Skip to main content
Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique logoLink to Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique
editorial
. 2010 Mar 1;101(Suppl 1):S46–S52. doi: 10.1007/BF03403846

Research Opportunities Using Administrative Databases and Existing Surveys for New Knowledge in Occupational Health and Safety in Canada, Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia

Peter M Smith 18,28,, Susan R Stock 38,48, Christopher B McLeod 58,68,78,88, Mieke Koehoorn 68,78,88, Alain Marchand 98, Cameron A Mustard 18,28
PMCID: PMC6973973  PMID: 20629447

Abstract

In Canada, many datasets are initially collected for purposes other than occupational health and safety (OHS) research. These include administrative health care billing records, pharmaceutical records, vital statistics, provincial cancer registries and workers’ compensation claims data. In addition, many national and provincial health surveys, while not focused specifically on occupational health and safety, collect data on the health status and health determinants of populations, and such data can be used for investigating OHS issues among Canadian workers. This paper provides examples of the use of administrative and survey data for OHS research projects from the provinces of Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia to illustrate the potential of such data. These three provinces have a long history of using administrative and survey data for OHS research and have developed capacity in this regard for improving access to data, for linkage of records across databases and for developing methods to answer OHS questions. As research using these data sources expands, a consistent understanding within the work and health research community must be forged concerning the strengths and limitations of these data resources and their comparability.

Key words: Surveillance, work injury and illness, Quebec, Ontario, British Columbia

Footnotes

Conflict of Interest: None to declare.

References

  • 1.Association of Workers’ Compensation Boards of Canada. Key Statistical Measures for 2007. 2008. [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Dolinschi R. Workers’ Compensation Benefits Paid for the Year 2006. 2010. [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Statistics Canada. Available through Statistics Canada’s Data Liberation Initiative. 2005. The Canadian Community Health Survey: Public Use Microdata File. [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Marmot MG, Bosma H, Hemingway H, Brunner E, Stansfeld S. Contribution of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence. Lancet. 1997;350(9073):235–39. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04244-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Stansfeld S, Candy B. Psychosocial work environment and mental health–a meta-analytic review. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2006;32(6):443–62. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.1050. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.National Research Council Panel on Musculoskeletal Disordersthe Workplace Commission on BehavioralSocial SciencesEducation. Muscu-loskeletal Disorders and the Workplace: Low Back and Upper Extremities. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2009. p. 450. [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Bongers PM, Ijmker S, van den Heuvel S, Blatter BM. Epidemiology of work related neck and upper limb problems: Psychosocial and personal risk factors (Part I) and effective interventions from a bio behavioural perspective (Part II) J Occup Rehabil. 2006;16(3):272–302. doi: 10.1007/s10926-006-9044-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Kraut A. Estimates of the extent of morbidity and mortality due to occupational diseases in Canada. Am J Ind Med. 1994;25(2):267–78. doi: 10.1002/ajim.4700250213. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Gross DP, Stephens B, Bhambhani Y, Haykowsky M, Bostick GP, Rashiq S. Opi-oid prescriptions in Canadian workers’ compensation claimants: Prescription trends and associations between early prescription and future recovery. Spine. 2009;34(5):525–31. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181971dea. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Seland K, Cherry N, Beach J. A study of factors influencing return to work after wrist or ankle fractures. Am J Ind Med. 2006;49(3):197–203. doi: 10.1002/ajim.20258. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Cree MW, Lalji M, Jiang B, Carriere KC. Under-reporting of compensable mesothelioma in Alberta. Am J Ind Med. 2009;52(7):526–33. doi: 10.1002/ajim.20705. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Voaklander DC, Kelly KD, Rowe BH, Schopflocher DP, Svenson L, Yiannakoulias N, et al. Pain, medication, and injury in older farmers. Am J Ind Med. 2006;49(5):374–82. doi: 10.1002/ajim.20292. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Cherry N, Beach J, Burstyn I, Fan X, Guo N, Kapur N. Data linkage to estimate the extent and distribution of occupational disease: New onset adult asthma in Alberta, Canada. Am J Ind Med. 2009;52(11):831–40. doi: 10.1002/ajim.20753. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Kraut A, Walld R. Influence of lack of full-time employment on attempted suicide in Manitoba, Canada. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2003;29(1):15–21. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.699. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Mustard C, Cole D, Shannon H, Pole J, Sullivan T, Allingham R. Declining trends in work-related morbidity and disability, 1993–1998: A comparison of survey estimates and compensation insurance claims. AJPH. 2003;93(8):1283–86. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.93.8.1283. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Swain L, Catlin G, Beaudet MP. The National Population Health Survey - its longitudinal nature. Health Rep. 1999;10(4):69–82. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Statistics Canada. 1994 . User Guide to the National Population Health Survey. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 1995. [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Breslin FC, Smith PM. Age-related differences in work injuries: A multivariate, population-based study. Am J Ind Med. 2005;48(1):50–56. doi: 10.1002/ajim.20185. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Breslin FC, Smith PM, Mustard CA, Zhao R. Young people and work injuries: An examination of jurisdictional variation within Canada. Inj Prev. 2006;12:105–10. doi: 10.1136/ip.2005.009449. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Smith PM, Mustard CA. Comparing the risk of work-related injuries between immigrant and Canadian-born labour market participants. Occup Environ Med. 2009;66(6):361–67. doi: 10.1136/oem.2007.038646. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Cole DC, Ibrahim S, Shannon HS. Predictors of work-related repetitive strain injuries in a population cohort. AJPH. 2005;95(7):1233–37. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2004.048777. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Garzia NA, Koehoorn M, Demers PA, Kennedy SM. Asthma in relation to job exposure among Canada’s adult population: Comparison of surveillance information from two sources. Occup Environ Med. 2007;64(12):e5. doi: 10.1136/oem.64.12.e5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Kennedy S L, Moual N, Choudat D, Kauffman F. Development of an asthma specific job exposure matrix and its application in the epidemiological study of genetics and environment in asthma (EGEA) Occup Environ Med. 2000;57(9):635–41. doi: 10.1136/oem.57.9.635. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Marchand A. Mental health in Canada: Are there any risky occupations and industries? Int J Law Psychiatry. 2007;30:272–83. doi: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2007.06.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Marchand A, Demers A, Durand P. Social structures, agent personality and workers’ mental health: A longitudinal analysis of the specific role of occupation and of workplace constraints-resources on psychological distress in the Canadian workforce. Hum Relat. 2006;59:875–901. doi: 10.1177/0018726706067595. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Marchand A, Demers A, Durand P. Do occupation and work conditions really matter? A longitudinal analysis of psychological distress experiences among Canadian workers. Sociol Health Illn. 2005;27(5):602–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9566.2005.00458.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Smith P, Frank J, Mustard C. The monitoring and surveillance of the psychosocial work environment in Canada: A forgotten determinant of health. Can J Public Health. 2008;99(6):475–82. doi: 10.1007/BF03403779. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Breslin FC, Pole JD, Tompa E, Amick BC, III, Smith P, Johnson SH. Antecedents of work disability absence among young people: A prospective study. Ann Epidemiol. 2007;17(10):814–20. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.04.004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Breslin FC, Tompa E, Zhao R, Pole JD, Amick BC, III, Smith PM, et al. The relationship between job tenure and work disability absence among adults: A prospective study. Accid Anal Prev. 2008;40(1):368–75. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2007.07.007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Smith PM, Kosny AA, Mustard CA. Differences in access to wage replacement benefits for absences due to work-related injury or illness in Canada. Am J Ind Med. 2009;52(4):341–49. doi: 10.1002/ajim.20683. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Breslin FC, Tompa E, Zhao R, Amick BC, III, Pole JD, Smith P, et al. Work disability absence among young workers with respect to earnings losses in the following year. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2007;33(3):192–97. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.1126. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Shields M, Wilkins K. Findings from the 2005 National Survey of the Work and Health of Nurses. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2006. pp. 1–164. [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Statistics Canada. A Guide to the Analysis of the Workplace and Employee Survey. Ottawa: Statistics Canada; 2004. pp. 1–125. [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Messing K, Stock SR, Tissot F. Should studies of risk factors for MSDs be stratified by gender? Lessons from analyses of musculoskeletal disorders among respondents to the 1998 Québec Health Survey. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2009;35(2):96–112. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.1310. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Stock SR, Vezina N, Seifert AM, Tissot F, Messing K. Les troubles musculo-squelettiques au Québec, la détresse psychologique et les conditions de travail: relations complexes dans un monde du travail en mutation. Santé, Société et Solidarité de l’Observatoire franco-québécois de la santé et de la solidarité. 2006;2:45–58. doi: 10.3406/oss.2006.1118. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Tissot F, Messing K. Standing, sitting and associated working conditions in the Quebec population in 1998. Ergonomics. 2005;48(3):249–69. doi: 10.1080/00140130512331326799. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Tissot F, Messing K, Stock SR. Distal lower extremity pain and working postures in the Quebec population. AJPH. 2008;98:705–13. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.099317. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Marchand A, Demers A, Durand P. Work and mental health: The experience of the Quebec workforce between 1987 and 1998. Work. 2005;25:135–42. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Marchand A, Demers A, Durand P, Simard M. Occupational variations in drinking and psychological distress: A multilevel analysis. Work. 2003;21(2):153–63. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Marchand A. Alcohol use and misuse: What are the contributions of occupation and work organization conditions? BMC Public Health. 2008;8:1–12. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-333. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41.Marchand A, Demers A, Durand P, Simard M. The moderating effect of alcohol intake on the relationship between work strain and psychological distress. J Stud Alcohol. 2003;64:419–27. doi: 10.15288/jsa.2003.64.419. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42.Boyle MH, Offord DR, Hofmann HG, Catlin GP, Byles JA, Cadman DT, et al. Ontario Child Health Study: Methodology. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1987;44:826–31. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800210078012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43.Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail du Québec. Rapport annuel de gestion 2007. Québec: Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail du Québec; 2008. [Google Scholar]
  • 44.De Guire L, Labreche F, Provencher S. Institut national de santé publique du Québec. 2006. Maladies reliées à l’exposition au béryllium au Québec - Étude des réclamations soumises à la Commission de la santé et de la sécurité du travail entre 1999 et 2002. [Google Scholar]
  • 45.Stock S, Funes A, Turcot A, Lippel K, Messing K, Asselin P, et al. Qui est à risque de troubles musculo-squelettiques? Une analyse différenciée selon le genre des cas de TMS indemnisés par la CSST. Québec: Institut national de santé publique du Québec (in press).
  • 46.Turcot A, Roy S, Simpson A. Lésions professionnelles reliées aux vibrations main-bras au Québec, 1993 à 2002 - Partie II: Analyse descriptive des dossiers d’indemnisation des travailleurs. Montréal: IRSST; 2007. pp. 1–165. [Google Scholar]
  • 47.Duguay P, Massicotte P. Compensated Fatalities Following a Work Injury: Comparison of Québec, Ontario and British Columbia, 1997–2003. Montreal: IRSST; 2007. pp. 1–61. [Google Scholar]
  • 48.Workplace SafetyInsurance Board of Ontario. Coverage Under the Ontario Workplace Safety and Insurance Act. Toronto, ON: Workplace Safety & Insurance Board of Ontario; 2002. pp. 1–10. [Google Scholar]
  • 49.Smith PM, Mustard CA, Payne JI. A methodology for estimating the labour force insured by the Ontario Workplace Safety & Insurance Board: 1990–2000. Chron Dis Can. 2004;25(3/4):127–37. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50.Breslin FC, Smith PM. Trial by fire: The relationship between job tenure and lost-time claim rates among adolescent, young adult, and adult workers. Occup Environ Med. 2006;63(1):27–32. doi: 10.1136/oem.2005.021006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51.Breslin FC, Koehoorn M, Smith PM, Manno M. Age related differences in work injuries and permanent impairment: A comparison of workers’ compensation claims among adolescents, young adults, and adults. Occup Environ Med. 2003;60(9):e10. doi: 10.1136/oem.60.9.e10. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52.Smith PM, Mustard CA. Examining the associations between physical work demands and work injury rates between men and women in Ontario, 1990–2000. Occup Environ Med. 2004;61:750–56. doi: 10.1136/oem.2003.009860. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53.Cote P, Kristman V, Vidmar M, Van Eerd D, Hogg-Johnson S, Beaton D, et al. The prevalence and incidence of work absenteeism involving neck pain: A cohort of Ontario lost-time claimants. Spine. 2008;33(4S):S192–S198. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181644616. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54.McIntosh G, Frank J, Hogg-Johnson S, Bombardier C, Hall H. Prognostic factors for time receiving workers’ compensation benefits in a cohort of patients with low back pain. Spine. 2000;25(2):147–57. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200001150-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55.Pole JD, Franche RL, Hogg-Johnson S, Vidmar M, Krause N. Duration of work disability: A comparison of self-report and administrative data. Am J Ind Med. 2006;49(5):394–401. doi: 10.1002/ajim.20300. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56.Canadian Standards Association. Coding of Work Injury or Disease Information. Mississauga, Ontario: Canadian Standards Association; 2006. pp. 1–306. [Google Scholar]
  • 57.Stock SR. Bulletin épidémiologique hebdomadaire. 2006. La surveillance des troubles musculo-squelettiques liés au travail au Québec; pp. 40–41. [Google Scholar]
  • 58.Arcand R. Bulletin épidémiologique hebdomadaire. 2006. Surveillance de la santé en milieu de travail au Québec; pp. 40–41. [Google Scholar]
  • 59.McLeod CB, Bogyo T, Demers PA, Edeer D, Hertzman C, Kennedy S, et al. Asthma in British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: Centre for Health Services and Policy Research, University of British Columbia; 2007. [Google Scholar]
  • 60.Kirkham T, Demers PA, McLeod CB, Tamburic L, Koehoorn M. Factors related to compensation of mesothelioma in British Columbia. Occup Environ Med. 2007;64(12):e8. doi: 10.1136/oem.64.12.e8. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 61.Gan W, Demers PA, McLeod CB, Koehoorn M. Population-based asbestosis surveillance in British Columbia. Occup Environ Med. 2009;66:766–71. doi: 10.1136/oem.2008.045211. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62.Teschke K, Ostry A, Hertzman C, Demers PA, Barroetavena MC, Davies HW, et al. Opportunities for a broader understanding of work and health: Multiple uses of an occupational cohort database. Can J Public Health. 1998;89(2):132–36. doi: 10.1007/BF03404406. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 63.Hertzman C, Teschke K, Ostry A, Hershler R, Dimich-Ward H, Kelly S, et al. Mortality and cancer incidence among sawmill workers exposed to chlorophenate wood preservatives. AJPH. 1997;87(1):71–79. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.87.1.71. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64.Demers PA, Davies HW, Friesen MC, Hertzman C, Ostry A, Hershler R, et al. Cancer and occupational exposure to pentachlorophenol and tetra-chlorophenol (Canada) Cancer Causes Control. 2006;17(6):749–58. doi: 10.1007/s10552-006-0007-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65.Davies HW, Teschke K, Kennedy SM, Hertzman C, Demers PA. Occupational exposure to noise and increased risk of acute myocardial infarction death. Epidemiology. 2005;16(1):25–32. doi: 10.1097/01.ede.0000147121.13399.bf. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 66.Heacock H, Hertzman C, Demers PA, Gallagher RP, Hogg RS, Teschke K, et al. Childhood cancer in the offspring of male sawmill workers occupationally exposed to chlorophenate fungicides. Environ Health Perspect. 2000;108(6):499–503. doi: 10.1289/ehp.00108499. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 67.Ostry A, Maggi S, Tansey J, Dunn J, Hershler R, Chen L, et al. The impact of psychosocial work conditions on attempted and completed suicide among Western Canadian sawmill workers. Scand J Public Health. 2007;35(3):265–71. doi: 10.1080/14034940601048091. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68.Maggi S, Ostry A, Tansey J, Dunn J, Hershler R, Chen L, et al. Paternal psychosocial work conditions and mental health outcomes: A case-control study. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:104. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-104. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69.Alamgir H, Demers PA, Koehoorn M, Ostry A, Tompa E. Epidemiology of work-related injuries requiring hospitalization among sawmill workers in British Columbia, 1989–1997. Eur J Epidemiol. 2007;22(4):273–80. doi: 10.1007/s10654-007-9122-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70.Koehoorn M, Cole DC, Hertzman C, Lee H. Health care use associated with work-related musculoskeletal disorders among hospital workers. J Occup Rehabil. 2006;16(3):402–15. doi: 10.1007/s10926-006-9022-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 71.Alamgir H, Koehoorn M, Ostry A, Tompa E, Demers P. An evaluation of hospital discharge records as a tool for serious work related injury surveillance. Occup Environ Med. 2006;63(4):290–96. doi: 10.1136/oem.2005.026047. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72.Workplace SafetyInsurance Board of Ontario. Young Worker Health and Safety. 2010. [Google Scholar]

Articles from Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique are provided here courtesy of Springer

RESOURCES