Abstract
Objectives
To: 1) characterize diet in Inuvialuit; 2) determine the foods and nutrients to be targeted for a nutritional intervention program; and 3) develop a Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (QFFQ) to evaluate the program and monitor nutrition transition for Inuvialuit in the Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada.
Methods
Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were collected among 101 Inuvialuit aged 19 years and over in two communities in the NWT. All foods reported in the recall were tabulated for inclusion in the QFFQ. p ]Results: Forty-eight men and 53 women (mean age 49 and 45 yrs, respectively) completed the recalls. Mean energy intake was 2,352 kcal and 1,739 kcal for men and women, respectively. Mean daily intakes of many nutrients including dietary fibre, calcium, and vitamins A, C and E, and total folate were much lower than recommended. The most frequently reported foods were non-nutrient-dense store-bought foods. Most traditional foods (TF) were reported one time by one person. The top two contributors to energy intake, ‘sugar added to tea and coffee’ and ‘sweetened juices and drinks’, were targeted by the intervention program. A 145-item QFFQ was developed including 41 TF and 8 categories of consumption frequency.
Conclusions
This study has provided dietary intake data previously unavailable for Inuvialuit and highlighted nutrients and foods to be targeted for the intervention program. The QFFQ is up-to-date, culturally appropriate, and currently being used to evaluate the intervention program, Healthy Foods North, which aims to reduce dietary- and lifestyle-related risk factors for chronic disease in Inuvialuit.
Key words: Nutrition transition, food and nutrient intake, Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (QFFQ), Inuvialuit, nutritional intervention, Northwest Territories (NWT)
Résumé
Objectifs
1) Caractériser le régime inuvialuit; 2) déterminer les aliments et les nutriments à cibler par un programme d’intervention nutritionnelle; et 3) élaborer un questionnaire quantitatif sur la fréquence de consommation des produits alimentaires (QQFC) pour évaluer le programme et faire le suivi de la situation nutritionnelle des Inuvialuits des Territoires du Nord-Ouest (T. N.-O.), au Canada.
Méthode
Des feuilles de rappel des aliments ingérés pendant les 24 dernières heures ont été remplies par 101 Inuvialuits de 19 ans et plus vivant dans deux communautés des T. N.-O. Nous avons compilé tous les aliments indiqués sur les feuilles pour les inclure dans le QQFC. p ]Résultats: Quarante-huit hommes et 53 femmes (âgés en moyenne de 49 et de 45 ans, respectivement) ont rempli une feuille de rappel. L’apport énergétique moyen était de 2 352 kcal pour les hommes et de 1 739 kcal pour les femmes. Les apports quotidiens moyens de nombreux nutriments (dont les fibres alimentaires, le calcium et les vitamines A, C et E et le folate total) étaient très inférieurs aux apports recommandés. Les aliments les plus souvent cités étaient pauvres en nutriments et achetés au magasin. La plupart des aliments traditionnels ont été cités une fois par une personne. Le programme d’intervention a ciblé les deux aliments qui contribuaient le plus à l’apport énergétique, soit ªle sucre ajouté au thé et au café« et ªles jus et boissons édulcorés«. Nous avons créé un QQFC de 145 questions incorporant 41 aliments traditionnels et 8 catégories de fréquence de consommation.
Conclusion
Cette étude fournit des données sur les apports alimentaires des Inuvialuits qui n’étaient pas disponibles auparavant, et elle indique les nutriments et aliments à cibler par le programme d’intervention. Le QQFC est un outil à jour, adapté à la culture inuvialuite, et on l’utilise actuellement pour évaluer le programme d’intervention Healthy Foods North (qui vise à réduire les facteurs de risque de maladies chroniques liés au régime et au mode de vie des Inuvialuits).
Mots clés: situation nutritionnelle, apports alimentaires et nutritionnels, questionnaire quantitatif sur la fréquence de consommation des produits alimentaires (QQFC), Inuvialuits, intervention nutritionnelle, Territoires du Nord-Ouest (T. N.-O.)
Footnotes
Acknowledgements: The study was funded by the American Diabetes Association Clinical Research award (1-08-CR-57), Department of Health and Social Services (DHSS) of the Government of the Northwest Territories (NWT), Canadian Public Health Association NWT/Nunavut branch, and Health Canada. We acknowledge the Aurora Research Institute in Inuvik for the tremendous help and support of our work. We thank Ms. Audra Donnison of the Beaufort Delta Health Authority and the communities for their incredible assistance, support and participation.
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