Cigarette Smoking, Mental Health and Social Support: Data from a Northwestern First Nation

Mark Daniel; Margaret D Cargo; Julie Lifshay; Lawrence W Green

doi:10.1007/BF03403633

. 2004 Jan 1;95(1):45–49. doi: 10.1007/BF03403633

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Cigarette Smoking, Mental Health and Social Support

Data from a Northwestern First Nation

Mark Daniel ^110,^✉, Margaret D Cargo ²¹⁰, Julie Lifshay ³¹⁰, Lawrence W Green ⁴¹⁰

PMCID: PMC6975667 PMID: 14768741

Abstract

Background

The prevalence of smoking is high in many Aboriginal Canadian communities; rates of 50% are not uncommon. Aboriginal Canadians suffer a severe burden of smoking-related disease. Research in other populations has linked depression and smoking. It is not known whether mental health or affective measures are related to smoking for any of Canada’s First Nations, and this study sought to answer this question. Understanding relations between affect and smoking behaviour is requisite to mounting anti-smoking interventions.

Methods

Smoking status and psychosocial measures including depression, mastery, affect balance and social support were obtained in a community-based chronic disease survey for a rural Interior Salishan First Nation in British Columbia (Plateau area). Persons surveyed were on-reserve residents (n=187), overweight (body mass index ≥25 kg/m²), with mean age of 44.1 years (standard deviation 15.0).

Results

The prevalence of smoking was 48.1%. Adjusted for age, sex and body mass index, smokers relative to nonsmokers had higher (p<0.010) depression (mean 21.3 [CI 95%, 19.1–23.4] vs. 16.1 [14.1–18.0]) and negative affect (18.6 [14.9–22.3] vs. 11.0 [7.6–14.4]), and lower mastery (36.4 [35.5–37.3] vs. 38.1 [37.2–38.9]). A positive relationship between mastery and social support was greater for nonsmokers (p=0.046).

Conclusion

Depression and negative affect are associated with smoking among overweight persons in a rural First Nation in British Columbia. Furthermore, smoking is inversely related to mastery, and this relation varies with social support. Longitudinal study is required to determine whether smoking influences mental health and mastery, or the reverse.

Résumé

Contexte

Le tabagisme est très répandu dans de nombreuses communautés autochtones du Canada; des taux de 50% ne sont pas rares, et les Autochtones du Canada souffrent beaucoup de maladies liées au tabagisme. Les recherches menées auprès d’autres populations ont établi un lien entre la dépression et le tabagisme. Par ailleurs, on ne sait pas si le tabagisme a une incidence sur la santé mentale ou émotionnelle des Autochtones du Canada. La compréhension des liens entre l’affect et le statut de fumeur est un important préalable à l’élaboration d’interventions visant la réduction du tabagisme.

Méthode

Une enquête au niveau communautaire sur les maladies chroniques d’une population rurale autochtone de la Colombie-Britannique a fourni des données sur le statut de fumeur/nonfumeur et sur des caractéristiques psychosociales incluant la dépression, la maîtrise de sa situation, l’équilibre émotif et le soutien social. Les participants de l’étude étaient des Indiens inscrits vivant dans une réserve (n=187), 67% étant des femmes, et l’âge moyen était de 44,1 ans (écart-type de 15,0).

Résultats

Le taux de tabagisme était de 48,1%. Compte tenu de l’âge, du sexe et de l’indice de masse corporelle, les fumeurs, comparativement aux non-fumeurs présentaient des taux plus élevés (p<0,010) de dépression (21,3 [19,1–23,4] c. 16,1 [14,1–18,0]) et d’affect négatif (18,6 [14,9–22,3] c. 11,0 [7,6–14,4]), et un taux moins élevé de maîtrise de sa situation (36,4 [35,5–37,3] c. 38,1 [37,2-38,9]). Une relation positive entre la maîtrise de sa situation et des niveaux supérieurs de soutien social prévalait chez les non-fumeurs (p=0,046).

Conclusion

Il existe une corrélation entre la dépression ou un affect négatif et le tabagisme chez les personnes faisant de l’embonpoint dans une population rurale autochtone de la Colombie- Britannique. De plus, le tabagisme est inversement proportionnel à la maîtrise de sa situation, et cette relation varie selon le degré de soutien social. Les efforts pour réduire le tabagisme dans la population autochtone du Canada devraient porter sur les aspects de la santé mentale, du soutien social et de la maîtrise de sa situation, en tenant compte des contextes socioculturel et historique plus larges d’où émergent les formes actuelles de style de vie.

References

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[CR1] 1.Daniel M, Linder GF. Indigenous populations. Encyclopedia of Public Health. 2002;2:610–11. [Google Scholar]

[CR2] 2.First NationalInuit Regional Health Survey National Steering Committee: National Report. First Nations and Inuit Regional Health Survey. 1999. [Google Scholar]

[CR3] 3.Anonymous. Cigarette smoking among adults-United States, 1998. MMWR. 2000;49(39):881–84. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR4] 4.Covey LS, Glassman AH, Stetner F. Cigarette smoking and major depression. J Addict Dis. 1998;17(1):35–46. doi: 10.1300/J069v17n01_04. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR5] 5.Lasser K, Boyd JW, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU, McCormick D, Bor DH. Smoking and mental illness: A population-based study. JAMA. 2000;284(20):2606–10. doi: 10.1001/jama.284.20.2606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR6] 6.Anda RF, Williamson DF, Escobedo LG, Mast EE, Giovino GA, Remington PL. Depression and the dynamics of smoking. JAMA. 1990;264(12):1541–45. doi: 10.1001/jama.1990.03450120053028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR7] 7.Jorm AF, Rodgers B, Jacomb PA, Christensen H, Henderson S, Korten AE. Smoking and mental health: Results from a community survey. Med J Austral. 1999;170:74–77. doi: 10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb126887.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR8] 8.Romans SE, McNoe BM, Herbison GP, Walton VA, Mullen PE. Cigarette smoking and psychiatric morbidity in women. Aust N Z J Psychiat. 1993;27:399–404. doi: 10.3109/00048679309075795. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR9] 9.Green CA, Pope CR. Depressive symptoms, health promotion, and health risk behaviors. Am J Health Prom. 2000;15(1):29–34. doi: 10.4278/0890-1171-15.1.29. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR10] 10.Turner RJ, Lloyd DA. The stress process and the social distribution of depression. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40:374–404. doi: 10.2307/2676332. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR11] 11.Franks F, Faux SA. Depression, stress, mastery, and social resources in four ethnocultural women’s groups. Res Nurs Health. 1990;13:283–92. doi: 10.1002/nur.4770130504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR12] 12.Cott CA, Gignac MAM, Badley EM. Determinants of self rated health for Canadians with chronic disease and disability. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1999;53:731–36. doi: 10.1136/jech.53.11.731. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR13] 13.Penninx BWJH, Tilburg TV, Deeg DJH, Kriegsman DMW, Boeke AJP, van Eijk JTM. Direct and buffer effects of social support and personal coping resources in individuals with arthritis. Soc Sci Med. 1997;44(3):393–402. doi: 10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00156-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR14] 14.Grant JS, Bartolucci AA, Elliot TR, Giger JN. Sociodemographic, physical, and psychosocial characteristics of depressed and non-depressed family caregivers of stroke survivors. Brain Inj. 2000;14(12):1089–100. doi: 10.1080/02699050050203586. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR15] 15.Frese M. Social support as a moderator of the relationship between work stressors and psychological dysfunction: A longitudinal study with objective measures. J Occup Health Psychol. 1999;4(3):179–92. doi: 10.1037/1076-8998.4.3.179. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR16] 16.Lin N, Ye X, Ensel WM. Social support and depressed mood: A structural analysis. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;40:344–59. doi: 10.2307/2676330. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR17] 17.Eriksen W, Sandvik L, Bruusgaard D. Social support and the smoking behaviour of parents with preschool children. Scand J Soc Med. 1997;25(2):93–99. doi: 10.1177/140349489702500206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR18] 18.Digiusto E, Bird KD. Matching smokers to treatment: Self-control versus social support. J Cons Clin Psychol. 1995;63(2):290–95. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.63.2.290. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR19] 19.Daniel M, Marion SA, Sheps SB, Hertzman C, Gamble D. Variation by body mass index and age in waist-to-hip ratio associations with glycemic status in an aboriginal population at risk for type 2 diabetes in British Columbia, Canada. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69:455–60. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/69.3.455. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR20] 20.Pearlin LI, Lieberman MA, Menaghan EG, Mullan JT. The stress process. J Health Soc Behav. 1981;22:337–56. doi: 10.2307/2136676. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR21] 21.Pearlin LI, Schooler C. The structure of coping. J Health Soc Behav. 1978;19:2–21. doi: 10.2307/2136319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR22] 22.Hakstian AR, McLean PD. Brief screen for depression. Psych Assess. 1989;1(2):139–41. doi: 10.1037/1040-3590.1.2.139. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[CR23] 23.McLean PD, Hakstian AR. A brief screen for depression: Development and application. Innovations in Clinical Practice: A Source Book. 1991;10:387–91. [Google Scholar]

[CR24] 24.Bradburn NM. The Structure of Psychological Well-Being. Chicago: Aldine; 1969. [Google Scholar]

[CR25] 25.McDowell I, Praught E. On the measurement of happiness: An examination of the Bradburn Scale in the Canada Health Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116:949–58. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113497. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR26] 26.Engel NS. On the vicissitudes of health appraisal. Adv Nurs Sci. 1984;7:12–23. doi: 10.1097/00012272-198410000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR27] 27.Moriwaki SY. The Affect Balance Scale: A validity study with aged samples. J Gerontol. 1974;29:73–78. doi: 10.1093/geronj/29.1.73. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR28] 28.Bild RR, Havighurst RJ. Life satisfaction. Gerontologist. 1976;16:70–75. doi: 10.1093/geront/16.1_Part_2.70. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[CR29] 29.Gritz ER, Nielsen IR, Brooks LA. Smoking cessation and gender: Influence of physiological, psychological, and behavioral factors. J Am Med Wom Assoc. 1996;51(1&2):35–42. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR30] 30.Rausch JL, Nichinson B, Lamke C, Matloff J. Influence of negative affect on smoking cessation treatment outcome: A pilot study. Br J Addict. 1990;85:929–33. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb03723.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR31] 31.Delfino RJ, Jamner LD, Whalen CK. Temporal analysis of the relationship of smoking behavior and urges to mood states. Nicotine Tobacco Res. 2001;3:235–48. doi: 10.1080/14622200110050466. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR32] 32.Littman G. Alcoholism, illness, and social pathology among American Indians in transition. Am J Public Health. 1970;60(9):1769–87. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.60.9.1769. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR33] 33.Theorell T, Alfredsson L, Knox S, Persk A, Sevensson J, Waller D. On the interplay between socioeconomic factors, personality and work environment in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1984;10:373–80. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.2305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR34] 34.Karasek R, Baker D, Marxer F, Ahlbom A, Theorell T. Job decision latitude, job demands, and cardiovascular disease: A prospective study. Am J Public Health. 1981;71:694–705. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.71.7.694. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR35] 35.Johnson JV, Stewart W, Hall EM, Fredlund P, Theorell T. Long-term psychosocial work environment and cardiovascular mortality among Swedish men. Am J Public Health. 1996;86(3):324–31. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.86.3.324. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR36] 36.Wilkinson RG. Health, hierarchy, and social anxiety. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;896:48–63. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08104.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR37] 37.Rotter JB. Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external reinforcement. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1975;43:56–67. doi: 10.1037/h0076301. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[CR38] 38.Bandura A. Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. Am Psychol. 1982;37:122–47. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.37.2.122. [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[CR39] 39.Syme SL. Control and health: Personal perspective. In: Steptoe A A A, editor. Stress, Personal Control and Health. Brussels-Luxembourg: John-Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 1989. pp. 3–18. [Google Scholar]

[CR40] 40.Taylor SE, Seeman TE. Psychosocial resources and the SES-health relationship. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;896:210–25. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08117.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[CR41] 41.Green LW, Kreuter MW. Health Promotion Planning: An Educational and Ecological Approach. Toronto, ON: Mayfield; 1999. [Google Scholar]

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Cigarette Smoking, Mental Health and Social Support

Mark Daniel, PhD

Margaret D Cargo, PhD

Julie Lifshay, MPH

Lawrence W Green, DrPH

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Résumé

Contexte

Méthode

Résultats

Conclusion

References

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Cite

Add to Collections

PERMALINK

Cigarette Smoking, Mental Health and Social Support

Mark Daniel, PhD

Margaret D Cargo, PhD

Julie Lifshay, MPH

Lawrence W Green, DrPH

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Résumé

Contexte

Méthode

Résultats

Conclusion

References

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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