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Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique logoLink to Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique
. 2014 Jan 1;105(1):e47–e52. doi: 10.17269/cjph.105.4092

Factors responsible for mother-to-child HIV transmission in Ontario, Canada, 1996–2008

Dayu Lu 19, Juan Liu 19, Lindy Samson 29, Ari Bitnun 39, Sandra Seigel 49, Jason Brophy 29, Lynne Leonard 59, Robert S Remis 19,69,
PMCID: PMC6972285  PMID: 24735697

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Despite a high uptake of HIV screening and anti-retroviral prophylaxis in Ontario, several cases of mother-to-child (MTC) transmission occur every year. We wished to examine the modifiable factors responsible for MTC HIV transmission in Ontario, in particular HIV testing, antiretroviral prophylaxis and breast-feeding.

METHODS: Using the Ontario data from the Canadian Perinatal HIV Surveillance Program, we examined potential correlates of late maternal HIV diagnosis (i.e., diagnosed at or after delivery) among women delivering from 1996 to 2008. To better understand the factors responsible for MTC HIV transmission, we reviewed the medical charts of 35 HIV-infected infants born in Ontario.

RESULTS: Among the 645 HIV-infected mothers, 85 (13.2%) had late HIV diagnosis. The proportion with late HIV diagnosis significantly decreased during the study period, but did not differ by race/ethnicity group or maternal exposure category. With respect to the mothers of the 35 HIV-infected infants, 27 (77%) were diagnosed with HIV at or after delivery. The reasons no prenatal HIV test was performed were: not offered, offered but refused, no prenatal care, denied HIV testing history, and offered but not done. Reasons for no or incomplete antiretroviral prophylaxis (ARP) among eight mothers diagnosed prior to or during pregnancy were: refused or non-compliant with ARP, and failed to inform care provider of HIV status.

CONCLUSIONS: Despite the recommendation for universal prenatal HIV counseling and voluntary testing adopted in Ontario, MTC transmission continued to occur, mostly due to late HIV diagnosis of the mother. Future work to reduce perinatal HIV infection should focus on enhancing timely HIV testing of pregnant women.

Key words: HIV, mother-to-child transmission, late diagnosis, antiretroviral prophylaxis (ARP), Ontario, Canada

Footnotes

Acknowledgements: We are indebted to the Canadian Perinatal HIV Surveillance Program (CPHSP) for providing the data that made this study possible. We thank the following persons at the participating hospitals for their assistance in the medical record reviews: Cheryl Arneson, Robyn Salter, Georgina MacDougall (Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto), Jennifer Bowes (Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario in Ottawa).

Conflict of Interest: None to declare.

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