Abstract
Purpose:
This study is undertaken to examine the factors that influence Saudi Board anesthesia residents' preferences in terms of future practice location, fellowship training, and research.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted. Data on fellowship training, research, and future practice location preferences, as well as demographics, were collected using surveys distributed to all anesthesia residents enrolled at Saudi anesthesiology residency program (N = 302).
Results:
A total of 117 residents (38.7%) responded to the survey. Of those 88.5% of residents planned on further subspecializing. The most highly sought fellowships were acute and chronic pain, regional anesthesia, simulation, and pediatric anesthesia. Residents pursuing fellowship training were mostly affected by personal interest, improving employment prospects, and future income. Only 11.5% of residents intended to incorporate research into their next practice—personal interest, employability, and lifestyle were the most influential in their decision.
Conclusion:
Most anesthesia residents training in Saudi Arabia choose to pursue fellowship training. However, less than one-fifth have an interest in incorporating research into their future careers.
Keywords: Anesthesia residents, future career, Saudi Arabia
Introduction
During the years of residency training, residents are faced with a plethora of critical decisions to ponder, namely whether it be further subspecializing by enrolling in a fellowship program; or to pursue a career in academia; and the whereabouts of their future practice among other pivotal future decisions. The determinant factors spring from a range of individual personal and professional goals and needs.
Understanding how the factors are involved in a resident's mind is vital to the planning of the residency program and the development of the curriculum.[1] Harris et al. found out that role models, lifestyle issues, and opportunities for teaching were the most critical factors in making decisions for pediatric residents.[2] In considering the pursuit of subspecialty training, income potential, a scope of practice, and personal factors, such as family time, are the most critical factors that affect internal medicine residents.[3] Lifestyle factors and personal debt influence general surgery residents, whereas desire to acquire specialized skills and prestige affect ophthalmology residents more.[4] Factors that influence career decision-making are multiple, and each specialty has its unique set of considerations in career planning. In the anesthesia resident population of Saudi Arabia, such career altering factors are yet to be adequately examined. Further, data suggest that only a few anesthesia residents go for an academic career.[5,6] Taking a closer look at how anesthesia residents of Saudi Arabia plan their career will aid in determining the status and shed light on possible factors that may affect their decision to go into research.
This study aims to identify the preferences of anesthesia residents training in Saudi Arabia in subspecialty fellowship training, research, and future practice location and to delineate the factors that influence those preferences.
Methods
A 10-item questionnaire (available through an online link) was adapted, with some modifications, from a published article after obtaining the approval from its author.[1] It was designed to assess: (1) the demographic data; (2) desire to go for fellowship, subspecialty type, and factors affecting; (3) desire to go for research in future and factors affecting; and (4) choices of practice location in future and influential factors. The target population of the survey was residents training in Saudi anesthesiology residency program. We generated survey item based on factors influential in resident career decision-making identified in the literature.[2,3,4,7,8,9] We obtained research ethics approval from King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC). We contacted all anesthesia residents (postgraduates from 1st to 5th year) and those currently enrolled in Saudi anesthesiology residency program through emails. We sent them details including the study nature, purpose, study and goals, details about consent, study confidentiality, and a link to the online electronic survey hosted by SurveyMonkey.com. Consent was implied when residents voluntarily accessed the online survey link. All data were secured online and password protected, and only the first author downloaded the data from the online survey tool.
Statistical analysis
Data responses were summarized using mean (SD) for continuous variables and frequency (percentage) for nominal variables. The survey response rate was calculated using the number of responses divided by the total number of anesthesia residents in Saudi Arabia. On the basis of numbers reported by the Saudi Commission for Health Specialties and with confirmation from contacting the program director, there were 302 anesthesiology residents registered at Saudi anesthesiology residency program. Association with the dichotomous outcomes of wanting to pursue fellowship training or future research was assessed using a multivariable logistic regression model. Independent variables in the model included demographic information (age, gender, medical school, and postgraduate status). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS. All tests used an α = 0.05 level of significance.
Results
A total of 117 residents participated; of which 81 (69.23%) were males, and 36 (30.77%) were females. Of the participants, 80 residents (68.38%) were < 30 years of age, and 37 (31.62%) were more than 30 years old. A total of 101 residents (86.32%) have had their medical school in Saudi Arabia, and 16 (13.68%) had their medical school outside Saudi Arabia; 94 participants (80.34%) have obtained their boards, while 23 of them (19.66%) are still in training [Table 1].
Table 1.
Demographic data of residents
| Number (%) | |
|---|---|
| Age | |
| <30 years | 80 (68.38) |
| More than 30 years | 37 (31.62) |
| Gender | |
| Males | 81 (69.23) |
| Females | 36 (30.77) |
| Medical school | |
| KSA | 101 (86.32 |
| Outside KSA | 16 (13.68) |
| Level of education | |
| Board obtained | 94 (80.34) |
| Still in training | 23 (19.66) |
A total of 100 participants (88.5%) intended to pursue fellowship, whereas 11.5% intended to pursue future research. Only 20 residents intended to practice inside Saudi Arabia in the future. Most of the residents, 79 (67.52%), have intentions to practice in North America in the future, while 15.38% have intentions to practice in other locations. The summary of location preferences and future is given in Table 2.
Table 2.
Number of Residents Pursuing fellowship or research and location of future practice
| Number (%) | |
|---|---|
| Residents pursuing fellowship | 100 (88.5) |
| Residents pursuing future research | 13 (11.5) |
| Location of future practice inside KSA | 20 (17.09) |
| Location of future practice in North America | 79 (67.52) |
| Location of future practice in others | 18 (15.38) |
Moreover, 68% of residents pursuing fellowships are young less than 30 years old and 72% are males. Also 53.85% of those pursuing future research are males. However, correlation of age and gender to pursuing fellowship or research showed no significant difference. Similarly, 85% of those pursuing fellowships and 92.31% of those pursuing future research had their medical school in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and most of them have already obtained their board. Moreover, still correlation of medical school and level of education to pursuing fellowship or research showed no significant difference [Table 3].
Table 3.
Correlation of independent variables age, gender, medical school, postgraduate status to those pursuing fellowship or future research
| Pursuing fellowship | Pursuing future research | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| <30 years | 68% | 61.54% | 0.64 |
| More than 30 years | 32% | 38.46% | |
| Gender | |||
| Males | 72% | 53.85% | 0.179 |
| Females | 28% | 46.15% | |
| Medical school | |||
| KSA | 85% | 92.31% | 0.477 |
| Outside KSA | 15% | 7.69 | |
| Level of education | |||
| Board obtained | 82 | 92.31 | 0.34 |
| Still in training | 18 | 7.69 |
The findings show that 90% of those planning to work in KSA in the future, and 67.09% of those choosing North America as a future location are males; however, it was not statistically significant (with P value 0.05); 65% of those planning to work in KSA in the future and 70.89% of those choosing North America as a future location is < 30 years old; 90% of those planning to work in KSA in future and 84.81% of those choosing North America as a future location have studied medicine in KSA; 85% of those planning to work in KSA in the future and 78.48% of those choosing North America as a future location have already obtained their board, while 15 and 21.52% are still in training [Table 4 and Figure 1].
Table 4.
Correlation of independent variables age, gender, medical school, postgraduate status to the choice of future location
| KSA | North America | Others | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | ||||
| <30 | 65 | 70.89 | 61.11 | 0.67 |
| Above 30 | 35 | 29.11 | 38.89 | |
| Gender | ||||
| Males | 90 | 67.09 | 55.56 | 0.05 |
| Females | 10 | 32.9 | 44.44 | |
| Medical school | ||||
| KSA | 90 | 84.81 | 88.89 | 0.78 |
| Outside KSA | 10 | 15.19 | 11.11 | |
| Postgraduate status | ||||
| Board obtained | 85 | 78.48 | 83.33 | 0.75 |
| In training | 15 | 21.52 | 16.67 |
Figure 1.
Correlation of independent variables: age, gender, medical school, postgraduate status to the choice of future location
Regional anesthesia (20.5%), acute or chronic pain (20.5%), simulation (11.97%), and pediatric anesthesia (11.97%) were the most common anesthesia fellowships that residents planned to pursue or to which they had submitted applications [Table 5 and Figure 2].
Table 5.
Anesthesia fellowship training programs that anesthesia residents plan to pursue
| Anesthesia fellowship programs | Number (%) | Males pursuing fellowship number (%) | Females pursuing fellowship number (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Acute or chronic pain | 24 (20.51) | 16 (20) | 8 (22) |
| Regional | 24 (20.51) | 14 (17) | 10 (28) |
| Simulation | 14 (11.97) | 7 (9) | 7 (19) |
| Pediatric | 14 (11.97) | 10 (12) | 4 (11) |
| Cardiac anesthesia | 11 (9.4) | 10 (12) | 1 (3) |
| Intensive care | 10 (8.55) | 10 (12) | 0 |
| Thoracic | 6 (5.13) | 5 (6) | 1 (3) |
| Neuro-anesthesia | 4 (3.42) | 3 (4) | 1 (3) |
| Obstetrics | 3 (2.56) | 3 (4) | 0 |
| Research fellowship | 3 (2.56) | 1 (1) | 2 (6) |
| Transplant | 2 (1.71) | 2 (2) | 0 |
| Airway | 2 (1.71) | 0 | 2 (6) |
Figure 2.
Anesthesia fellowship training programs that anesthesia residents plan to pursue
Among those deciding to pursue fellowship training, personal interest (94%), enhancing employability (91%), and income potential (87%) were the most common factors influencing this decision [Table 6 and Figure 3].
Table 6.
Influential factors for residents who decided to pursue fellowship training
| Influential factors | Percentage |
|---|---|
| Personal interest | 94 |
| Enhance employability | 91 |
| Income potential | 87 |
| Lifestyle | 85 |
| Opportunity for mastery | 81 |
| Interest in academic career | 75 |
| Influential mentor or program director | 73 |
| Family or personal factors | 66 |
| Peer’s effect (residents or fellows) | 64 |
| Prestige | 59 |
Figure 3.
Influential factors for residents who decided to pursue fellowship training
Moreover, among those deciding to pursue research after residency, personal interest (100%), enhancing employability (84.62%), and lifestyle (84.62%) were the most common factors influencing this decision [Table 7 and Figure 4].
Table 7.
Influential factors for residents who decided to pursue research after residency
| Influential factors | Percentage |
|---|---|
| Interest | 100 |
| Employability | 84.62 |
| Lifestyle | 84.62 |
| Lack of experience | 69.23 |
| Income potential | 69.23 |
| Peer’s effect | 61.54 |
| Family or personal reasons | 53.85 |
Figure 4.
Influential factors for residents who decided to pursue research after residency
Although the city or town of practice was the most influential factor (93.16%) in resident's preference for future location overall and those pursuing fellowship (92%) and future research (100%), peers had the least significant effect (65.8%) over all of them. Income potential was the second most influential factor in all respondents (89.7%) and for those pursuing fellowship (91%). Lifestyle was the third influential factor in all respondents (89.7%) and for those pursuing fellowship (89%), but it was the second most influential factor for those pursuing research (92.3%) [Table 8 and Figure 5].
Table 8.
Factors influencing resident’s preference for future location
| City or town of practice | Family or personal reasons | Lifestyle | Teaching opportunities | Peer’s effect | Income potential | Research opportunities | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All respondents | 93.16 | 86.32 | 89.74 | 84.62 | 65.81 | 89.74 | 76.07 |
| Those pursuing fellowship | 92 | 87 | 89 | 83 | 64 | 91 | 74 |
| Those pursuing future research | 100 | 76.8 | 92.3 | 92.3 | 69.23 | 76.92 | 84.62 |
Figure 5.
Factors influencing resident's preference for future location
In the logistic regression model, only male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.06–24.14; P = 0.04) was associated with wanting to practice inside KSA in the future. The odds of choosing KSA for future practice location for males is five times the odds ratios for females [Table 9].
Table 9.
Adjusted odds ratios for factors included in multivariable logistic regression model
| Variable | Pursuing fellowship Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | P | Future practice location inside KSA Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (below vs above 30) | 2.43 (0.6-9.86) | 0.21 | 1.13 (0.37-3.42) | 0.816 |
| Sex (Male vs Female) | 3.14 (0.81-12) | 0.095 | 5.07 (1.06-24.14)* | 0.0413 |
| Medical School (outside vs inside KSA) | 2.84 (0.32-24.9) | 0.345 | 0.69 (0.13-3.62) | 0.66 |
*Statistically significant. CI=Confidence interval
Discussion
The present study determined the preferences of Saudi anesthesia residents training inside and outside the KSA for fellowship, research, and future practice location and identified the factors that influence those preferences. A total of 117 residents (38.7%) out of 302 anesthesia residents enrolled at Saudi anesthesiology residency program responded to the survey.
The data gathered demonstrated that the majority (88.5%) of the anesthesia residents are interested in pursuing fellowship training. This has also been reported among general surgery residents,[10] radiology residents,[11] and anesthesia residents elsewhere.[12] However, only 11.5% tended to pursue research in their plans. It was also found that males desire to continue fellowship training (72%) and exceeded females (28%). Many factors were seen in the literature that hinders female students from pursuing their fellowship training. Among those were work stresses,[13] poor control over work environment,[14] and family-related concerns.[15] In contrast, Warner et al. show that females were more likely to pursue advanced fellowship training than males who were more likely to enter private practice positions.[16]
An interesting finding was that both fellowship and research pursuers share the top two influential factors that shape their future career plans. At the forefront was personal interest, which was also seen among Saudi medical students and interns.[17,18] However, it is believed that attention is not perpetual and could change later in life while the person is exposed to different factors, such as experiences and environmental factors. Enhancing employability was the second most common factor for those desiring to pursue fellowship training and research after residency. Several studies show that acquiring more experience will increase the chance of employability. A study by Dale et al. shows that general practice specialists experienced enhanced employability when completing a one-year fellowship program.[19] Furthermore, fellowship-trained physicians are attracted to an institution, as their subspecialty knowledge can be shared with other faculty members and residents, and they can further expand an already existing subspecialty program.[12] It was noted that academic productivity of anesthesiologist is much less when compared to other disciplines. This situation may provide a competitive advantage for anesthesia residents interested in research.[20]
The four most popular anesthesia subspecialties were acute or chronic pain, regional, simulation, and pediatric. Dedicated acute pain and regional anesthesia services are invaluable in improving acute pain management, which in turn has the potential to improve medical outcomes, enhance patient satisfaction, and reduce costs. Thus, healthcare providers will be encouraged to recruit anesthesiologists trained in such subspecialty.[21] Furthermore, a study by O'Leary and Crawford indicated that subspecialty areas most frequently perceived to require improved training included pediatric cardiac anesthesia, chronic pain medicine, and regional anesthesia.[22] Despite that many studies point out the preference of patients and surgeon for regional anesthetic option,[23] this is not the case seen in Saudi patients (personal communication). An Australian study shows that more patients, especially females, may accept regional anesthesia if reassured appropriately about not hearing or seeing the surgery. Once patients have experienced regional anesthesia, they are more likely to choose it in future.[24]
Most respondents indicated that they prefer to practice outside of Saudi Arabia, specifically in Canada. Interestingly, the logistic regression analysis revealed that only male sex is associated with choosing Saudi Arabia for future practice location. Several factors influence the resident's preference for the next place; among that, the city of practice and lifestyle were prioritized for both fellowship and research pursuers while peers had the least effect. Teaching and research opportunities were the main influential factors for residents pursuing future research, whereas income potential scores second influential factor for residents seeking fellowship. These findings point out that personal interests have an essential role in the career plans of Saudi anesthesia residents.
There are several limitations to the current study. First, the data collected for this investigation may not be representative of all Saudi anesthesia residents since the response rate was only 38.7%, and more than half of the residents were not captured. Second, the number of residents pursuing research was minimal which does not allow any definite conclusions. Third, the subspecialties provided for anesthesia residents inside the Kingdom are limited to pediatric, pain, and cardiac. Thus, the higher number of residents who chose to practice outside may be due to the lack of other subspecialties programs rather than their actual preferences. Fourth, we did not include any contribution of social factors to the result of your study especially for female resident. Fifth, those who got their board, they are not good candidates for our questionnaire; in particular, they had already made their decision about their future career. Finally, the results of our study cannot be generalized as the number of females is limited. In conclusion, the overall findings can be utilized to improve the residency program curriculum and planning the methods of selection which can be of help in addressing the job market needs of the kingdom.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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