Abstract
Objectives
We performed a retrospective analysis to investigate the clinical characteristics and therapeutic strategies of Chinese paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) patients, and assessed the efficacy and safety of glucocorticoid in PNH patients.
Methods
The clinical data of 92 PNH cases in our hospital were analyzed, including clinical manifestation, laboratory examination, treatment efficacy, and survival.
Results
The main clinical manifestations of these patients included hemoglobinuria, anemia, fatigue, dyspnea, headache, abdominal pain, and erectile dysfunction. Glucocorticoid is still the first‐line treatment for PNH patients to control hemolytic attack, and the short‐term remission rate (12 months) is 79.01% (64/81). Meanwhile, the overall survival (OS) of 10 years after diagnosis was estimated as 70.77% (46/65). Moreover, Cox proportional risk model for multivariate analysis showed that the increase in LDH multiple, thrombosis complications, and complicated with bone marrow failure were the independent adverse prognostic factors affecting the survival of PNH patients.
Conclusion
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria patients in mainland China have various clinical features, while lower incidences of thrombosis and renal damage. Thrombosis and bone marrow failure are two complications with worse prognosis.
Keywords: glucocorticoid, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, renal injury, thrombosis
1. INTRODUCTION
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder that manifests with hemolytic anemia, bone marrow failure, and thrombosis. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria originates from a multipotent hematopoietic stem cells that acquires a somatic mutation in a gene called phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class A (PIG‐A).1, 2The PIG‐A gene is required for the first step in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis. Failure to synthesize GPI anchors leads to absence of all proteins that utilize GPI to attach to the plasma membrane.
The diagnosis of PNH is based on the detection of GPI‐anchored proteins (such as CD59, CD55) or the GPI‐anchor (flaer) by flow cytometry, which is more sensitive and replaced the Ham test and sucrose lysis tests.3 Significant advances have been reported in the detection of the GPI‐AP‐deficient cells, as well as in the pathophysiology of the disease. In treatment aspect, recombinant human anti‐complement C5 monoclonal antibodies, new complement inhibitors, and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have made great progress in the field of PNH therapy.4, 5, 6, 7, 8 China as a developing country, eculizumab is not yet available in China, and we have no experience with eculizumab, so the traditional treatment of PNH is aimed at protecting PNH clone, reducing complement attack and destruction, and alleviating hemolysis. Glucocorticoid is still the preferred first‐line drug for the treatment of PNH to control hemolysis attack. It has a definite effect. In order to better understand the clinical and laboratory features of PNH and to fully identify the development of complications and factors influencing survival in PNH in China, we herein undertook this retrospective study to review the patients with PNH admitted to our hospital from January 2005 to December 2015.
2. METHODS AND PATIENTS
2.1. Patients
Ninety‐two patients diagnosed as PNH from January 2005 to December 2015 in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital were enrolled in this retrospective study. It is worth mentioning that the 92 PNH patients enrolled in our study were all outpatients. Among them, patients with severe acute hemolytic episodes are treated in the income ward. For patients with mild illness, patients who did not have hemolysis were outpatient visits (including oral glucocorticoid therapy, PNH clone monitoring), and the income wards continued to be treated as soon as acute hemolysis or aggravation occurred. The clinical data of the patients were collected including gender, age, clinical classification, clinical manifestations, and laboratory findings. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is classified into three different clinical forms: classic‐PNH, PNH in the setting of another bone marrow failure syndrome (PNH/AA, PNH/MDS), and subclinical PNH (non‐hemolytic PNH).4, 9 The PNH diagnostic criteria refer to Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of PNH (2014),10 and we also synthetically analyzed the results of the international PNH Working Group on PNH treatment.11, 12 The chronic kidney disease (CKD) classification was divided into five stages according to eGFR(mL/min/1.73 m2), which were as follows: grade 1 (eGFR > 90), grade 2 (eGFR60‐89), grade 3 (eGFR30‐59), grade 4 (eGFR15‐29), and grade 5 (eGFR < 15).
The research was in compliance of the declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the ethical committee of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital. Consent for research and publication was obtained from participants and/or their immediate family if certain participants had passed away. In order to avoid losing clinical features, we collect the symptoms and signs of patients through the quality of life assessment questionnaire (FACIT Weakness Scale and EORTC QLQ‐C30 Questionnaire divided into questionnaires, general health status, and working status).
2.2. Treatment and therapeutic index
All patients received glucocorticoid treatment after diagnosis. The initial treatment included methylprednisolone intravenous infusion of 1 mg/kg/d and vitamin E (300 mg/day), and the dose of methylprednisolone may increase as appropriate if hemolytic crisis. Patients who had granulocytopenia (<1.5 × 109) at admission were treated with granulocyte stimulating factor (2‐5 ug/kg d). And patients with severe anemia (Hb < 60 g/L) were treated with recombinant human erythropoietin injection (100‐150 IU/kg, subcutaneous injection, qod) besides erythrocyte transfusion. Some patients received component platelet transfusion if PLT < 10 × 109/L. Thrombosis is one dangerous complication in PNH. For the 11 PNH patients with thrombotic complications, we used low molecular weight heparin anticoagulation therapy (enoxaparin sodium: 0.4 mg/d, 7‐14 days.) to anticoagulation. Except for two patients with bleeding tendency during the treatment, the other nine patients were treated with anticoagulation for 2 weeks.13, 14
Chinese hematology experts have formulated the criteria for the efficacy of glucocorticoids in the treatment of PNH,10 which are as follows: (a) full recovery: 1 years without hemoglobinuria episodes, no blood transfusion, blood routine examination (including reticulocytes) returned to normal; (b) complete remission: 1 years without hemoglobinuria, no blood transfusion, hemoglobin returned to normal; (c) partial remission: according to the classification of the condition before and after the observation, all the two levels of hemoglobin attack frequency, anemia severity and any progress in the condition of myelodysplastic were obviously improved; (d) improvement: there is progress in any classification of disease; (e) no response: no change or deterioration of the condition. (Note: during the observation period of more than 5 years, the word “recent” can be removed. The natural fluctuation of the disease must be ruled out when judging the therapeutic effect.)
According to clinical efficacy, the dosage of glucocorticoid was reduced to prednisone (0.5 mg/kg/d) if recent obvious progress. When the reticulocyte decreased and the hemoglobin remained at 100 g/L for more than 1 month, prednisone was slowly reduced to a minimum maintenance dose of 0.1‐0.2 mg/kg d for at least 3 months.
The median follow‐up was 59 months (18‐121). Overall survival (OS) was calculated from the time of first diagnosis of symptomatic PNH to the time of death. The end of the follow‐up was June 2017, or loss or death.
2.3. Statistical analysis
All data were analyzed by SPSS 21.0 statistical software. The classification variables were compared by Mann‐Whitney U test (two groups) or Kruskal‐Wallis test (three groups and above). Chi‐square test or Fisher exact test was used to test the difference. Kaplan‐Meier method was used to describe the distribution of survival status. Log‐rank test was used to analyze the prognosis of single factor, and Cox proportional regression model was used for multivariate analysis. P < .05 showed significant difference.
3. RESULTS
3.1. The characteristics of PNH patients
The clinical features and laboratory examinations of 92 PNH patients were showed in Table 1. In all the patients, 64 cases were classical PNH, 17 cases were PNH‐AA, and 11 cases were subclinical PNH. Clinical manifestations mainly include anemia (78.26%, 72/92), hemoglobinuria (54.35%, 50/92), fatigue (78.26%, 72/92), hemorrhage (13.04%, 12/92), dyspnea (42.39%, 39/92), abdominal pain (22.83%, 21/92), headache (27.17%, 25/92), thrombosis (11.96%, 11/92), dysphagia (6.52%, 6/92), erectile dysfunction (21.05%, 12/57), renal injury (14.13%, 13/92), impaired liver function (10.87%, 10/92), hepatomegaly (4.35%, 4/92), splenomegaly (5.43%, 5/92), and hepatosplenomegaly (1.09%, 1/92).
Table 1.
The initial clinical characteristics of PNH patients
| Characteristics | Patients n (%) |
|---|---|
| Total no. of patients | 92 |
| Gender M/F | 57/35 |
| Age median (range) | 37 (18‐84) |
| Clinical classification n(%) | |
| Classical PNH | 64 (69.57) |
| PNH‐AA | 17 (18.48) |
| Subclinical PNH | 11 (11.96) |
| Frequency of hemoglobinuria n(%) | |
| Frequent group | 42 (46.15) |
| Sporadic group | 31 (33.70) |
| Do not attack group | 19 (20.65) |
| History of thrombosis n(%) | 11 (11.96) |
| Parameters at baseline | |
| HGB (g/L) | 67.89 ± 20.24 |
| Ret (%) | 8.48 ± 6.58 |
| WBC (×109/L) | 4.38 ± 2.81 |
| PLT (×109/L) | 73.11 + 57.80 |
| TBIL (umol/L) | 31.02 ± 19.64 |
| DBIL (umol/L) | 7.73 ± 4.91 |
| LDH (U/L) | 1377.09 ± 870.34 |
| Cr (umol/L) | 60.19 ± 27.47 |
| Granulocyte CD59− (%) | 62.16 ± 25.15 |
| Erythrocyte CD59− (%) | 35.71 ± 22.44 |
| Flaer‐/CD14‐(%) | 77.30 ± 21.28 |
| Flaer‐/CD24‐(%) | 82.65 ± 17.62 |
| FHb > 50 mg/L | 52 (64.20%) |
| Hp < 0.5 g/L | 62 (76.54%) |
Abbreviations: DBIL, direct bilirubin; HGB, hemoglobin; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; N, number; PLT, platelet; PNH, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria; RBC, red blood cell; RET, reticulocyte ratio; TBIL, total bilirubin; WBC, white blood cell.
3.2. Glucocorticoid treatment efficacy
The treatment efficacy was analyzed in 81 cases, except 11 patients with subclinical PNH. The total response rate in 1 year was 79.01% (64/81), in which 8 (9.88%) cases were full recovery, 15 (18.52%) were complete remission, 28 (34.57%) were partial progress, 13 (16.05%) were improvement, and 17 (20.99%) were no response. After 2‐4 weeks of treatment, the level of Hb increased significantly (P = .001), while the levels of Ret, LDH, and TBIL were reduced (P values were .022, .000, and .001, respectively), indicating a good response (Figure 1A).
Figure 1.
Glucocorticoid treatment efficacy in PNH patients. After 2‐4 wk treatment, the level of Hb increased significantly, while the levels of Ret, LDH, and TBIL were reduced, and the above hemolysis indicators were significantly different before and after treatment (A). The proportion of CD59‐negative neutrophils is positively related to the level of LDH in 81 PNH patients (r = .351, P = .0013) (B). The proportion of CD59‐negative neutrophils in 11 PNH patients with combined thrombosis is significantly higher than those without thrombosis (C) (P = .0028, ** represents P < .01, *** represents P < .001)
The total course of glucocorticoid treatment was 7.5 (2‐36) months. And the average duration of glucocorticoid treatment was (44.19 ± 19.96) days when Hb was stable over 100 g/L for 1 month. Moreover, 42 of 81 cases with severe anemia received red blood cell transfusion, and 18 patients with severe thrombocytopenia received platelet transfusion. After the treatment with glucocorticoid, 31 patients (73.81%) were independent of red blood cell transfusion, and the average time was (15.58 ± 9.72) days; seven patients (38.89%) were independent of the platelet transfusion, and the average time was (16.71 ± 4.27) days.
3.3. Overall survival
Of the 81 patients (except 11 patients with subclinical PNH), 16 patients were lost to follow‐up. The median treatment time was 7.5 (2‐36) months, and the OS of 10 years after diagnosis was estimated as 70.77%. We analyzed the overall survival of 65 PNH patients in terms of age, sex, PNH cloning ratio, LDH elevation multiples, thrombosis complications, and so on. The results showed that age, LDH elevation multiples, thrombosis complications, complicated with bone marrow failure, and renal dysfunction may be prognostic factors (Table 2, Figure 2A‐F). The above five factors were included in Cox proportional risk model for multivariate analysis, and the results showed that the increase in LDH multiple (P = .023), thrombosis complications (P = .0003), and complicated with bone marrow failure (P = .004) were the independent adverse prognostic factors affecting the survival of PNH patients.
Table 2.
Clinical characteristics for univariate analysis of PNH patients
| Variable | N (%) | 10‐year OS | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 65 | 70.77% | |
| Age | |||
| ≧60 | 9 (13.85) | 57.89% | .026 |
| <60 | 56 (86.15) | 71.43% | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 37 (56.92) | 72.84% | .653 |
| Female | 28 (43.08) | 70.69% | |
| LDH increased times | |||
| <5 | 34 (52.31) | 71.75% | .019 |
| ≧5 | 31 (47.69) | 41.12% | |
| CD59− neutrophils | |||
| ≧50% | 38 (58.46) | 55.55% | .148 |
| <50% | 27 (41.54) | 52.45% | |
| Combined thrombosis | |||
| Yes | 11 (16.92) | 53 mo | .0001 |
| No | 54 (83.08) | 88.92% | |
| Combined BMF | |||
| Yes | 17 (26.15) | 50.45% | .003 |
| No | 48 (73.85) | 71.75% | |
| Renal function | |||
| Normal | 50 (76.92) | 72.09% | .0001 |
| CKD1‐2 | 12 (18.46) | 70.79% | |
| CKD3‐5 | 3 (4.62) | 69 mo | |
Abbreviations: BMF, bone marrow failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; OS, overall survival.
Figure 2.
Survival rate in the cohort of the PNH patients. The overall survival (OS, %) in 10 y of all enrolled patients was showed (A), and then, the survival rates were observed according to the age (P = .026) (B), LDH increased times (P = .019) (C), combined with thrombosis (D) (P = .0001), combined with BMF (E) (P = .003), and the renal dysfunction (F) (P = .0001)
Twenty‐two (22/76) died after 10 years of follow‐up. The causes of death were thrombosis complications in nine patients, bleeding in six patients, and sudden death in seven patients (considering the relationship with anemic heart disease caused by long‐term anemia).
3.4. Adverse effects of glucocorticoid therapy
The most common adverse events during glucocorticoids were Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome, infection, osteoporosis, and hyperglycemia. Seventeen patients had obvious iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome, including six cases of centripetal obesity, four cases of full‐moon face, and seven cases of skin purple lines. Upper respiratory tract infection occurred in two patients, one of whom developed pneumonia, one developed sepsis, one dental ulcer, one perianal infection, and one skin herpes. The symptoms of all patients with co‐infection were significantly improved after anti‐infection treatment without any sequelae. Bone mineral density examination showed that five patients had osteoporosis. Four patients had hyperglycemia, but after diet control and exercise blood glucose did not increase significantly and did not need to stop hormone therapy.
3.5. Complications
In our cohort, of the 81 patients (except 11 patients with subclinical PNH), 11 (13.58%) patients suffered from thrombosis, in which portal vein and mesenteric vein thrombosis in four patients, popliteal vein thrombosis in three patient, pulmonary embolism in two patient, and inferior vena cava, right common iliac vein thrombosis in three patient. Renal dysfunction or damage was a common complication in PNH patients as 16% of the study population exhibited stages 1‐3 CKD (Table 3). There is a significant difference in LDH between patients with normal renal function and CKD patients (P = .002), suggesting that hemolysis is an important cause of impaired renal function in patients with PNH. Approximately 13 (16.05%) patients had renal insufficiency comprising CKD stages 1‐3. About complications of infection, 33 (35.87%) patients were complicated with infection, among them, 21 cases of pulmonary infection (25.93%), six cases of upper respiratory tract infection (7.40%), three cases of urinary tract infection (3.70%), one cases of cholecystitis (1.23%), one cases of pancreatitis (1.23%), and one cases of skin and soft tissue infections (1.23%). The symptoms were improved after anti‐infection treatment.
Table 3.
Renal function in all the PNH patients
| CKD stages | eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | N (%) | Granulocyte CD59‐(%) | LDH increased times |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal | 66 (81.48%) | 51.60 ± 37.10 | 2.8 (0‐5.9) | |
| One | >90, Albuminuria positive | 10 (12.35%) | 65.89 ± 47.71 | 4.7 (2.6‐6.8) |
| Two | 60‐89, Albuminuria positive | 2 (2.47%) | 79.65 ± 36.74 | 6.9 (3.8‐10.4) |
| Three | 30‐59 | 2 (2.47%) | 77.56 ± 54.38 | 9.9 (5.7‐13.9) |
| Four | 15‐29 | 1 (1.23%) | 88.43 ± 49.52 | 10.54 (8.8‐13.1) |
| Five | <15 | 0 |
Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, glomerular filtration rate; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; N, number; PNH, Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
We also observed the relationships between the size of PNH clones and complications. The proportion of CD59‐ neutrophil (NEU) in 81 patients was positively related to the level of LDH (r = .351, P = .0013) (Figure 1B). Because the increase in LDH level was an important sign of intravascular hemolysis, the size of PNH clone was related to hemolysis. The proportion of CD59‐ neutrophils in the patients with thrombosis (11 cases) was (88.71 ± 9.499)%, which was significantly higher than those without thrombosis (58.28 ± 24.27)% (P = .0028) (Figure 1C). The proportion of CD59‐ neutrophils was (63.30 ± 25.40)% in patients with impaired renal function (13 cases), which was no significant difference compared with the patients without renal impairment (68 cases) (57.78 ± 23.87)% (P = .4712).
4. DISCUSSION
PNH is a rare, life‐threatening, and debilitating clonal blood disorder caused by an acquired mutation in the phosphatidylinositol glycan (PIG)‐A gene. Clinically, PNH is characterized by a classical triad of acquired Coombs‐negative intravascular hemolytic anemia, thrombophilia, and various degrees of bone marrow failure.15, 16, 17 The resulting chronic intravascular hemolysis is the underlying cause of PNH morbidities and mortality. Our study showed that both sexes can be affected, and the ratio of male to female is 1.7:1. The median age of PNH patients at diagnosis was 37.4 years old, the male is slightly higher, the age span is very significant, and our case‐series study and previous reports revealed a slight preponderance of male in PNH.
The clinical manifestations included hemoglobinuria (54%), anemia (78%), hemorrhage (13%), pancytopenia (20.99%), and thrombus (12%). Though PNH was usually described as a intravascular hemolysis, PNH‐associated cytopenias were common in our study. Bone marrow failure is the PNH common clinical manifestations, occurs to some degree in all PNH patients, and, in its most extreme form, presents as immune‐mediated severe aplastic anemia. Although many patients showed a two‐line more blood cell reduce, but confirmed by bone marrow aspiration and biopsy, bad hyperplasia only 6.17%. We also evaluated the common symptoms of PNH patients and compared the differences between physician evaluation and patient self‐assessment. The results showed a significant difference in abdominal pain, headache, dysphagia, and erectile dysfunction. These differences remind us that we need to pay much attention to the common symptoms of PNH patients when they are interrogation, because patients often do not mention these symptoms voluntarily. Clinicians should ask patients voluntarily, so that they do not miss the data of these common symptoms. And we analyzed the correlation between the level of LDH and the ratio of CD59− NEU, and the results showed that the size of PNH clones was positively correlated with hemolysis degree. The detection of PNH cloning provides the gold standard for diagnosis on the one hand and helps to predict clinical symptoms and complications on the other hand.18
The complications in the patients consist of recurrent infections, thrombotic events, hepatosplenomegaly, renal function damage, and abnormal coagulation function. In our study, recurrent infection was the main problem, which may be due to a significant proportion of the patients with bone marrow failure.
Later‐stage renal dysfunction or failure is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in PNH. Studies have reported that the five‐year mortality rate for PNH patients is about 35% and median survival time is about 10‐15 years, and kidney failure contributes to 8%‐18% of PNH‐related deaths.19 Clark 20 reported about 32% of PNH patients with renal failure (CKD3‐5). Previous reports showed that the mechanism of renal damage is considered to be persistent intravascular hemolysis, plasma‐free hemoglobin, and/or micro‐thrombus repeatedly acting on renal tissue. The large amount of free hemoglobin produced by hemolysis seriously consumes nitric oxide, which leads to the increase in renal artery resistance, the decrease in renal blood flow, and the impairment of renal function.21, 22 In our study of the 81 patients, one patient had been identified as specifically having chronic renal impairment in a review of their medical histories with later‐stage CKD (Stages 3‐5). Twelve of these 81 patients had been identified to have one or more major clinical kidney (MCK) events. And there is a significant difference in LDH between patients with normal renal function and CKD patients; therefore, it is speculated that the mechanism of PNH combined with renal damage may be closely related to intravascular hemolysis, and the specific mechanism of PNH combined with renal dysfunction needs further study in large samples.
The estimated OS of 10 years after diagnosis was 70.09% in our study, which was similar with 71% reported by Fujioka,23 and 75% by de Latour,9 but higher than 50% by Dacie and Lewis.24We compared the OS of 10 years after diagnosis from the following five aspects: the degree of LDH elevation, the degree of PNH clone increase, whether it was associated with thrombosis or bone marrow failure and the hemolytic attack frequency, the results showed that LDH increased times, combined with thrombosis and combined with bone marrow failure, all of them were adverse factors in the 10‐year survival rate reduction. The effect of CD59‐neutrophils proportions and hemolytic attack frequency on OS was not statistically significant, which might be related to the number of samples in each group we studied. This factor should be further analyzed after increasing the number of samples.
In acute hemolytic attack, glucocorticoid combined with hematopoietic growth factor, component support, and symptomatic support therapy can reduce acute hemolysis and stabilize the disease in most newly diagnosed patients. In our study, the treatment of total efficiency as high as 79.01%. But adverse reactions of long‐term high‐dose corticosteroid treatment to bring many side effects should be paid more attention. Therefore, how to effectively reduce PNH clonal abnormalities, maximum hemolysis control, as far as possible to reduce hormone dosage and prevent the hormone is the main problem to be urgently solved in our clinical work.
Thrombosis is one of the most feared complications and a major cause of death in patients with PNH.25, 26 Thrombus formation mechanism involves many aspects: vascular endothelial factor and high coagulation, deletion of GPI‐anchored protein‐urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor, role of free hemoglobin and depletion of nitric oxide and platelet dysfunction and increased platelet particle release.15, 27, 28, 29, 30 The incidence of thrombosis in patients with PNH in Europe is 28%‐40%, and the incidence of thrombosis in this study was 7.41%, which was significantly lower than that in western countries. The difference of the incidence of thrombosis in the East and West is not clear, whether it is related to the difference between the Asian race and the genetic gene of the western countries, it is worth further study.31 Among these patients in our study, eleven cases (13.58%) had complications associated with venous thrombosis. The incidence of thrombosis in our group of patients with abdominal vein thrombosis, lower extremity deep vein thrombosis, and cerebral thrombosis is more common, similar to foreign reports.
Eculizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) derived from the murine anti‐human C5 mAb; it binds to the complement component 5 (C5) and inhibits its further cleavage into C5a and C5b, disabling the progression to the terminal effector complement MAC. Many studies4, 16, 32, 33 have confirmed the effectiveness and safety of eculizumab: Eculizumab can reduce the demand for blood transfusion, improve anemia, alleviate the symptoms associated with chronic intravascular hemolysis (such as renal impairment), reduce pulmonary arterial pressure and serious thrombosis, and ultimately improve the quality of life and prolong the life period of the patients. Coversin, a new C5 complement inhibitor which can be injected subcutaneously, and phase II clinical trials are under way.34There is also research and development of oral C5 inhibitors.35These two formulations improve the inconvenience caused by intravenous injection of eculizumab. It is hoped that in the near future, eculizumab can be listed in China and benefit from PNH patients in China.
5. CONCLUSION
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is a life‐threatening blood disorder in which patients are at risk for end‐organ damage and organ failure because of chronic hemolysis. Renal dysfunction or damage is a common and progressive medical complication in patients with PNH that also contributes to mortality in these patients. Our retrospective review of 92 PNH patients over a 10‐year period provided us a useful information, including the clinical manifestation, laboratory examination, treatment, complications, and prognostic factors influencing survival, which would help us to understand the pathogenesis of PNH.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
AUTHORS' CONTRIBUTIONS
Rong Fu and Zonghong Shao designed the research and revised the manuscript. Liyan Li, Hui Liu, and Lijuan Li performed the experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the article. Tian Zhang, Shaoxue Ding, Guojin Wang, Jia Song, Huaquan Wang, Limin Xing, and Jing Guan contributed to the experimental work and the collection of patients' features. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Fu R, Li L, Li L, et al. Analysis of clinical characteristics of 92 patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: A single institution experience in China. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34:e23008 10.1002/jcla.23008
Rong Fu and Liyan Li equally contributed to this study.
Funding information
This work was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant nos. 81770110, 81570106, 81600093), the Tianjin Municipal Natural Science Foundation (Grant nos. 18JCYBJC27200, 15JCYBJC24300), and Tianjin Health and Family Planning Commission (Grant no. 16ZXMJSY00180).
Contributor Information
Rong Fu, Email: florai@sina.com.
Zonghong Shao, Email: shaozonghong@sina.com.
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