Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to explore the predictive value of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCAg), and neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) in the prediction of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutations in advance stage non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Subjects and Methods
A total of 482 cases with untreated lung adenocarcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. Finally, 72 patients with stage IV were enrolled because of intact data of the detection of ALK rearrangement and serum tumor markers, as well they have not received any previous anticancer therapy. We used the one‐way ANOVA analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple logistic regression analysis to evaluate the relationship between the level of serum tumor markers and ALK mutations.
Results
Fifteen cases with ALK mutations and 57 cases without mutations were identified. The result of the one‐way ANOVA analysis showed only CEA was significantly associated with ALK mutations (95% CI:39.05‐148.88; P = .001). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of CEA was 0.705 (95%CI:0.567‐0.843; P = .015). However, no significant association was observed between CEA and ALK mutations though the result of correlation analysis (P = .069) and multivariate logistic regression analysis (OR = 0.988, 95% CI: 0.972‐1.003, P = .111).
Conclusions
In our study, we performed on the patients with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma in our region and found preoperative serum levels of SCCAg, CYRF21‐1, and NSE not suitable for the detection of ALK mutation. Although we observed a significant association between CEA and ALK mutations; however, it was not strong enough to distinguish ALK status for the patients in our region.
Keywords: anaplastic lymphoma kinase, carcinoembryonic antigen, CYFRA21‐1, neuron‐specific enolase, squamous cell carcinoma antigen
1. INTRODUCTION
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) rearrangements are responsible for approximately 3%‐5% of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).1 Patients harboring ALK gene mutations benefit from ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) treatment, which is a research hotspot concerning about targeted therapy for lung cancer in recent years.2 Currently, FDA‐approved ALK‐TKIs include the following: (a) crizotinib, the first generation of ALK‐TKI; (b) the second generation of ALK‐TKI, including ceritinib, alectinib, and brigatinib; and (c) the third generation of ALK‐TKI, such as Lorlatinib.3 These developments have prolonged the survival time of patients with advanced NSCLC, which led to the detection of ALK rearrangement as the standard of care for advanced NSCLC patients.
At present, there are three detection methods for ALK rearrangement, including real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH).4 However, lacking of suitable sample for genetic testing in some cases restricts the detection of ALK rearrangement, which would limit the reasonable application of ALK‐TKI. Therefore, to analyze the characteristic findings of advanced NSCLC patients with ALK positive will help to distinguish ALK mutations.
Our previous work was to investigate the predictive power of 18F–FDG PET/CT for predicting positive ALK expression, which demonstrated that ALK‐positive patients tended to have a high the maximal standard uptake value (SUVmax) of lymph node.5 However, PET/CT examination is somewhat expensive and has still not become prevalent. Therefore, looking for an economical and convenient method to distinguish ALK mutations is promising. Blood examination as routine examination is the most widely used approach and its price is not high. So, we suggest that whether or not blood examination could be a valuable method for predicting the ALK rearrangement in NSCLC.
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCAg), CYFRA21‐1, and neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) served as the serum tumor markers have been widely used for the routine examination of NSCLC patients.6 In this study, we investigated the predictive value of tumor markers (CEA, SCCAg, CYFRA21‐1, and NSE) in the prediction of ALK rearrangements. There was a little similar study, which we would mention in discussion.
2. SUBJECTS AND METHODS
2.1. Study design
We retrospectively reviewed 482 cases with untreated lung adenocarcinoma during 2013‐2016 in Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Inclusion criteria include the following: (a) stage IV lung adenocarcinoma with ALK detection; (b) had no other malignancy; (c) had no received prior chemotherapy, radiotherapy or targeted therapy; (d) had tested for at least one of four serum tumor markers including CEA, SCCAg, CYFRA21‐1, and NSE before any anticancer therapy. We recorded the clinical data for patients, including age, gender, and the level of serum tumor markers (CEA, SCCAg, CYFRA21‐1, and NSE) before therapy.
2.2. Measurement of serum tumor marker levels
Blood samples collected before anticancer therapy were used for measurement of serum tumor marker levels including CEA, SCCAg, CYFRA21‐1, and NSE in the clinical laboratory of Wuhan Union Hospital. The concentrations of CEA, SCCAg, and CYFRA21‐1 were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. The cutoff values of CEA and SCCAg are 5.0 µg/L and 1.5 ng/mL, respectively. The cutoff values for CYFRA 21‐1 is 2.5 ng/mL. The level of NSE was detected by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. The normal range of NSE level was determined as <16.3 µg/L.
2.3. ALK mutation analysis/
Mutational analysis of ALK was used Ventana IHC assay that described in our previous work.5 In brief, 4 μm‐thick formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections were stained by IHC that based on the monoclonal antibody, D5F3. The result was analyzed by pathologists from the Department of Pathology of Wuhan Union Hospital. Briefly, ALK positive was defined as the presence of any percentage of tumor cells with strong granular cytoplasmic staining.
2.4. Statistical analyses
The data of normal distribution were analyzed by independent samples t test, while the data of questionably normal distribution were analyzed by Mann‐Whiney U test. Point‐biserial correlation coefficient was calculated to test the relativity of serum tumor markers and the ALK gene mutation. The value of CEA in the prediction of mutation in the ALK oncogene was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) curve. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the predictive power of preoperative serum tumor markers levels and missing data were supplemented by the method of the Expectation‐Maximization (EM) Algorithm. All analyses were performed by SPSS, v.22.0 (IBM), and P < .05 was considered statistically significant.
3. RESULTS
A total of 482 cases with untreated lung adenocarcinoma were retrospectively reviewed.
From these, 410 patients were excluded for the following reasons (Figure 1): 93 cases because they had no the detection of ALK rearrangement； 311 patients were not in the stage IV； 2 patients had no the detection of serum tumor markers; four patients recorded the levels of tumor markers after anticancer therapy. Finally, 72 patients (41 females and 31 males; age range, 29‐78 years; average age, 54.19 years) were included in this retrospective study. The level of serum tumor markers for these patients are shown in Table 1. 100% (72/72) of patients had CEA tested, 88% (63/72) of patients had SCCAg checked, 72% (52/72) of patients had CYFRA21‐1 recorded, and 79% (57/72) of patients had the detection of NSE. Fifteen cases mutations in the ALK gene and 57 patients in wild‐type ALK were detected in current study.
Figure 1.
Selection process for patients in stage IV untreated lung adenocarcinoma with the detection of ALK mutations. Abbreviations: ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase; NSCLC, non‐small cell lung cancer
Table 1.
Differences of clinical features in patients with or without ALK mutations
| ALK | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mutant (n = 15) | Wild type (n = 57) | ||
| CEA (μg/L) | |||
| N | 15(100%) | 57(100%) | |
| Mean ± SD | 21.73 ± 36.58 | 115.70 ± 195.10 | .001** |
| 95%CI | (39.05, 148.88) | ||
| SCCAg (ng/mL) | |||
| N | 13(87%) | 50(88%) | |
| Mean ± SD | 1.08 ± 0.55 | 1.21 ± 1.72 | .778 |
| 95%CI | (−0.83, 1.11) | ||
| CYFRA21‐1 (ng/mL) | |||
| N | 11(73%) | 41(72%) | |
| Mean ± SD | 5.52 ± 7.07 | 9.92 ± 15.16 | .356 |
| 95%CI | (−5.17, 13.22) | ||
| NSE (μg/L) | |||
| N | 13(87%) | 44(77%) | |
| Mean ± SD | 17.82 ± 6.62 | 19.18 ± 6.68 | .521 |
| 95%CI | (−2.86, 5.58) | ||
Abbreviations: ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; NSE, neuron‐specific enolase; SCCAg, squamous cell carcinoma antigen.
P value is less than. 01.
According to the analysis of Mann‐Whiney U test, a significant difference in CEA was found between the mutant ALK and wild‐type groups, which was lower in the mutant ALK groups (21.73 ± 36.58 vs 115.70 ± 195.10 P = .001; 95%CI:39.05‐148.88); however, no significant difference was observed in the level of SCCAg, CYFRA21‐1, and NSE between patients with and without ALK mutations. (P = .778, .356, .521, respectively) (Table1). We used ROC analysis to evaluate the predictive power of CEA in the prediction of ALK mutations. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.705 ± 0.015 (95%CI:0.567‐0.843; P = .015) (Table 2 and Figure2). However, the result of correlation analysis showed there was no significant association between CEA, SCCAg, CYFRA21‐1, and NSE (P = .069, .778, .384 and .521, respectively) (Table 3).
Table 2.
ROC analysis to access the predictive power of CEA in the prediction of ALK mutations
| AUC | P | 95%CI | |
|---|---|---|---|
| CEA (μg/L) | 0.705 | .015* | (0.567‐0.843) |
Abbreviations: ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen.
P value is less than. 05.
Figure 2.
ROC curve for the predictive powers of CEA in the prediction of ALK mutations. Abbreviations: CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; ROC, receiver operating characteristic curve
Table 3.
Correlation analysis of relationship between serum tumor markers and ALK Mutations
| Point‐biserial correlation coefficient | P value | |
|---|---|---|
| CEA (μg/L) | −.216 | .069 |
| SCCAg (ng/ml) | −.036 | .778 |
| CYFRA21‐1 (ng/ml) | −.120 | .384 |
| NSE (μg/L) | −.087 | .521 |
Abbreviations: ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; NSE, neuron‐specific enolase; SCCAg, squamous cell carcinoma antigen.
We then used correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis to further evaluate the relationship between serum tumor markers and ALK mutations. As described above, all patients in the study had detected the level of CEA without missing value. However, 88% (63/72) of patients had SCCAg checked, 72% (52/72) of patients had CYFRA21‐1 recorded, and 79% (57/72) of patients had the detection of NSE. The absent rate of serum tumor markers was as follows: SCCAg 12% (9/72), CYFRA21‐1 28% (20/72), and NSE 21% (15/72), respectively. We used the method of EM Algorithm to fill the missing value. On the foundation of missing value filling, the quality of data was evaluated and shown in Table 4. In ALK mutant group, the mean and standard deviation of SCCAg, CYFRA21‐1, and NSE had no significant change compared with the non‐supplemented group (1.09 ± 0.51 vs 1.08 ± 0.55; 5.73 ± 6.19 vs 5.52 ± 7.07; 17.97 ± 6.14 vs 17.82 ± 6.62, respectively). In ALK wild‐type group, there also was no significant change in SCCAg, CYFRA21‐1, and NSE after supplemented(1.21 ± 1.61 vs 1.21 ± 1.72; 9.46 ± 13.18 vs 9.92 ± 15.16; 19.87 ± 7.35 vs 19.18 ± 6.68, respectively).However, though the result of multivariate logistic regression analysis, no significant association was observed between CEA (OR = 0.988, 95% CI: 0.972‐1.003, P = .111), SCCAg(OR = 1.059, 95% CI: 0.665‐1.686, P = .810), CYFRA21‐1(OR = 0.941, 95% CI: 0.831‐1.065, P = .338), and NSE (OR = 1.087, 95% CI: 0.949‐1.245, P = .229)and ALK mutations (Figure3).
Table 4.
Comparing the mean and standard deviation between non‐supplemented group and supplemented group
| SCCAg | CYFRA21‐1 | NSE | |
|---|---|---|---|
| ALK wild type | |||
| Non‐supplemented | |||
| Mean ± SD | 1.21 ± 1.72 | 9.92 ± 15.16 | 19.18 ± 6.68 |
| Supplemented | |||
| Mean ± SD | 1.21 ± 1.61 | 9.46 ± 13.18 | 19.87 ± 7.35 |
| ALK mutant | |||
| Non‐supplemented | |||
| Mean ± SD | 1.08 ± 0.55 | 5.52 ± 7.07 | 17.82 ± 6.62 |
| Supplemented | |||
| Mean ± SD | 1.09 ± 0.51 | 5.73 ± 6.19 | 17.97 ± 6.14 |
Abbreviations: ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase; NSE, neuron‐specific enolase; SCCAg, squamous cell carcinoma antigen.
Figure 3.
Multivariate analysis of relationship between between CEA (OR = 0.988, 95% CI: 0.972‐1.003, P = .111), SCCAg (OR = 1.059, 95% CI: 0.665‐1.686, P = .810), CYFRA21‐1 (OR = 0.941, 95% CI: 0.831‐1.065, P = .338), NSE (OR = 1.087, 95% CI: 0.949‐1.245, P = .229) and ALK mutations. Abbreviations: ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; NSE, neuronspecific enolase; SCCAg, squamous cell carcinoma antigen
4. DISCUSSION
ALK gene rearrangements often mean that patients may be benefit from ALK‐TKIs treatment, which is glad tidings, especially for those with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma. So, the detection of ALK rearrangements play an important role in the targeted therapy. Considering the limitation of the obtainment of specimen, a lot of research were conducted to search a new method or index for predicting ALK mutations. Our previous work was to investigate the predictive power of parameters of PET/CT for the prediction of ALK mutations and found that a high‐level of SUVmax of lymph node related to ALK mutations significantly.5 However, the limitation of PET/CT includes low popularity and its high price. Therefore, we proposed research hypothesis for serum tumor markers, which is economical and convenient for every patient in the prediction of ALK mutations. We have investigated the relationship between serum tumor markers (CEA, SCCAg, CYFRA21‐1, and NSE) and ALK mutations in the patients in our region. No significant correlation was observed between serum tumor markers and ALK mutations except CEA (P = .015, AUC: 0.705); however, its predictive value was not a very strong.
CEA was one of clinical commonly used tumor markers and has been regarded as an assistant diagnostic index for NSCLC, especially for adenocarcinoma.7 Therefore, CEA has been studied to help predict the clinical features of the patients with NSCLC, including diagnosis and prognosis.8, 9 The study showed by Wen‐Tao Wang et al was the first study to research the association between CEA and ALK mutations, in their study, they reviewed retrospectively 92 lung adenocarcinoma patients and identified 8 patients who harbored the ALK mutations (8.7%, 8/92), which included 3 patients in the stage I and II and 5 patients in the stage III and IV. They found that the level serum CEA was significantly associated with ALK mutations in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.10 The similar result also observed in the study of Zeng Wang et al, in which they identified 20 patients with ALK mutations from 422 cases with lung adenocarcinoma in the stage I ~ III and found that CEA could predict independently ALK mutations.11 Recently, Jie Liu et al performed on 701 patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma(stage Ⅲb and Ⅳ) and observed that CEA (OR = 0.481, 95% CI: 0.275‐0.842, P = .010) were independent predictors of ALK mutations.12 Similarly, in our current study, a significant difference between CEA and ALK mutations was overserved (95% CI:39.05‐148.88; P = .001). However, the predictive power of CEA was not a very strong, although its AUC was 0.705 (95% CI: 0.567‐0.843, P = .015), P value of correlation analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis was .111 and .069, respectively. The reasons for the different results may be due to different research objects. In our study, we mainly study patients in the stage IV, whose lifesaving straw usually was targeted therapy. Because they are not eligible for surgical treatment, lacking of suitable sample for genetic testing occurred commonly. As the result, to research a suitable indicator to detect ALK mutations is very important for patients in the stage IV. An elevated level of CEA is associated with significantly the clinical stage IV ((P = .002), which was observed form the study performed by Sinead A. Noonan et al13 In another word, the predictive power of CEA was not very strong in our study, which was little different from the others may be due to removing the effect of clinical stage. However, the causes of difference cannot deny the contribution of population differences. In current study, we mainly focus on the patients in Hubei province, Central China. Furthermore, whether using CEA to detect ALK mutations is suitable for the population in our region are required larger studies to confirm, because through our strict inclusion criteria, the number of patients was small. Extending this finding would be our future research.
CYFRA21‐1, SCCAg, and NSE also were the three common serum tumor markers for NSCLC. Similarly, we investigated their predictive power in the detection of ALK mutations. Unfortunately, no significant correlation was observed between these tumor makers and ALK mutations. Our results were consistent with the previous reports.10, 12 It seems to suggest that CYFRA21‐1, SCCAg, and NSE are not suitable for the detection of ALK mutations, which need further studies to confirm.
However, we shouldn't neglect the limitation of our study. First, although we mainly studied the population of our region, our study is a single institutional study and the sample size was relatively small due to our strict inclusion criteria. Second, we were unable to control all factors which were associated with the level of tumor makers or ALK mutations, which may be due to introduced bias of retrospective design.
In summary, we studied on 72 patients in stage IV lung adenocarcinoma in Hubei province and investigated the predictive value of serum tumor markers in the prediction of ALK mutations, which we cannot predict through the level of tumor markers (SCCAg, CYRF21‐1, and NSE). Only the level of CEA was significantly associated with ALK mutations; however, It was not strong, which needs a large number of samples to extend these findings.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Qi Tan wants to thank the kindness, patience, and care from Dr Bingxin Guo in the past years. You like flowers, love you love to have no place to hide.
Tan Q, Huang Q, Ma G, et al. Relationship between serum tumor markers and Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase mutations in stage IV lung adenocarcinoma in Hubei province, Central China. J Clin Lab Anal. 2020;34:e23027 10.1002/jcla.23027
Qi Tan, Qi Huang and GuanZhou Ma contributed equally to this work.
Funding information
This paper was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 815‐72942, No. 81770096), Hubei province technical innovation special major project (2017‐ACA094), The Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (No. 2015CFB178), The Health and Planning Commission Fund of Hubei Province (WJ2017M096), The Science and Technology Support Program of Hubei Province (YSF2015001294), The Special Fund for Industrial Transformation and Upgrading, the Independent Innovation Research Fund for Huazhong University of Science and Technology (No. 2016YXMS231), and The National major new drug discovery technology major special projects (2018ZX09301001001).
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