, patients with any type of surgery were included in the study in most studies (n = 11). Regarding the consequences examined, PONV was specifically reported in most studies (n = 19). Nausea and vomiting were reported separately in 11 and 12 studies, respectively. Most studies (n = 22) had low bias risk [Table 1].

Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of included studies

First author (year) Year Country Sampling method Design Year of data collection Type of surgery Participants Age (years) Time of assessment Outcomes Risk of bias
Adamek,S.[23] 2013 Czech Republic Census Prospective cross-sectional 2011-2012 Abdominal 109 65 24 h PONV Low
Bradshaw,W. A.[24] 2002 USA Census Prospective cross-sectional 2000 Abdominal 104 48 24 h PONV, nausea Low
Choi,J. B.[25] 2014 South Korea Census Retrospective cross-sectional 2011 All surgeries 1878 51 48 h PONV Low
Conti,D.[26] 2014 Italy Census Retrospective cross-sectional 2011-2012 All surgeries 1347 73 RR PONV Low
Doubravska,L.[27] 2010 Czech Republic Census Prospective cross-sectional 2008 All surgeries 1942 51.3 24 h PONV, nausea, vomiting Low
East,J. M.[28] 2010 Jamaica Census Retrospective cohort 2007 Abdominal 266 36.6 RR/24 h PONV Low
Habib,Ashraf S[29] 2006 USA Census Retrospective cross-sectional 2004 All surgeries 3641 52 24 h/RR PONV, nausea, vomiting Low
Hara,R.[30] 2013 Japan Census Retrospective cross-sectional 2007-2009 All surgeries 1200 50.0 24 h PONV, vomiting Low
Hijazi,E. M.[31] 2018 Jordan Census Prospective cross-sectional 2013-2015 Heart surgery 300 57.7 48 h Nausea, vomiting Low
Latz,B.[32] 2011 Germany Census Prospective cross-sectional 2011 Craniotomy 229 54 RR/24 h PONV, nausea, vomiting Low
Lee,J.[33] 2016 USA Census Retrospective cross-sectional 2012-2015 Heart surgery 160 5.6 24 h Vomiting Low
Maddali,M. M.[34] 2003 Oman Census Prospective cross-sectional 2003 All surgeries 491 UK 24 h PONV Low
Moreno,C.[35] 2013 Portugal Census Prospective cross-sectional 2011 All surgeries 157 57 RR/24 H PONV Low
Morino,R.[36] 2013 Japan Census Prospective cross-sectional 2010 All surgeries 1645 59 24 H/48 H PONV, nausea, vomiting Low
Odom-Forren,J.[37] 2013 USA Census Prospective cross-sectional 2013 All surgeries 248 52 RR Nausea, vomiting Moderate
Oh,AY[38] 2010 South Korea Random Prospective cross-sectional 2010 Eye surgery 78 7.5 24 H PONV Low
Phillips,C[39] 2015 USA Consecutive Prospective cross-sectional 2008-2012 Orthognathic surgery 204 19 24 h Nausea, vomiting Low
Silva,Alessandro[40] 2006 USA Census Retrospective cross-sectional 2006 Orthognathic surgery 514 31.34 24 h PONV Low
Villeret,I[41] 2002 France Census Prospective cross-sectional 2001 All surgeries 407 5 24 h PONV, nausea, vomiting Low
Wilson,S[42] 2009 USA Census Retrospective cross-sectional UK Breast surgery 148 52.2 24 h PONV Low
Won,Young Ju[43] 2011 South Korea Consecutive Prospective cross-sectional 2009-2010 Thyroidectomy 177 44.1 24 h PONV, nausea, vomiting Low
Yi,M[44] 2018 South Korea Census Retrospective cross-sectional 2010-2015 All surgeries 6773 50.21 24 h PONV Low
Yoo,J. Y[45] 2013 South Korea Consecutive Prospective cross-sectional UK Thyroidectomy 170 41.5 24 h PONV, nausea, vomiting Low
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PONV: Postoperative nausea and vomiting; RR: Recovery room, UK: Unknown

Meta-analysis of PONV prevalence

Overall, 23 studies were included to the meta-analysis. Of all included studies, 19 studies reported PONV index and the 4 remaining studies reported only nausea and/or vomiting, separately. PONV prevalence in the overall (occurring during the RR or first 24 or 48 h after surgery) 19 studies was reported to be between 6.7% and 73.4% worldwide. Based on the results of random effect method, the overall prevalence of PONV in 21,276 patients was 27.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 23.3, 32.1; I2= 98.4%].

The prevalence of nausea in the overall 11 studies was reported to be between 6.7% and 73.4%, and the prevalence of vomiting in 12 studies was reported to be between 2.2% and 37.5%. Pooled prevalence based on random effect method of nausea and vomiting in 9067 and 10,323 patients was 31.4% (95% CI: 22.8, 40.0; I2 = 99.0%) and 16.8% (95% CI: 12.7, 20.9; I2 = 98.3%), respectively [Figure 2].

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Forest plot and pooled analyses of nausea and vomiting prevalence after surgery worldwide

Subgroup analysis was done based on continents, type of surgery, and time of PONV. The prevalence of PONV in Europe is higher than in other continents; and therefore the pool estimated (in random model) prevalence in Europe and America was 31.5% (95% CI: 21.6, 41.4; I2 = 98.4%) and 22.4% (95% CI: 16.3, 26.5; I2 = 97.6%), respectively [Figure 3]. In all of 19 study witches reported PONV, 10 study conducted in all type of surgery and other 9 study conducted in specific surgery wards. Subgroup analysis based on the type of surgery showed pooled prevalence of PONV for 10 studies with all surgery participants to be 20.1% (95% CI: 15.5, 24.7; I2 = 98.5%) [Figures 4 and 5]. The pooled prevalence of PONV in the first 24 h was 1.7 times as high as in RR. Also, the pooled prevalence of nausea and vomiting in RR was lower than first 24 h after surgery [Table 2].

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Forest plot, pooled analyses, and subgroup analyses by continents for estimation of PONV prevalence after surgery worldwide

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Forest plot, pooled analyses, and subgroup analyses by type of surgery for estimation of PONV prevalence after surgery worldwide

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Meta-regression between prevalence of PONV and year of study publication, total and sex ratio sample size, and mean age of participants worldwide

Table 2.

Result of meta-analysis for estimation the PONV prevalence by time of surgery worldwide

First author (year) Country Nausea; ES (95% CI) Vomiting; ES (95% CI) PONV; ES (95% CI)
First 24 h Recovery room First 24 h Recovery room First 24 h Recovery room
Yi, M. (2018)[44] South Korea 18 (17.0, 18.9)
Lee, J. (2016)[33] USA 37.5 (30.0, 45.5)
Phillips, C. (2015)[39] USA 66.7 (59.7, 73.1) 27.0 (21.0, 33.6)
Conti, D. (2014)[26] Italy 15.0 (13.1, 17.0)
Adamek, S. (2013)[23] Czech Republic 73.4 (64.1, 81.4)
Hara, R. (2013)[30] Japan 2.2 (1.4, 3.2) 11.7 (10.0, 13.7)
Moreno, C. (2013)[35] Portugal 34.4 (27.0, 42.4) 24.8 (18.3, 32.4)
Morino, R. (2013)[36] Japan 40.0 (37.6, 42.4) 21.9 (20.0, 24.0) 40.6 (38.2, 43.0)
Odom-Forren, J. (2013)[37] USA 22.6 (17.5, 28.3) 19.4 (14.6, 24.8)
Yoo, J.Y. (2013)[45] South Korea 30.6 (23.8, 38.1) 22.4 (16.3, 29.4) 52.9 (45.1, 60.6)
Latz, B. (2011)[32] Germany 42.8 (36.3, 49.5) 28.4 (22.6, 34.7) 33.2 (27.1, 39.7) 15.7 (11.3, 21.1) 46.7 (40.1, 53.4) 28.8 (23.0, 35.2)
Won, Y.J. (2011)[43] South Korea 29.4 (22.8, 36.7) 16.4 (11.3, 22.7) 45.8 (38.3, 53.4)
Doubravska, L. (2010)[27] Czech Republic 13.4 (11.9, 15.0) 8.6 (7.4, 9.9) 15.7 (14.1, 17.3)
East, J.M. (2010)[28] Jamaica 21.1 (16.3, 26.5) 3.4 (1.6, 6.3)
Oh, A.Y. (2010)[38] USA 17.9 (10.2, 28.3)
Wilson, S. (2009)[42] USA 30.4 (23.1, 38.5)
Habib, A.S. (2006)[29] USA 14.1 (13.0, 15.3) 14.3 (13.1, 15.4) 4.3 (3.7, 5.1) 2.8 (2.3, 3.4) 14.3 (13.2, 15.5) 15.0 (13.8, 16.2)
Silva, A.C. (2006)[40] USA 40.1 (35.8, 44.5)
Maddali, M.M. (2003)[34] Oman 19.6 (16.1, 23.3)
Bradshaw, W.A. (2002)[24] USA 68.3 (58.4, 77.1) 6.7 (2.7, 13.4)
Villeret, I. (2002)[41] France 4.4 (2.6, 6.9) 7.1 (4.8, 10.1) 9.3 (6.7, 12.6)
Overall random pooled ES 33.9 (2.6, 6.9) 21.4 (12.4, 30.4) 17.1 (12.6, 21.5) 12.4 (0.6, 24.3) 28.7 (23.8, 33.6) 16.7 (10.7, 22.7)
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PONV: Postoperative nausea and vomiting; ES: Effect size; CI: Confidence interval

Meta-regression analysis

We used meta-regression analysis based on the year of study publication, total and sex ratio sample size, the mean age of participants, and variables to identify source of heterogeneity of PONV prevalence. In the univariable model, there was no significant association between included variables and PONV prevalence (P > 0.05) [Figure 5].

Discussion

Although PONV is one of the most common complications after a variety of surgeries, there are many texts on definitions, causes, and therapeutic recommendations; there are fewer studies on the exact incidence and severity of this disorder in the world. According to researchers' best knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis study in the field. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the prevalence of PONV worldwide. In this study, 23 studies that were conducted on 22,683 participants from 2002 to 2018 in different countries were entered into the final analysis phase. The results of the study showed that the overall prevalence of PONV was 27.7% worldwide. There was no previous study that merely examined the incidence of PONV using meta-analysis method, but a review nonsystematic study that was performed in previous years indicated PONV prevalence to be 25%,[18] indicating an increase in PONV prevalence considering increasing frequency and types of surgical procedures, complex surgical procedures, therapeutic methods, and recommendations for controlling PONV. Previous studies that specifically examined nausea and vomiting reported the prevalence to be 31.4% and 16.8%, respectively. Although nausea is a primary cause of vomiting in most cases, and these two factors are interrelated, they should be considered as a single complication.[19] The prevalence of PONV was higher in Europe. The difference in the prevalence of PONV in different continents can be attributed to the demographic characteristics of the populations under study, the type of surgeries, different PONV management procedures used in countries, and methods used to record and measure it in these countries. The results of this study showed that the prevalence of PONV in surgery of breast and abdominal cancers is more than other surgeries, which is consistent with some previous evidence.[20] Although the effect of the type of surgery on the prevalence of PONV is still discussed as one of the controversial issues due to the effect of the patients' characteristics and the factors associated with anesthesia, many evidences, especially the large trials, showed no relationship between the type of surgery and prevalence of PONV.[3,6,21] There was no significant relationship between PONV frequency with gender and age. Contrary to previous evidence which showed the effect of woman's age and gender on PONV prevalence,[20,22] as younger individuals and women suffer from a higher prevalence of PONV, this can be due to differences in the methodology used to conduct previous studies and the present study.

Limitation

(1) All studies were descriptive studies that have cross-sectional methodology limitations. (2) Considering data collection tools, there was no consistent method in various studies that resulted in diversity of data extracted, and thus only shared data were extracted for the purpose of data consistency. (3) In many studies, there was no complete information in the text, and thus attempts were made to contact with the corresponding authors. (4) Only English-language studies were introduced; as a result, studies published in other languages were excluded.

Strengths

(1) A systematic review and meta-analysis approach was used to collect and analyze data. (2) According to researchers' best knowledge, this is the first study in this area. (3) In addition to the overall prevalence of PONV, nausea and vomiting were also extracted and analyzed in separate studies. The prevalence of PONV was also extracted based on reported periods (RR, 24 h, and 48 h).

Conclusion

The aim of this present systematic review study and meta-analysis was to evaluate the global prevalence of PONV after surgery. The results of the study indicate a high prevalence of PONV. Considering the lower attention in the clinic and the ability to prevent it, attention to its precise prevalence and the use of guidelines, proper training of patients before surgery, and the provision of the necessary infrastructure seem necessary.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

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