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Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique logoLink to Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique
. 2016 May 15;107(3):e258–e265. doi: 10.17269/CJPH.107.5599

Risk and protective factors for heat-related events among older adults of Southern Quebec (Canada): The NuAge study

Émélie Laverdière 18, Hélène Payette 28,38, Pierrette Gaudreau 48,58, José A Morais 68, Bryna Shatenstein 78, Mélissa Généreux 28,38,88,
PMCID: PMC6972198  PMID: 27763840

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Extreme heat is known to increase heat-related health outcomes (HRHO). Incidence and predictors of HRHO were examined among older adults living in Quebec (Canada).

METHOD: This prospective five-year study used data from the first follow-up of community-dwelling older adults from the NuAge cohort (2005–2006), located in three health regions of Southern Quebec. Medical, social and environmental factors, identified in Health Canada guidelines (2011), were used to develop the Older Adult Health Vulnerability Index (OAHVI). HRHO, obtained from a medico-administrative database, were defined as events occurring on a hot day (maximal temperature ≥30°C) between 2006 and 2010. Two outcomes were examined: heat-related 1) emergency department presentations (EDPs) and 2) health events (i.e., EDP, hospitalizations or deaths). Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to assess the associations between risk and protective factors, including OAHVI, and both outcomes.

RESULTS: EDP and hospitalizations were, respectively, 2.6 (95% CI: 2.0–3.5) and 1.7 (95% CI: 1.1–2.6) times more frequent on hot days compared to normal summer days. Low household income and disability increased risk of heat-related EDP (AOR = 3.20; 95% CI: 1.16–8.81 and AOR = 2.66; 95% CI: 1.15–6.14 respectively) and health events (AOR = 2.84; 95% CI: 1.06–7.64 and AOR = 2.51; 95% CI: 1.13–5.61 respectively). High social participation was a protective factor of heat-related EDP (AOR = 0.05; 95% CI: 0.01–0.20) and health events (AOR = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.01–0.18). Older adults presenting ≥6 OAHVI factors out of 9 were 7–8 times more at risk of heat-related EDP (OR = 7.40; 95% CI: 1.51–36.19) and health events (OR = 7.77; 95% CI: 1.63–37.20) compared to participants having 0–1 factor.

CONCLUSION: Social participation, reduced autonomy and low income were predictors of HRHO. The OAHVI, also a strong predictor, should help clinicians identify high-risk elderly patients.

Key Words: Extreme heat, risk factors, protective factors, heat stress disorders, morbidity, aged

Footnotes

Acknowledgements: We thank Steve Toutant, geomatic specialist at the Institut national de santé publique du Québec, for providing ecological data. Special thanks are extended to the research staff and the NuAge participants.

Funding Source of Support: The NuAge study was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (Grant # MOP—62842) and by the Quebec Network for Research on Aging, a network funded by the Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé.

Conflict of Interest: None to declare.

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