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. 2020 Jan 14;8:e47502. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e47502

Standardised inventories of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of Macaronesia II: The native forests and dry habitats of Madeira archipelago (Madeira and Porto Santo islands)

Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte 1,2,✉, Mário Boieiro 1, Pedro Cardoso 2,3,1, Rui Carvalho 1, Luís Carlos Fonseca Crespo 4,2, Rosalina Gabriel 1, Nuria Macías Hernández 2,5, Octávio S Paulo 6, Fernando Pereira 1, Carla Rego 1, Alejandra Ros-Prieto 1, Isamberto Silva 7, Ana Vieira 6, François Rigal 8,1, Paulo A V Borges 1,9
PMCID: PMC6974486  PMID: 31992947

Abstract Abstract

Background

Here we present the data obtained from the samples collected as part of a large research project (MACDIV) which aims at understanding the drivers of spider (Araneae) community assembly in Macaronesian islands. To obtain the data, we applied the sampling protocol COBRA (Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment), in twelve 50 m x 50 m native forest plots and five dry habitat plots on the island of Madeiraand in 5 dry habitat plots on the island of Porto Santo. Through this publication, we contribute to the knowledge of the arachnofauna of the Madeiran archipelago.

New information

From the samples that we collected, we obtained a total of 14,902 specimens, of which 49% were adults (7,263). We identified these specimens to 87 species and 18 morphospecies (undescribed), belonging to 26 families. Species of the family Linyphiidae dominated the samples, with 24 (morpho)species. Out of the 105 recorded (morpho)species, 34 were endemic, 26 native non-endemic, 22 introduced and 23 species of unknown origin. We report seven new records of possibly recently introduced species in the Madeiran archipelago. We also present 21 new records for Madeira island and 32 for Porto Santo (33 for the whole archipelago).

Keywords: Arthropoda , Araneae , Madeira, Porto Santo, native forest, dry habitat, exotic species, standardised sampling

Introduction

The north Atlantic archipelago of Madeira is composed of the volcanic islands of Madeira, Porto Santo and the Desertas, as well several islets. At approximately 700 km from the African coast and at more than 400 km from the Canary Islands, it is the second most isolated Macaronesian archipelago, after the Azores. This intermediate distance, combined with an geological age of 5-27 My, has allowed frequent colonisation rates and enough diversification time to generate diverse species communities (Fernández-Palacios 2010, Fernández-Palacios et al. 2011). Since its settlement in the XV Century by the Portuguese, the archipelago has gone through a profound environmental transformation. Nevertheless, the main island of the archipelago, i.e. Madeira, still preserves a considerable area of unique native laurel forest (laurisilva), covering 20% of the island (Boieiro et al. 2015, Boieiro et al. 2018).

The laurisilva is indeed a unique and iconic ecosystem, that is often seen as representative of the Macaronesian archipelagos as a whole and contains a great deal of endemic species (Boieiro et al. 2010, Boieiro et al. 2013, Borges et al. 2008). However, the archipelago is also the home of more open habitats, such as scrublands and thermophilous grasslands, present in drier conditions than those where laurisilva is found. Although these often overlooked dry habitats may not be as species-rich as forests, they do contribute to the endemic fauna of the archipelago, which represent 20% of all the species (Borges et al. 2008). Moreover, Madeiran dry habitats may also contain a substantial number of unknown species that have eluded recent taxonomic, conservation and faunistic research, including IUCN Red List assessments (Martín et al. 2008, Martín et al. 2010, Silva et al. 2008, Cardoso et al. 2017), as well as unrecorded exotic species (Silva et al. 2008).

The need for an update in many taxa is exemplified by spiders. Although, according to the last available checklist (Cardoso and Crespo 2008), the spider fauna of Madeira archipelago is composed of 183 species (including 58 endemic species), new taxa have been discovered since then (e.g. Crespo et al. 2009, Crespo et al. 2014).

This publication is the second of a series on Macaronesian spider fauna (see Malumbres-Olarte et al. 2019) and provides habitat, biogeographic and colonisation information on the species collected in 12 native forest plots and 10 native dry habitat plots on the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo through the project MACDIV.

Sampling methods

Study extent

We established twenty-two 50 m × 50 m plots, grouped according to habitat and between-plot distances. Twelve plots were located in areas covered with laurisilva and grouped in two sets of six. Within each set, plots were placed at increasing distances from a first, reference plot (Table 1): 0.1, 1, 5, 10 and 20 km (Fig. 1). The remaining 10 plots were located in areas of open dry habitat, five on Madeira island and five on Porto Santo, also at increasing distances from a reference plot (0.1, 1, 5 and 10 km). This design allowed for testing of distance decay patterns on beta diversity on a log scale. We set up the forest plots in well-preserved native forest areas, where native tree species, such as Clethra arborea, Laurus novocanariensis, Ocotea foetens and Persea indica, were dominant (Neves et al. 1996, Menezes et al. 2005) (Fig. 2). We set the dry plots in grasslands at low-altitude, where the vegetation cover was dominated by herbaceous species and several shrubs, like Echium spp, Euphorbia piscatoria and Globularia salicina (Medeiros et al. 2010) (Fig. 3).

Table 1.

Coordinates and habitat type of sampling plots.

Plot name (island) Habitat Longitude Latitude
Madeira d1 Dry -16.70261 32.74633
Madeira d2 Dry -16.70307 32.74691
Madeira d3 Dry -16.71886 32.74618
Madeira d4 Dry -16.75788 32.72623
Madeira d5 Dry -16.8138 32.66138
Madeira f1 Forest -16.9371 32.79582
Madeira f2 Forest -16.93654 32.79801
Madeira f3 Forest -16.9347 32.80462
Madeira f4 Forest -16.90233 32.78108
Madeira f5 Forest -16.88654 32.73302
Madeira f6 Forest -17.15781 32.82816
Madeira f7 Forest -17.15871 32.82706
Madeira f8 Forest -17.15336 32.82306
Madeira f9 Forest -17.11369 32.79154
Madeira f10 Forest -17.05499 32.7746
Porto_Santo 1 Dry -16.30453 33.09135
Porto_Santo 2 Dry -16.30536 33.0921
Porto_Santo 3 Dry -16.32426 33.09041
Porto_Santo 4 Dry -16.36452 33.07376
Porto_Santo 5 Dry -16.38267 33.03804
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Location of plots on Madeira and Porto Santo islands. MF: Madeira forest habitat plots. MD: Madeira dry habitat plots. PSD: Porto Santo dry habitat plots. Numbers correspond to plot numbers.

Figure 1a.

Figure 1a.

Madeira and Porto Santo Islands

Figure 1b.

Figure 1b.

Archipelago of Madeira

Figure 1c.

Figure 1c.

Madeira forest habitat plots 6-12

Figure 1d.

Figure 1d.

Madeira forest habitat plots 1-6

Figure 1e.

Figure 1e.

Madeira dry habitat plots 1-5

Figure 1f.

Figure 1f.

Porto Santo dry habitat plots 1-5

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Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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Forest habitat Plot 3 of Madeira island (Credit: Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte).

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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Dry habitat Plot 1 of the island of Porto Santo (Credit: Jagoba Malumbres-Olarte).

Sampling description

We applied two versions of the optimised and standardised COBRA protocol (Conservation Oriented Biodiversity Rapid Assessment) (Cardoso 2009): the protocol for temperate forests (which we applied in forest plots) and the protocol for open habitats (applied to dry habitat plots). The COBRA protocols have been proposed as part of standard inventorying and monitoring programmes on island and continental ecosystems and have already been used for a number of studies on spiders and beetles (Cardoso 2009, Borges et al. 2018, Malumbres-Olarte et al. 2017, Malumbres-Olarte et al. 2018, Crespo et al. 2018). The forest COBRA protocol consisted of: four night aerial samples (1 hour / sample), two day sweeping samples and two night sweeping samples (1 hour / sample), two day beating samples and two night beating samples (1 hour / sample) and 12 pitfall samples (4 traps / sample). In addition, we collected the following samples to also cover beetle diversity (beetle data will be included in future publications): two diurnal active aerial searching under bark, lichens and bryophytes (ABS) (1 hour / sample) and two diurnal active aerial searching in decaying trunks, dead wood on the ground and under stones (GWS) (1 hour / sample). The protocol for dry open areas was composed of: four night ground samples (1 hour / sample) and four day sweeping samples and four night sweeping samples (1 hour / sample). Sampling occurred in August 2016 (forest habitat plots of Madeira) and April 2017 (dry habitat plots of Madeira and Porto Santo).

Geographic coverage

Description

Madeira and Porto Santo islands, Madeira, Macaronesia, Portugal

Coordinates

32.66138 and 33.0921 Latitude; -17.15871 and -16.30453 Longitude.

Taxonomic coverage

Taxa included

Rank Scientific Name Common Name
order Araneae Spiders
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Temporal coverage

Data range: 2016-8-01 – 2017-4-30.

Notes

Sampling in the native forest occurred in August 2016. Sampling in dry habitats occurred in April 2017.

Collection data

Collection name

Dalberto Teixeira Pombo insect collection at the University of Azores

Collection identifier

DTP

Specimen preservation method

All specimens were preserved in 96% ethanol

Curatorial unit

Dalberto Teixeira Pombo insect collection at the University of Azores (Curator: Paulo A. V. Borges)

Usage rights

Use license

Open Data Commons Attribution License

Data resources

Data package title

MACDIV_COBRA_Madeira_Forest_and_Dry

Resource link

http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=spiders_madeira

Alternative identifiers

http://islandlab.uac.pt/software/ver.php?id=38

Number of data sets

1

Data set 1.

Data set name

MACDIV_COBRA_Madeira_Forest_and_Dry

Data format

Darwin Core Archive

Number of columns

62

Download URL

http://ipt.gbif.pt/ipt/resource?r=spiders_madeira

Data format version

version 1

Description

The following data table includes all the records for which a taxonomic identification of the species was possible. The dataset submitted to GBIF is structured as a sample event dataset, with two tables: event (as core) and occurrences. The data in this sampling event resource have been published as a Darwin Core Archive (DwCA), which is a standardised format for sharing biodiversity data as a set of one or more data tables. The core data table contains 562 records (eventID). One extension data table also exists with 3281 occurrences. An extension record supplies extra information about a core record. The number of records in each extension data table is illustrated in the IPT link. This IPT archives the data and thus serves as the data repository. The data and resource metadata are available for downloading in the downloads section.

Data set 1.
Column label Column description
Table of Sampling Events Table with sampling events data (beginning of table)
id Unique identification code for sampling event data
eventID Identifier of the events, unique for the dataset
samplingProtocol The sampling protocol used to capture the species
sampleSizeValue The numeric amount of time spent in each sampling
sampleSizeUnit The unit of the sample size value
samplingEffort The amount of time of each sampling
eventDate Date or date range the record was collected
eventTime Time of the day the record was collected
startDayOfYear The earliest ordinal day of the year on which the event occurred
endDayOfYear The latest ordinal day of the year on which the event occurred
year Year of the event
month Month of the event
day Day of the event
habitat The surveyed habitat
fieldNumber The code given to each sample
locationID Identifier of the location
islandGroup Name of archipelago
island Name of the island
country Country of the sampling site
countryCode ISO code of the country of the sampling site
stateProvince Name of the region of the sampling site
locationRemarks Details on the locality site
decimalLatitude Approximate centre point decimal latitude of the field site in GPS coordinates
decimalLongitude Details on the locality site
Details on the locality site The reference point for the various coordinate systems used in mapping the earth
coordinateUncertaintyInMetres Uncertainty of the coordinates of the centre of the sampling plot
coordinatePrecision Precision of the coordinates
georeferenceSources A list (concatenated and separated) of maps, gazetteers or other resources used to georeference the Location, described specifically enough to allow anyone in the future to use the same resources.
Table of Species Occurrence Table with species abundance data (beginning of new table)
id Unique identification code for species abundance data
type Type of the record, as defined by the Public Core standard
licence Reference to the licence under which the record is published
institutionID The identity of the institution publishing the data
collectionID The identity of the collection publishing the data
institutionCode The code of the institution publishing the data
collectionCode The code of the collection where the specimens are conserved
datasetName Name of the dataset
basisOfRecord The nature of the data record
dynamicProperties The name of the scientific project funding the sampling
occurrenceID Identifier of the record, coded as a global unique identifier
catalogNumber Record number of the specimen in the collection
recordedBy Name of the person who performed the sampling of the specimens
individualCount Total number of individuals captured
organismQuantityType The unit of the identification of the organisms
sex The sex and quantity of the individuals captured
lifeStage The life stage of the organisms captured
establishmentMeans The process of establishment of the species in the location, using a controlled vocabulary: 'naturalised', 'introduced', 'endemic', "unknown"
occurrenceStatus Information about the presence/absence of the species
eventID A unique identifier of an occurrence
identifiedBy Name of the person who made the identification
dateIdentified Date on which the record was identified
scientificName Complete scientific name including author and year
kingdom Kingdom name
phylum Phylum name
class Class name
order Order name
family Family name
genus Genus name
specificEpithet Specific epithet
taxonRank Lowest taxonomic rank of the record
scientificNameAuthorship Name of the author of the lowest taxon rank included in the record
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Additional information

Results

We collected a total of 14,902 specimens – of which 49% were adults (7,263) - belonging to 105 (morpho) species and 26 families (Tables 2, 3, 4) - 87 species and 18 morphospecies (undescribed) (Malumbres-Olarte et al. 2019b). The number of species per plot oscillated between 19-32, with the minimum in the dry Plot 4 of Porto Santo (PS4) and the maximum number in Plot 3 of Madeiran forest (MF3). Out of the recorded (morpho)species, 34 were endemic, 26 native non-endemic, 22 introduced and 23 species of unknown origin. We report seven new records of introduced species in the Madeiran archipelago. On Madeira island, we recorded 88 (morpho)species, of which 26 were endemic, 26 native non-endemic, 19 introduced and 17 species of unknown origin. On Porto Santo island, we recorded 48 (morpho)species, of which 12 were endemic species, 7 native non-endemic species, 14 introduced species and 15 species of unknown origin. We present 21 new records for Madeira island and 32 for Porto Santo (33 for the whole archipelago).

Table 2.

Abundance, biogeographic category and previous records of (morpho)species in six of the forest plots on Madeira island. Abbreviations: Plot names: Madeira forest (MF); Madeira dry habitat (MD); Porto Santo dry habitat (PSD). Biogeographic category (Biog. cat): Endemic (END); Introduced (INT); Macaronesian (MAC); Native non-endemic (NAT); Unknown (UK). Previous records (Prev. Rec.): Madeira (M), Porto Santo (PS), Not recorded (No). Reference for previous records: List of Madeiran Fauna (LMF) (Borges et al. 2008), World Spider Catalogue (WSC) (Natural History Museum Bern 2019).

Family Species Biog.Cat. Prev. Rec. MF1 MF2 MF3 MF4 MF5 MF6
Agelenidae Eratigena feminea (Simon, 1870) UK No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agelenidae Synaphris saphrynis Lopardo, Hormiga & Melic, 2007 UK No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agelenidae Tegenaria domestica (Clerck, 1757) I M 0 0 1 0 0 1
Araneidae Agalenatea redii (Scopoli, 1763) I M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Araneidae Araniella maderiana (Kulczyński, 1905) N M, PS 0 0 0 2 0 0
Araneidae Argiope trifasciata (Forskål, 1775) UK M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Araneidae Cyclosa maderiana Kulczyński, 1899 N M 0 0 0 0 1 0
Araneidae Cyrtophora citricola (Forskål, 1775) I M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Araneidae Mangora acalypha (Walckenaer, 1802) I M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Araneidae Neoscona crucifera (Lucas, 1838) I M, PS 1 1 5 3 7 2
Araneidae Zygiella x-notata (Clerck, 1757) I M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cheiracanthiidae Cheiracanthium albidulum (Blackwall, 1859) E M, PS 15 5 28 2 8 12
Clubionidae Porrhoclubiona decora (Blackwall, 1859) N M, PS 1 0 0 2 0 3
Dictynidae Lathys affinis (Blackwall, 1862) E M, PS 0 1 8 0 11 0
Dictynidae Nigma puella (Simon, 1870) UK M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dysderidae Dysdera coiffaiti Denis, 1962 E M 0 1 1 0 0 0
Dysderidae Dysdera crocata C.L.Koch, 1838 I M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Drassodes lutescens (C.L.Koch, 1839) UK M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Haplodrassus sp. 158 E No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Haplodrassus sp. 164 UK No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Haplodrassus omissus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) N No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Heser hispanus Senglet, 2012 UK No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Macarophaeus cultior (Kulczyński, 1899) E No 0 0 2 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Micaria pallipes (Lucas, 1846) UK M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Setaphis carmeli (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) UK No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Trachyzelotes holosericeus (Simon, 1878) UK M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Trachyzelotes lyonneti (Audouin, 1826) UK M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Zelotes aeneus (Simon, 1878) I No (LMF), M (WSC) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Zelotes tenuis (L.Koch, 1866) I No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Zimirina lepida (Blackwall, 1859) E M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Agyneta canariensis Wunderlich, 1987 N No (LMF), M (WSC) 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Agyneta fuscipalpa (C.L.Koch, 1836) I No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Canariellanum sp. 21 E No 0 0 0 0 0 10
Linyphiidae Centromerus variegatus Denis, 1962 E M 0 0 0 2 0 0
Linyphiidae Ceratinopsis sp. 111 E No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Ceratinopsis acripes (Denis, 1962) N M 3 1 2 2 4 2
Linyphiidae Ceratinopsis infuscata (Denis, 1962) E M 0 0 0 1 2 0
Linyphiidae Ceratinopsis sp. 233 E No 0 0 1 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Ceratinopsis sp. 58 E No 0 0 1 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Diplocephalus graecus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1873) I No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Entelecara schmitzi Kulczyński, 1905 UK M 2 5 5 0 5 0
Linyphiidae Frontinellina dearmata (Kulczyński, 1899) E M 6 4 3 7 62 0
Linyphiidae Frontiphantes fulgurenotatus (Schenkel, 1938) E M 0 0 1 0 3 4
Linyphiidae Lepthyphantes mauli Wunderlich, 1992 E M 0 0 1 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Microctenonyx subitaneus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1875) UK M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Microlinyphia johnsoni (Blackwall, 1859) N M, PS 3 6 7 12 21 8
Linyphiidae Ostearius melanopygius (O.P.-Cambridge, 1880) I M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Palliduphantes schmitzi (Kulczyński, 1899) N M 5 0 1 10 0 17
Linyphiidae Parapelecopsis nemoralioides (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1884) I No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Pelecopsis inedita (O.P.-Cambridge, 1875) I No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Tenuiphantes sp. 259 E No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Tenuiphantes tenebricoloides (Schenkel, 1938) E M 0 0 0 1 1 0
Linyphiidae Tenuiphantes tenuis (Blackwall, 1852) I M, PS 50 35 53 43 34 66
Linyphiidae Turinyphia maderiana (Schenkel, 1938) E M 0 0 0 0 5 1
Liocranidae Mesiotelus cf. grancanariensis Wunderlich, 1992 N No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lycosidae Hogna insularum (Kulczyński, 1899) E M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lycosidae Hogna schmitzi Wunderlich, 1992 E PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lycosidae Pardosa proxima (C.L.Koch, 1847) N M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Mimetidae Ero aphana (Walckenaer, 1802) N M, PS 0 0 1 0 0 1
Mysmenidae Trogloneta madeirensis Wunderlich, 1987 E M 0 2 3 4 1 13
Nesticidae Eidmannella pallida (Emerton, 1875) I M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oecobiidae Oecobius similis Kulczyński, 1909 N M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oonopidae Gamasomorpha insularis Simon, 1907 UK M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oonopidae Oonops cf. pulcher Templeton, 1835 UK No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oonopidae Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859) N M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oonopidae Orchestina sp. 160 E No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oxyopidae Oxyopes sp. 80 UK No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Philodromidae Philodromus insulanus Kulczyński, 1905 E M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Philodromidae Philodromus MAD266 UK No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Philodromidae Thanatus vulgaris Simon, 1870 UK M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Pholcidae Pholcus madeirensis Wunderlich, 1987 E M 3 1 7 0 0 0
Salticidae Chalcoscirtus sublestus (Blackwall, 1867) N M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Salticidae Macaroeris cf. desertensis Wunderlich, 1992 E No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Salticidae Macaroeris cf. diligens (Blackwall, 1867) E No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Salticidae Macaroeris diligens (Blackwall, 1867) N M, PS 3 0 1 1 2 0
Salticidae Macaroeris sp. 8 E No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Salticidae Pellenes maderianus Kulczyński, 1905 N M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Scytodidae Scytodes velutina Heineken & Lowe, 1832 UK M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Segestriidae Ariadna maderiana Warburton, 1892 E M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Segestriidae Segestria florentina (Rossi, 1790) I M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tetragnathidae Meta stridulans Wunderlich, 1987 E M 8 7 9 1 2 15
Theridiidae Cryptachaea blattea (Urquhart, 1886) I No 3 0 13 9 3 0
Theridiidae Dipoenata longitarsis (Denis, 1962) E M 0 0 0 1 0 0
Theridiidae Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczyński, 1899) N M 37 28 63 4 32 7
Theridiidae Enoplognatha diversa (Blackwall, 1859) I M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Theridiidae Enoplognatha sattleri Bösenberg, 1895 N M 0 0 0 0 1 0
Theridiidae Episinus maderianus Kulczyński, 1905 N M 182 59 160 42 33 84
Theridiidae Kochiura aulica (C.L.Koch, 1838) N M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Theridiidae Laseola sp. 268 E No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Theridiidae Macaridion barreti (Kulczyński, 1899) N M 55 63 112 1 60 15
Theridiidae Paidiscura orotavensis (Schmidt, 1968) N M 0 13 1 2 0 0
Theridiidae Rhomphaea nasica (Simon, 1873) I M 0 1 2 0 0 1
Theridiidae Rugathodes madeirensis Wunderlich, 1987 E M 48 2 2 156 8 96
Theridiidae Steatoda grossa (C.L.Koch, 1838) I M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Theridiidae Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) N M, PS 1 1 4 0 1 0
Theridiidae Theridion hannoniae Denis, 1945 UK M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Theridiidae Theridion musivivum Schmidt, 1956 N M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Theridiidae Theridion sp. 89 E No 4 2 2 2 11 1
Thomisidae Misumena cf. nigromaculata Denis, 1963 E No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Thomisidae Misumena spinifera (Blackwall, 1862) N M, PS 1 1 2 0 0 1
Thomisidae Thomisus onustus Walckenaer, 1805 I No 0 0 0 0 0 0
Thomisidae Xysticus nubilus Simon, 1875 UK M, PS 0 0 0 0 0 0
Uloboridae Hyptiotes flavidus (Blackwall, 1862) N M 13 3 3 11 40 0
Uloboridae Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 UK M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Zodariidae Zodarion styliferum (Simon, 1870) UK M 0 0 0 0 0 0
Species richness 21 22 32 24 25 21
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Table 3.

Abundance, biogeographic category and previous records of (morpho)species in five of the forest plots and two of the dry habitat plots on Madeira island. Abbreviations: Madeira forest plot (MF), Madeira dry plot (MD).

Family Species MF7 MF8 MF9 MF10 MF11 MF12 MD1 MD2
Agelenidae Eratigena feminea (Simon, 1870) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agelenidae Synaphris saphrynis Lopardo, Hormiga & Melic 2007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Agelenidae Tegenaria domestica (Clerck, 1757) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Araneidae Agalenatea redii (Scopoli, 1763) 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 22
Araneidae Araniella maderiana (Kulczyński, 1905) 3 0 3 0 0 1 0 0
Araneidae Argiope trifasciata (Forskål, 1775) 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 17
Araneidae Cyclosa maderiana Kulczyński, 1899 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Araneidae Cyrtophora citricola (Forskål, 1775) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Araneidae Mangora acalypha (Walckenaer, 1802) 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
Araneidae Neoscona crucifera (Lucas, 1838) 2 1 1 1 1 2 0 0
Araneidae Zygiella x-notata (Clerck, 1757) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cheiracanthiidae Cheiracanthium albidulum (Blackwall, 1859) 34 11 36 9 15 43 0 0
Clubionidae Porrhoclubiona decora (Blackwall, 1859) 2 0 3 2 0 1 1 2
Dictynidae Lathys affinis (Blackwall, 1862) 6 1 2 2 0 3 0 0
Dictynidae Nigma puella (Simon, 1870) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Dysderidae Dysdera coiffaiti Denis, 1962 3 1 2 0 0 0 0 0
Dysderidae Dysdera crocata C.L.Koch, 1838 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5
Gnaphosidae Drassodes lutescens (C.L.Koch, 1839) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Haplodrassus sp. 158 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Haplodrassus sp. 164 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Haplodrassus omissus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 1
Gnaphosidae Heser hispanus Senglet, 2012 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 23
Gnaphosidae Macarophaeus cultior (Kulczyński, 1899) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Micaria pallipes (Lucas, 1846) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Setaphis carmeli (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Trachyzelotes holosericeus (Simon, 1878) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Trachyzelotes lyonneti (Audouin, 1826) 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 2
Gnaphosidae Zelotes aeneus (Simon, 1878) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Zelotes tenuis (L.Koch, 1866) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Gnaphosidae Zimirina lepida (Blackwall, 1859) 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
Linyphiidae Agyneta canariensis Wunderlich, 1987 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Agyneta fuscipalpa (C.L.Koch, 1836) 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 9
Linyphiidae Canariellanum sp. 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Centromerus variegatus Denis, 1962 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Ceratinopsis sp. 111 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Linyphiidae Ceratinopsis acripes (Denis, 1962) 2 1 1 1 4 6 0 0
Linyphiidae Ceratinopsis infuscata (Denis, 1962) 0 2 8 0 1 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Ceratinopsis sp. 233 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Ceratinopsis sp. 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Diplocephalus graecus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1873) 0 0 0 0 0 0 103 375
Linyphiidae Entelecara schmitzi Kulczyński, 1905 1 0 2 5 2 7 0 0
Linyphiidae Frontinellina dearmata (Kulczyński, 1899) 7 1 4 8 32 43 0 0
Linyphiidae Frontiphantes fulgurenotatus (Schenkel, 1938) 14 0 1 0 2 1 0 0
Linyphiidae Lepthyphantes mauli Wunderlich, 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Microctenonyx subitaneus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1875) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
Linyphiidae Microlinyphia johnsoni (Blackwall, 1859) 2 3 4 8 8 27 0 0
Linyphiidae Ostearius melanopygius (O.P.-Cambridge, 1880) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Palliduphantes schmitzi (Kulczyński, 1899) 3 0 0 5 1 3 0 0
Linyphiidae Parapelecopsis nemoralioides (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1884) 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3
Linyphiidae Pelecopsis inedita (O.P.-Cambridge, 1875) 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 15
Linyphiidae Tenuiphantes sp. 259 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Linyphiidae Tenuiphantes tenebricoloides (Schenkel, 1938) 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
Linyphiidae Tenuiphantes tenuis (Blackwall, 1852) 31 58 13 49 25 56 0 4
Linyphiidae Turinyphia maderiana (Schenkel, 1938) 0 2 0 1 4 0 0 0
Liocranidae Mesiotelus cf. grancanariensis Wunderlich, 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Lycosidae Hogna insularum (Kulczyński, 1899) 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 49
Lycosidae Hogna schmitzi Wunderlich, 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Lycosidae Pardosa proxima (C.L.Koch, 1847) 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0
Mimetidae Ero aphana (Walckenaer, 1802) 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
Mysmenidae Trogloneta madeirensis Wunderlich, 1987 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
Nesticidae Eidmannella pallida (Emerton, 1875) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Oecobiidae Oecobius similis Kulczyński, 1909 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 10
Oonopidae Gamasomorpha insularis Simon, 1907 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Oonopidae Oonops cf. pulcher Templeton, 1835 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oonopidae Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Oonopidae Orchestina sp. 160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Oxyopidae Oxyopes sp. 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Philodromidae Philodromus insulanus Kulczyński, 1905 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Philodromidae Philodromus MAD266 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Philodromidae Thanatus vulgaris Simon, 1870 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6
Pholcidae Pholcus madeirensis Wunderlich, 1987 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Salticidae Chalcoscirtus sublestus (Blackwall, 1867) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Salticidae Macaroeris cf. desertensis Wunderlich, 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Salticidae Macaroeris cf. diligens (Blackwall, 1867) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Salticidae Macaroeris diligens (Blackwall, 1867) 4 1 8 5 0 1 0 0
Salticidae Macaroeris sp. 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Salticidae Pellenes maderianus Kulczyński, 1905 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Scytodidae Scytodes velutina Heineken & Lowe, 1832 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Segestriidae Ariadna maderiana Warburton, 1892 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Segestriidae Segestria florentina (Rossi, 1790) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tetragnathidae Meta stridulans Wunderlich, 1987 3 1 3 10 2 1 0 0
Theridiidae Cryptachaea blattea (Urquhart, 1886) 2 3 5 3 6 3 1 0
Theridiidae Dipoenata longitarsis (Denis, 1962) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Theridiidae Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczyński, 1899) 39 3 9 1 22 71 0 0
Theridiidae Enoplognatha diversa (Blackwall, 1859) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Theridiidae Enoplognatha sattleri Bösenberg, 1895 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Theridiidae Episinus maderianus Kulczyński, 1905 64 14 41 38 18 11 0 0
Theridiidae Kochiura aulica (C.L.Koch, 1838) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Theridiidae Laseola sp. 268 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Theridiidae Macaridion barreti (Kulczyński, 1899) 14 0 17 19 19 119 0 0
Theridiidae Paidiscura orotavensis (Schmidt, 1968) 3 1 1 15 2 0 0 0
Theridiidae Rhomphaea nasica (Simon, 1873) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Theridiidae Rugathodes madeirensis Wunderlich, 1987 1 1 0 0 5 6 0 0
Theridiidae Steatoda grossa (C.L.Koch, 1838) 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4
Theridiidae Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) 6 7 2 0 2 0 0 0
Theridiidae Theridion hannoniae Denis, 1945 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Theridiidae Theridion musivivum Schmidt, 1956 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
Theridiidae Theridion sp. 89 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
Thomisidae Misumena cf. nigromaculata Denis, 1963 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Thomisidae Misumena spinifera (Blackwall, 1862) 1 0 4 0 0 2 0 0
Thomisidae Thomisus onustus Walckenaer, 1805 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Thomisidae Xysticus nubilus Simon, 1875 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 2
Uloboridae Hyptiotes flavidus (Blackwall, 1862) 10 1 5 2 15 8 0 0
Uloboridae Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Zodariidae Zodarion styliferum (Simon, 1870) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Species richness 26 21 24 22 22 24 22 26
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Table 4.

Abundance of (morpho)species in three of the plots on Madeira island and in the plots on Porto Santo island. Abbreviations: Madeira dry plot (MD), Porto Santo plot (PS).

Family Species MD3 MD4 MD5 PSD1 PSD2 PSD3 PSD4 PSD5 Total
Agelenidae Eratigena feminea (Simon, 1870) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Agelenidae Synaphris saphrynis Lopardo, Hormiga & Melic, 2007 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 19
Agelenidae Tegenaria domestica (Clerck, 1757) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Araneidae Agalenatea redii (Scopoli, 1763) 2 28 19 1 1 0 0 0 80
Araneidae Araniella maderiana (Kulczyński, 1905) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
Araneidae Argiope trifasciata (Forskål, 1775) 1 38 4 0 0 0 0 1 71
Araneidae Cyclosa maderiana Kulczyński, 1899 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
Araneidae Cyrtophora citricola (Forskål, 1775) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Araneidae Mangora acalypha (Walckenaer, 1802) 1 7 22 1 0 0 0 0 33
Araneidae Neoscona crucifera (Lucas, 1838) 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 28
Araneidae Zygiella x-notata (Clerck, 1757) 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Cheiracanthiidae Cheiracanthium albidulum (Blackwall, 1859) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 218
Clubionidae Porrhoclubiona decora (Blackwall, 1859) 10 7 3 3 3 0 0 9 52
Dictynidae Lathys affinis (Blackwall, 1862) 0 0 0 16 18 2 0 0 70
Dictynidae Nigma puella (Simon, 1870) 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 15
Dysderidae Dysdera coiffaiti Denis, 1962 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
Dysderidae Dysdera crocata C.L.Koch, 1838 5 8 18 2 0 3 0 0 43
Gnaphosidae Drassodes lutescens (C.L.Koch, 1839) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Gnaphosidae Haplodrassus sp. 158 0 0 0 18 7 0 25 18 68
Gnaphosidae Haplodrassus sp. 164 0 0 0 6 5 0 5 2 18
Gnaphosidae Haplodrassus omissus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) 6 0 0 0 1 0 13 1 35
Gnaphosidae Heser hispanus Senglet, 2012 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 59
Gnaphosidae Macarophaeus cultior (Kulczyński, 1899) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Gnaphosidae Micaria pallipes (Lucas, 1846) 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 3
Gnaphosidae Setaphis carmeli (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872) 0 0 0 1 1 6 0 0 8
Gnaphosidae Trachyzelotes holosericeus (Simon, 1878) 1 0 0 7 4 1 0 0 13
Gnaphosidae Trachyzelotes lyonneti (Audouin, 1826) 0 7 1 4 0 17 0 2 37
Gnaphosidae Zelotes aeneus (Simon, 1878) 0 0 0 4 0 0 2 1 7
Gnaphosidae Zelotes tenuis (L.Koch, 1866) 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Gnaphosidae Zimirina lepida (Blackwall, 1859) 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 5
Linyphiidae Agyneta canariensis Wunderlich, 1987 3 0 0 28 7 3 0 5 46
Linyphiidae Agyneta fuscipalpa (C.L.Koch, 1836) 2 66 15 8 1 23 10 13 150
Linyphiidae Canariellanum sp. 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10
Linyphiidae Centromerus variegatus Denis, 1962 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Linyphiidae Ceratinopsis sp. 111 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Linyphiidae Ceratinopsis acripes (Denis, 1962) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29
Linyphiidae Ceratinopsis infuscata (Denis, 1962) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14
Linyphiidae Ceratinopsis sp. 233 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Linyphiidae Ceratinopsis sp. 58 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Linyphiidae Diplocephalus graecus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1873) 33 2 6 12 3 76 1 9 620
Linyphiidae Entelecara schmitzi Kulczyński, 1905 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34
Linyphiidae Frontinellina dearmata (Kulczyński, 1899) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 177
Linyphiidae Frontiphantes fulgurenotatus (Schenkel, 1938) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26
Linyphiidae Lepthyphantes mauli Wunderlich, 1992 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Linyphiidae Microctenonyx subitaneus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1875) 3 0 0 2 3 8 0 4 26
Linyphiidae Microlinyphia johnsoni (Blackwall, 1859) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 110
Linyphiidae Ostearius melanopygius (O.P.-Cambridge, 1880) 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Linyphiidae Palliduphantes schmitzi (Kulczyński, 1899) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45
Linyphiidae Parapelecopsis nemoralioides (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1884) 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
Linyphiidae Pelecopsis inedita (O.P.-Cambridge, 1875) 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28
Linyphiidae Tenuiphantes sp. 259 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Linyphiidae Tenuiphantes tenebricoloides (Schenkel, 1938) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Linyphiidae Tenuiphantes tenuis (Blackwall, 1852) 5 0 14 0 1 2 0 1 540
Linyphiidae Turinyphia maderiana (Schenkel, 1938) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13
Liocranidae Mesiotelus cf. grancanariensis Wunderlich, 1992 0 0 0 20 5 0 1 2 29
Lycosidae Hogna insularum (Kulczyński, 1899) 54 0 1 6 4 32 34 32 272
Lycosidae Hogna schmitzi Wunderlich, 1992 0 0 0 7 2 0 0 5 14
Lycosidae Pardosa proxima (C.L.Koch, 1847) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
Mimetidae Ero aphana (Walckenaer, 1802) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Mysmenidae Trogloneta madeirensis Wunderlich, 1987 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
Nesticidae Eidmannella pallida (Emerton, 1875) 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3
Oecobiidae Oecobius similis Kulczyński, 1909 82 0 152 5 8 28 1 0 294
Oonopidae Gamasomorpha insularis Simon, 1907 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Oonopidae Oonops cf. pulcher Templeton, 1835 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3
Oonopidae Opopaea concolor (Blackwall, 1859) 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
Oonopidae Orchestina sp. 160 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 2
Oxyopidae Oxyopes sp. 80 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 2
Philodromidae Philodromus insulanus Kulczyński, 1905 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Philodromidae Philodromus MAD266 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
Philodromidae Thanatus vulgaris Simon, 1870 10 5 0 2 8 0 8 4 49
Pholcidae Pholcus madeirensis Wunderlich, 1987 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11
Salticidae Chalcoscirtus sublestus (Blackwall, 1867) 2 1 20 3 3 1 1 1 34
Salticidae Macaroeris cf. desertensis Wunderlich, 1992 0 0 0 7 1 0 2 7 17
Salticidae Macaroeris cf. diligens (Blackwall, 1867) 0 0 0 3 7 5 1 26 42
Salticidae Macaroeris diligens (Blackwall, 1867) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26
Salticidae Macaroeris sp. 8 8 4 4 1 0 0 0 0 27
Salticidae Pellenes maderianus Kulczyński, 1905 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
Scytodidae Scytodes velutina Heineken & Lowe, 1832 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 3
Segestriidae Ariadna maderiana Warburton, 1892 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2
Segestriidae Segestria florentina (Rossi, 1790) 0 3 6 0 0 1 0 0 10
Tetragnathidae Meta stridulans Wunderlich, 1987 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62
Theridiidae Cryptachaea blattea (Urquhart, 1886) 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 53
Theridiidae Dipoenata longitarsis (Denis, 1962) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Theridiidae Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczyński, 1899) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 316
Theridiidae Enoplognatha diversa (Blackwall, 1859) 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 4
Theridiidae Enoplognatha sattleri Bösenberg, 1895 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Theridiidae Episinus maderianus Kulczyński, 1905 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 746
Theridiidae Kochiura aulica (C.L.Koch, 1838) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Theridiidae Laseola sp. 268 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Theridiidae Macaridion barreti (Kulczyński, 1899) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 494
Theridiidae Paidiscura orotavensis (Schmidt, 1968) 0 0 0 1 2 19 0 17 77
Theridiidae Rhomphaea nasica (Simon, 1873) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Theridiidae Rugathodes madeirensis Wunderlich, 1987 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 325
Theridiidae Steatoda grossa (C.L.Koch, 1838) 1 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 13
Theridiidae Steatoda nobilis (Thorell, 1875) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24
Theridiidae Theridion hannoniae Denis, 1945 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Theridiidae Theridion musivivum Schmidt, 1956 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Theridiidae Theridion sp. 89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 28
Thomisidae Misumena cf. nigromaculata Denis, 1963 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Thomisidae Misumena spinifera (Blackwall, 1862) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12
Thomisidae Thomisus onustus Walckenaer, 1805 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2
Thomisidae Xysticus nubilus Simon, 1875 16 38 4 12 10 7 0 3 101
Uloboridae Hyptiotes flavidus (Blackwall, 1862) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 111
Uloboridae Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille, 1806 1 4 7 0 0 0 0 0 13
Zodariidae Zodarion styliferum (Simon, 1870) 16 13 810 0 0 0 2 9 850
Species richness 30 21 24 31 27 22 19 26 7462
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The most widespread (morpho)species were Tenuiphantes tenuis (Blackwall, 1852) (introduced), Porrhoclubiona decora (Blackwall, 1859) (native non-endemic), Neoscona crucifera (Lucas, 1838) (introduced), Microlinyphia johnsoni (Blackwall, 1859) (native non-endemic), Cryptachaea blattea (Urquhart, 1886) (introduced), Cheiracanthium albidulum (Blackwall, 1859) (endemic), Ceratinopsis acripes (Denis, 1962) (native non-endemic), Meta stridulans Wunderlich, 1987 (endemic), Echinotheridion gibberosum (Kulczyński, 1899) (native non-endemic), Episinus maderianus Kulczyński, 1905, (native non-endemic) and Paidiscura orotavensis (Schmidt, 1968) (native non-endemic). The five most abundant species were Zodarion styliferum (Simon, 1870) (11%, unknown origin), Episinus maderianus Kulczyński, 1905 (9%, native non-endemic), Diplocephalus graecus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1873) (8%, introduced), Tenuiphantes tenuis (Blackwall, 1852) (7%, introduced) and Macaridion barreti (Kulczyński, 1899) (7%, native non-endemic).

Taxonomic and biogeographic classification

In this section, we point out, explain and discuss the identification of some of the species and morphospecies found – the ones for which information is limited and ordered as in Tables 2, 3 and 4 – and their classification as endemic, native non-endemic, introduced and unknown.

Synaphris saphrynis

This species is known from Spain and Selvagens Islands. It is also present on Bugio island (Desertas), as one of the authors (L. Crespo) identified a specimen collected by M. Boieiro et al. in 2011/12 (unpublished record). The limited number of available records does not allow us to infer its total distribution with certainty.

Haplodrassus omissus

Although Haplodrassus omissus had not been recorded previously in Madeira, it does not come as a surprise to be present there, given its known distribution across the Mediterranean basin and the Canary Islands.

Haplodrassus sp. 164

This morphospecies is present in Porto Santo and, possibly, in other locations of the Madeira archipelago. Haplodrassus MS 164 belongs to the dalmatensis group.

Haplodrassus sp. 158

The morphospecies Haplodrassus MS158 belongs to a different group from that of Haplodrassus MS164, as its genitalia is more similar to species such as H. deserticola, which is present in the Canary Islands or H. minor, which has been recorded from Europe to Turkey, according to the World Spider Catalogue. It is possible that more species of this group are present in the Madeira archipelago.

Macarophaeus cultior

Macarophaeus cultior may be a single-island endemic from Madeira. Although the World Spider Catalog and the Banco de Datos de Biodiversidad de Canarias (based on Oromí et al. (2002)) shows records from the Canary Islands (Oromí et al. (2002), according to Wunderlich (Wunderlich 2011), there are no new records or mentions of M. cultior in this archipelago.

Zelotes aeneus

We classified this species as introduced, because of its distribution throughout Europe up to Azerbaijan.

Agyneta canariensis

We have considered this species as native non-endemic, because it is present in the Canary Islands, Selvagens and Madeira.

Canariellanum sp. 21

We considered this species as a new endemic species of a genus so far restricted to the Canary Islands.

Ceratinopsis spp.

Given the morphological mismatch of this morphospecies with other described species from the region, we have considered it as endemic to the island of Madeira.

Tenuiphantes sp. 259

This morphospecies is probably a new Tenuiphantes from the archipelago of Madeira and we, therefore, considered it endemic.

Tenuiphantes tenebricoloides

This species has been found and cited several times from the forests of Madeira island. There is a citation from the Canary Islands by Denis (Denis 1941) that was based on a single female specimen that has not been revised since then. Furthermore, the species has not been cited again from the Canary Islands and, according to J. Wunderlich – who described a very similar species, T. canariensis, from the Canary Islands – Denis probably misidentified the species, given the resemblance in the female epigyne between T. tenebricoloides and T. canariensis, Therefore, we considered T. tenebricoloides as a Madeiran endemic (Wunderlich 1987). Future molecular phylogenetic work might resolve the relationship between these two species.

Mesiotelus cf. grancanariensis

The species Mesiotelus grancanariensis has been cited from the south west coast of Portugal and across the entire archipelago of Madeira – in treeless dry habitats and along the central mountain chain of Madeira. Hence the classification of this species as a native species.

Oonops cf. pulcher

Although it is possible that this species is an undescribed cryptic species native to Madeira, based on morphological characters, it is very likely to be Oonops pulcher and, therefore, introduced.

Orchestina sp. 160

We classified this morphospecies as archipelago-endemic, based on previous findings by L. Crespo in areas with dry habitats of Porto Santo and Desertas.

Oxyopes sp. 80

Since this morphospecies has not been described or cited before, it is very likely endemic to the Madeiran archipelago.

Philodromus sp. 266

This morphospecies has not been described or cited before, hence our classification as endemic.

Macaroeris cf. desertensis , Macaroeris cf. diligens and Macaroeris sp. 8

We considered Macaroeris cf. desertensis , Macaroeris cf. diligens and Macaroeris sp. 8 as most likely new undescribed species and, therefore, endemic to the Madeiran archipelago.

Lasaeola sp. 268

Based on the morphological features of this morphospecies, we considered it as a new species and, therefore, an archipelago endemic.

Rhomphaea nasica

Rhomphaea nasica is known to be present in Africa and on the remote island of St. Helena. Specimens of this species have also been identified in modified habitats such as the Funchal Botanical Garden (Madeira Island). Therefore, we considered this species as introduced.

Theridion hannoniae

This species has a Mediterranean distribution and, in the Madeiran archipelago, it is usually found in dry, relatively disturbed areas. We classified this species as of unknown biogeographic category, given the impossibility of knowing whether it arrived at the Madeiran archipelago naturally or with human intervention.

Theridion sp. 89

This morphospecies is most likely a new species, so we considered it to be single-island endemic, probably from laurel forest.

Misumena cf. nigromaculata

Here we considered this morphospecies to be a new endemic species given the little information on Misumena nigromaculata, whose female has been described only once and whose male is unknown.

Xysticus nubilus

Xysticus nubilus has a Mediterranean distribution and is usually found in dry habitats in the Madeiran archipelago. Therefore, as with Theridion hannoniae, we classified it as of unknown biogeographic category in Madeira.

Hyptiotes flavidus

Although the distribution of this species is largely Mediterranean, given that it is usually found in laurel forests, we classified it as native to Madeira.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the project FCT MACDIV financed by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia – ref. FCT-PTDC/BIABIC/0054/2014, that also supported the Open Access of the manuscript. We are grateful to the Madeira Natural Park for the logistic support as well as permission for the collection of specimens.

Author contributions

PAVB, PC and FR conceived the study design and sampling programme. JM-O, PAVB, PC, LCFC, RG, FP, RC, CR, MB, and FR performed spider sampling. PAVB and LCFC performed spider identification. JM-O analysed the data and JM-O and PAVB led the writing. All authors commented on the final version of the manuscript.

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