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Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique logoLink to Canadian Journal of Public Health = Revue Canadienne de Santé Publique
. 2005 Jul 1;96(4):254–258. doi: 10.1007/BF03405157

Infectious Disease Outbreaks Related to Drinking Water in Canada, 1974–2001

Corinne J Schuster 13,, Jeff J Aramini 23, Andrea G Ellis 23, Barbara J Marshall 43, William J Robertson 33, Diane T Medeiros 33, Dominique F Charron 23
PMCID: PMC6975850  PMID: 16625790

Abstract

Background

Recent public attention on drinking water supplies in the aftermath of waterborne infection outbreaks in Walkerton and North Battleford raises questions about safety. We analyzed information on waterborne outbreaks occurring between 1974 and 2001 in order to identify apparent trends, review the current status of monitoring and reporting, and gain a better understanding of the impact of drinking water quality on public health and disease burden.

Methods

Data from outbreak investigations, published and unpublished, were categorized by the type of drinking water provider and were assessed to be definitely, probably or possibly waterborne in nature.

Results

The final data set consisted of 288 outbreaks of disease linked to a drinking water source. There were 99 outbreaks in public water systems, 138 outbreaks in semi-public systems and 51 outbreaks in private systems. The main known causative agents of waterborne disease outbreaks were (in descending frequency of occurrence) Giardia, Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium, Norwalk-like viruses, Salmonella and hepatitis A virus.

Summary

We found that severe weather, close proximity to animal populations, treatment system malfunctions, poor maintenance and treatment practices were associated with the reported disease outbreaks resulting from drinking water supplies. However, issues related to the accuracy, co-ordination, compatibility and detail of data exist. A systematic and coordinated national surveillance system for comparison purposes, trend identification and policy development is needed so that future waterborne disease outbreaks can be avoided.

MeSH terms: Pathogens, disease outbreaks, drinking water, surveillance

Footnotes

Sources of support: The work was funded in part by the Public Health Agency of Canada’s Foodborne, Waterborne, and Zoonotic Infections Division and the University of Guelph Project funded by the Health Policy Research Program 045032 “Links between Climate, Water and Waterborne Illness, and Projected Impacts of Climate Change”, David Waltner-Toews, Principal Investigator.

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