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. 2020 Jan 4;12(1):462–480. doi: 10.18632/aging.102633

Down expression of lnc-BMP1-1 decreases that of Caveolin-1 is associated with the lung cancer susceptibility and cigarette smoking history

Xiaoxuan Ling 1,2, Yinyan Li 1, Fuman Qiu 1, Xiaoxiao Lu 4, Lei Yang 1,3, Jinbin Chen 1,3, Tiegang Li 1,8, Di Wu 1,8, Huali Xiong 1, Wenpeng Su 1, Dongsheng Huang 5, Jiansong Chen 1, Binyao Yang 1, Hongjun Zhao 1, Chenli Xie 6, Yifeng Zhou 7, Jiachun Lu 1,3,✉
PMCID: PMC6977698  PMID: 31901898

Abstract

Lnc-BMP1-1 is a lncRNA transcribed from SFTPC (surfactant associated protein C), a lung tissue specific gene encoding pulmonary-associated surfactant protein C (SPC) that is solely secreted by alveolar typeⅡ epithelial cells, among which the ones with SFTPC+ might be transformed into lung adenocarcinoma cells. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is a candidate tumor suppressor gene and is vital for coping with oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke. When comparing lung cancer tissues with their adjacent normal tissues, the expression of lnc-BMP1-1 were decreased, especially in patients with cigarette smoking history (P=0.027), and positively associated with the expression of Cav-1 (P<0.001). When comparing to A549 cells transfected with empty vector (A549-NC cells), the expression level of Cav-1 in A549 cells with over-expressed lnc-BMP1-1 (A549-BMP cells) was increased along with the decreased level of HDAC2 protein. The drug sensitivity of A549-BMP cells to Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) was increased; the growth and migration capability of A549-BMP cells were inhibited along with the decreased protein level of Bcl-2 and DNMT3a; the growth of tumor in nude mice injected with A549-BMP cells were inhibited, too. Furthermore, the lnc-BMP1-1 and Cav-1 expression was also down-regulated in the human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE).

Keywords: lnc-BMP1-1, Cav-1, epigenetic modification, lung cancer, cigarette smoke

INTRODUCTION

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with lengths ranging from 200nt to 100 knt were termed as ‘transcribe noise’ decades ago. However, now they have been proven to be essential regulators of gene expression [1]. For example, the silence of X chromosome is also attributed to the activation of HDAC3 by lncRNA Xist [2]. MALAT1 (Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1) and HOTAIR (HOX transcript anti-sense RNA) are well known lung cancer associated lncRNAs, with various functions in biological courses [3–5]. H3K27me3, the functional marker of HOTAIR, interacts directly with the epigenetically related molecular PRC2 (polycomb repressive complex2) [6]. However, it is widely accepted that the functions of lncRNAs and the detailed mechanisms remain largely unexplored [7], which might be key issues for cancer research [8].

Lung cancer (LC) has continued to threaten the lives of people worldwide, with a five-year survival rate remaining at a level of about 18% [9]. Along with the rising tobacco consumption in China, incidence rate of lung cancer is also increasing [10–12]. The acquired drug resistance in lung cancer therapy has shown that the exploring for biomarkers for therapy is too vital to be replaced [13], among which lncRNAs are promising [14–16]. For the confirmed correlation between cigarette smoke (CS) and lung cancer, we are interested in the role that lncRNAs play in CS induced lung carcinogenesis. One literature had revealed that cigarette smoke extract (CSE) could induce malignant transformation of human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells through up-regulating the expression of HOTAIR by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) to integrate inflammation with the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) [17]. Being correlated with smoking status, taurin-upregulated gene1 (TUG1) is significantly down-regulated in non-small cell lung cancer patients [18]. The siRNA knockdown of SCAL1 (smoke and cancer-associated lncRNA-1) in HBE cells shows a significant potential of cytotoxicity induced by CSE in vitro, acting on downstream Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor) to regulate gene expression and mediate oxidative stress protection in airway epithelial cells. These results further reinforce the involvement of lncRNAs in CS, mediating oxidative stress protection and lung cancer development [19].

Cav-1 is considered as a candidate tumor suppressor gene [20] and an effective gene to cope with cigarette smoke deduced oxidative stress [21–23]. On the one hand, the survival is longer in cancer patients with higher Cav-1 protein level. This stands true for patients of differet types of cancers, including gastric, lung, breast, colorectal cancer, and so on, by the representative mechanism of suppressing the Ras/ MAPK, EGFR pathway or activating the p53 pathway. The protein level of Cav-1 is positively correlated with nab-paclitaxel sensitivity of lung cancer patients because of its membrane protein characteristics favoring drug intake and transport [24–28]. On the other hand, in the stimuli of CSE, highly phosphorylated Cav-1 is strongly bound to EGFR so that the effectiveness of EGFR-TKI therapy is influenced [21–23]. With the stimuli of CSE, Cav-1 also negatively regulates the autophagic label protein LC3B (autophagic protein microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain-3B) in COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) disease, thus protecting the epithelial cells from apoptosis and autophagy [29]. COPD is a risk factor for lung cancer [30, 31]. Cav-1 encodes a 22 kDa protein and is located at chr7q31.1, a fragile genomic region also termed as FRA7G and is often deleted in cancers [32, 33]. A fragile genomic region might produce ncRNAs, among which the lncRNAs could recruit epigenetic modification complex to increase the stability of the region. Epigenetic modification of Cav-1 is proved to be associated with lung cancer development [34]. DNA hyper-methylation or histone hypo-acetylation could suppress the expression of cigarette smoke-related genes and thus lead to pulmonary diseases [35–37]. Therefore, it’s possible for lncRNAs to influence the expression of Cav-1 in way of epigenetic modification.

Lnc-BMP1-1, a lncRNA transcribed from DNA at chr8p21.3 (chr8: 22020592-22021052) in the intronic area of SFTPC (surfactant associated protein C), is 228nt in transcript length and contains two exons. The detailed information can be found on Lncipedia website (https://www.lncipedia.org/db/, NONCODE v4). SFTPC is a lung tissue-specific gene that encodes SPC protein, synthesized and secreted solely by alveolar typeⅡepithelial cells (AEC2s). Interestingly, the AEC2s with SFTPC+ has the potential to be induced into lung adenocarcinoma cells [38], indicating the function of SFTPC in lung cancer development. The biological functions of lnc-BMP1-1 have not yet been explored nor have been linked to any diseases thus far.

Based on the origin of lnc-BMP1-1 and the potential function of Cav-1 in conjunction with oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke, we hypothesized that the decreased expression of lnc-BMP1-1 may reduce the expression of Cav-1 and lead to lung cancer. We analyzed the expression of lnc-BMP1-1 and its relationship with clinical characteristics of lung cancer population, then tried to make clear the mechanism of lnc-BMP1-1 regulating Cav-1 through in vitro and in vivo experiments.

RESULTS

Lnc-BMP1-1 is down-regulated in lung cancer patients and is associated with cigarette smoke history

The clinical characteristics of the 276 patients with LC included in this study has been published in our previous studies conducted with the same subjects [39], another 17 patients were newly enrolled, the clinical characteristic of the study subjects are shown in Supplementary Table 2. As shown in Figure 1A, lnc-BMP1-1 is down-regulated in lung cancer tissues, when comparing to their adjacent normal tissues (P=8.514×10-7). Therefore, we considered that lnc-BMP1-1 is associated with lung cancer development and might exert tumor suppressor function.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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The decrease of lnc-BMP1-1, Cav-1 expression in lung cancer population and the expression of Inc-BMP1-1 in lung cancer cell lines. (A) The expression of lnc-BMP1-1 was decreased in lung cancer patients; (B) The expression of Cav-1 was decreased in lung cancer patients; (C) The relationship between lnc-BMP1-11 and Cav-1 expression; (D) The expression of lnc-BMP1-1 in types of lung cancer cells. RNA expression was analyzed using RT-PCR, the RNA levels were normalized against β-actin mRNA. Each bar represents the means ± SD of three independent experiments.

The clinical data of these subjects are shown in Table 1. The smoking history is associated with the expression of lnc-BMP1-1 (P=0.027). Patients with lower expression level of lnc-BMP1-1 are more likely to be cigarette smokers or the ever ones, suggesting a possible association of lnc-BMP1-1 and cigarette smoking-related genes. Lnc-BMP1-1 is also associated with distant metastasis, though it isn’t a protection factor (P=0.002).

Table 1. The expression of lnc-BMP1-1 and clinical characteristics of lung cancer patients.

Clinical characteristics lnc-BMP1-1 expression N(%) Total Cases N(%) Pa
Low High
Age
 <60 139 (84.2) 26 (15.8) 165 (56.3) 0.499
 ≥60 104 (81.2) 24 (18.8) 128 (43.7)
Gender
 Male 177 (85.5) 30 (14.5) 207 (70.6) 0.069
 Female 66 (76.7) 20 (23.3) 86 (29.4)
Smoking
 No 77 (76.2) 24 (23.8) 101 (34.5) 0.027
 Yes 166 (86.5) 26 (13.5) 192 (65.5)
Drinking
 No 185 (83.3) 37 (16.7) 222 (75.8) 0.749
 Yes 58 (81.7) 13 (18.3) 71 (24.2)
tumor history
 No 213 (83.5) 42 (16.5) 255 (87.0) 0.484
 Yes 30 (78.9) 8 (21.1) 38 (13.0)
Lc history
 No 228 (83.5) 45 (16.5) 273 (93.2) 0.354
 Yes 15 (75.0) 5 (25.0) 20 (6.8)
Clinical Stage
 Ⅰ+Ⅱ 93 (86.9) 14 (13.1) 107 (36.5) 0.170
 Ⅲ+Ⅳ 150 (80.6) 36 (19.4) 186 (63.5)
Histological subtype
 Adenocarcinoma 112 (82.4) 24 (17.6) 136 (46.4) 0.189
 Squamous carcinoma 70 (79.5) 18 (20.5) 88 (30.0)
 Large cell carcinoma 8 (72.7) 3 (27.3) 11 (3.8)
 Small cell carcinoma 27 (96.4) 1 (3.6) 28 (9.6)
 Others 26 (86.7) 4 (13.3) 30 (10.2)
T status
 1+2 126 (80.3) 31 (19.7) 157 (53.6) 0.190
 3+4 117(86.0) 19 (14.0) 136 (46.4)
N status
 0 91 (79.1) 24 (20.9) 115 (39.2) 0.164
 1+2+3 152 (85.4) 26 (14.6) 178 (60.8)
M status
 0 161 (78.5) 44 (21.5) 205 (70.0) 0.002
 1 82 (93.2) 6 (6.8) 88 (30.0)
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NOTE: Comparisons between groups were analyzed as described in the Methods. Groups: High=patients with higher expression of lnc-BMP1-1 in lung cancer tissues compared with their adjacent normal lung tissues; Low = patients with lower expression of lnc-BMP1-1 in lung cancer tissues compared with their adjacent normal lung tissues. a, Pearson χ2 test for high vs. low gene (lnc-BMP1-1 or Cav-I) expression groups combining clinical characteristics. Significance (bold values), p<0.05.

Abbreviations: N, number of subjects in each group; Lc history, lung cancer history.

Effect of lnc-BMP1-1 on cell proliferation and migration

According to the relationship between SFTPC and adenocarcinoma, with qrt-PCR detection (Figure 1D), we selected A549, GLC82 and PC9 adenocarcinoma cell types to further examine the lnc-BMP1-1 function. Through observation with fluorescence microscope, we found that the transfection efficiency of lnc-BMP1-1 in these three types of cells are above 80%; compared to that of the control cells, the fold change of lnc-BMP1-1 expression in ‘A549-BMP’, ‘GLC82-BMP’, ‘PC9-BMP’ cells are about 700, 3000, 4000 times, respectively (Supplementary Figure 1).

Through detecting the cell viability, we found that the proliferation of A549-BMP cells was inhibited by the over-expressed lnc-BMP1-1 when compared to A549-NC cells (Figure 2A), the proliferation of GLC82-BMP cells had also been inhibited when compared to GLC82-NC cells (Figure 2C); however, the inhibition on the proliferation of PC9-BMP cells is not obvious (Figure 2B).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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The cell growth or migration of lung cancer cells with lnc-BMP1-1 over-expression vs. NC cells. (A) The cell proliferation of A549-BMP vs. A549-NC, (B) PC9-BMP vs. PC9-NC, (C) GLC82-BMP vs. GLC82-NC, respectively; (D) Comparison of the wound widths (40x) of lung cancer cells with Inc-BMP1-1 over-expression vs. NC cells after 72 hrs, the relative bar graph are A549-BMP vs. A549-NC(E), PC9-BMP vs. PC9-NC(F), GLC82-BMP vs. GLC82-NC(G); the migration capacity of both A549-BMP and GLC82BMP cells were reduced; however, there's no significant difference of PC9-BMP vs. PC9-NC cells; with transwell migration experiments (40 x), the cell migration capacity of A549-BMP vs. A549-NC was proved to be decreased again (H), the relative bar graph was A549-BMP vs. A549-NC(I), PC9-BMP vs. PC9-NC(J), GLC82-BMP vs. GLC82NC (K), respectively. Data are represented as means ± SD. *P < 0.05, ns P> 0.05

With Cell Wound Scratch (Figure 2D) and Transwell (migration) assay (Figure 2H), we found that over-expression of lnc-BMP1-1 could inhibit the migration of A549-BMP cells when compared to A549-NC cells. But no significant difference was observed in GLC82-BMP and PC9-BMP cells, compared to their GLC82-NC and PC9-NC cells, respectively.

The Bcl-2 protein level is decreased by over-expressed lnc-BMP1-1

Bcl-2 protein level is a most frequently used indicator for apoptosis resistance of cancer cells [40–42]. Compared to that of the A549-NC cells, the Bcl-2 protein level in A549-BMP cells is decreased by over-expressed lnc-BMP1-1 (Figure 3A), indicating a decline of anti-apoptosis capacity of the A549-BMP cells, which also means that the over-expressed lnc-BMP1-1 is helpful in improving the malignant phenotype of A549 cells, a result in accordance to the migration experiment results above. The protein level of Bcl-2 increased slightly in PC9-BMP cells, but no change was observed in the above migration experiment. We have thus concluded that lnc-BMP1-1 has a different regulation mechanism in PC9 cells than in A549 and GLC-82 cells. Therefore, the PC9 cells are ruled out from our further experiments.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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The RNA or protein expression changes of lung cancer cells with lnc-BMPl-1 over-expression vs. NC cells, the CSE vs. DMSO treated 16HBE cells, and 5-AzaC or TSA treatment. (A) The protein expression of Bcl-2, Cav-1 and DNMT3a in different lung cancer cell lines with lnc-BMP1-1 over-expression vs. NC cells; the protein expression were detected using western blotting analyses, protein expression was normalized against GAPDH or α-tubulin protein; the value above each band indicates the fold change of protein expression relative to their control; (B) The cell viability of CSE (vs. DMSO) treated 16HBE cells at 5th passage; (C) The cell viability of CSE (vs. DMSO) treated 16HBE cells at 10th passage; (D) The expression of lnc-BMP1-1, Cav-1 were reduced in CSE treated 16HBE cells both in 5th and 10th passage, and made greater decline in 10th than in 5th passage (the same gene was compared in 5th and 10th generation of CSE treated 16HBE cells, #P<0.05, ##P<0.01). The mRNA expression of Cav-1 in A549-BMP vs. A549-NC (E), GLC82-BMP vs. GLC82-NC(F), respectively; In A549 cells treated with TSA, the expression of lnc-BMP1-1 (G) and Cav-7 (H) were increased, while DNMT3a (I) was decreased; The protein expression of HDAC2 (J) was decreased in A549-BMP cells. Data are represented as means ± SD. *P< 0.05, **P<0.01.

Cav-1 is probably the target gene of lnc-BMP1-1

To clarify how lnc-BMP1-1 functions in lung cancer development, we first tried to find the downstream genes that are regulated by it. Based on the systematical analysis, three genes are taken into consideration, they are ‘ATP-binding cassette, sub-family A (ABC1), member 3 (ABCA3)’, ‘Caveolin-1 (Cav-1)’, and ‘natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPR1)’. Combining bio-information and literature analysis, NPR1 and Cav-1 were suggested as target genes regulated by lnc-BMP1-1. The expression of NPR1 and Cav-1 were detected in tissue samples by qrt-PCR.

Only the expression of Cav-1 is significantly decreased in lung cancer population, and positively correlated with that of lnc-BMP1-1 (R=0.211, P < 0.001) (Figure 1B and 1C). In 293 pairs of lung cancer tissues and their adjacent normal tissues (Table 2), Cav-1 is also found to be associated with smoking (P = 0.011).

Table 2. The expression of Cav-1 and clinical characteristics of lung cancer patients.

Clinical characteristics Cav-1 expression N(%) Total Cases N(%) Pa
Low High
Age
 <60 133(80.6) 32(19.4) 165(56.3) 0.757
 ≥60 105(82.0) 23(18.0) 128(43.7)
Gender
 Male 171(82.6) 36(17.4) 207(70.6) 0.348
 Female 67(77.9) 19(22.1) 86(29.4)
Smoking
 No 74(73.3) 27(26.7) 101(34.5) 0.011
 Yes 164(85.4) 28(14.6) 192(65.5)
Drinking
 No 180(81.1) 42(18.9) 222(75.8) 0.909
 Yes 58(81.7) 13(18.3) 71(24.2)
tumor history
 No 207(81.1) 48(18.9) 255(87.0) 0.953
 Yes 31(81.6) 7 (18.4) 38(13.0)
Lc history
 No 222(81.3) 51(18.7) 273(93.2) 0.775
 Yes 16(80.0) 4(20.0) 20 (6.8)
Clinical Stage
 Ⅰ+Ⅱ 87(81.3) 20(18.7) 107(36.5) 0.979
 Ⅲ+Ⅳ 151(81.2) 35(18.8) 186(63.5)
Histological subtype
 Adenocarcinoma 113(83.1) 23(16.9) 136(46.4) 0.149
 Squamous carcinoma 72(81.8) 16(18.2) 88(30.0)
 Large cell carcinoma 6(54.5) 5(45.5) 11(3.8)
 Small cell carcinoma 21(75.0) 7(25.0) 28(9.6)
 Others 26(86.7) 4(13.3) 30(10.2)
T status
 1+2 128(81.5) 29(18.5) 157(53.6) 0.887
 3+4 110(80.9) 26(19.1) 136(46.4)
N status
 0 93(80.9) 22(19.1) 115(39.2) 0.899
 1+2+3 145(81.5) 33(18.5) 178(60.8)
M status
 0 171(83.4) 34(16.6) 205(70.0) 0.144
 1 67(76.1) 21(23.9) 88(30.0)
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NOTE: Comparisons between groups were analyzed as described in the Methods. Groups: High=patients with higher expression of Cav-1 in lung cancer tissues compared with their adjacent normal lung tissues; Low = patients with lower expression of Cav-1 in lung cancer tissues compared with their adjacent normal lung tissues. a, Pearson χ2 test. Significance (bold values), p<0.05.

Abbreviations: N, number of subjects in each group; Lc history, lung cancer history.

The expression of lnc-BMP1-1 and Cav-1 in 16HBE cells treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE)

The expression of lnc-BMP1-1 in 16HBE cells treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) was shown, including the 5th and 10th generations of 16HBE cells. As to Figure 3B and 3C, be it DMSO or CSE treatment, the cell viability alteration was not obvious. In comparison to that in the control cells (DMSO treated only), the lnc-BMP1-1 expression in 5th and 10th generation cells is decreased, indicating the sensitivity of lnc-BMP1-1 to cigarette smoke. Notably, the expression of lnc-BMP1-1 expression in 10th generation is undetectable. Meanwhile, the Cav-1 expression is also decreased along with the decreased of lnc-BMP1-1 expression. Both the expression of lnc-BMP1-1 and Cav-1 showed greater decline in the 10th than in the 5th generation, these results further reinforce our viewpoint that the expression of lnc-BMP1-1 and Cav-1 in human bronchial epithelial cells might be decreased because of the exposure to cigarette smoking (Figure 3D).

The mRNA and protein level of Cav-1 are increased by over-expressed lnc-BMP1-1

When compared A549-BMP to A549-NC cells, both the mRNA and protein level of Cav-1 are increased as a result of the over-expression of lnc-BMP1-1 (Figure 3E and 3A). Meanwhile, no alteration of Cav-1 was observed in GLC-82 cell (Figure 3F and 3A), both on the mRNA and the protein level. It is possible that Cav-1 is not regulated by lnc-BMP1-1 in the GLC-82 cell line. Therefore, we select the A549 cell line to further explore the transcription impact that lnc-BMP1-1 has on Cav-1.

The tumor growth in nude mice of A549 cells is inhibited by the over-expression of lnc-BMP1-1

21 days after injection, the tumor in nude mice injected with A549-NC cells (A549-NC nude mice) had grown larger in size than that in nude mice injected with A549-BMP cells (A549-BMP nude mice). At day 28 (Figure 4A), the average weight of tumors in the A549-BMP nude mice group is 0.35g ± 0.17g, while it is 0.48g ± 0.55g in the A549-NC nude mice group; the average size of tumors in the A549-BMP nude mice group is 0.40 ± 0.28 cm3, while it is 1.07 ± 1.15 cm3 in theA549-NC nude mice group (Figure 4B). The represented photo of H & E staining of the tumor tissues of nude mice is shown in Figure 4C. The above data show the inhibition of tumor growth by the over-expression of lnc-BMP1-1 in subcutaneous tumorigenesis of nude mice.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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The tumor growth in nude mice and the results of anti-cancer drug trial in A549-BMP vs. A549-NC cells. (A) Tumor of A549-BMP vs A549-NC cells; (B) Tumor volume and tumor weight; (C) The HE staining of nude mice tumor tissues; (D) The drug sensitivity to doxorubicin hydrochloride was enhanced in A549-BMP vs A549-NC cells. Data are represented as means ± SD. *P< 0.05, **P<0.01.

Explore the mechanism of lnc-BMP1-1 in regulating Cav-1

To understand in which epigenetic regulatory manner lnc-BMP1-1 exerts its function and what are the relevant molecules, A549 cells were treated with 5-AzaC and TSA, respectively. As a result the expression of lnc-BMP1-1 (Figure 3G), Cav-1 mRNA (Figure 3H) was increased, while that of DNMT3a was decreased (Figure 3I), but not that of DNMT3b and DNMT1 (supplementary Figure 2A and 2B). As shown in Figure 3G–3I, we found that histo-acetylation modification might be the dominant mechanism through which lnc-BMP1-1 exerts function. In response to the TSA treatment, the expression of lnc-BMP1-1 and Cav-1 are increased significantly. We’ve carried out the detection of the methylation status of the promoter of Cav-1, and no difference was found between that in A549-BMP and in A549-NC cells (supplementary Figure 2C), even though there is obvious change in DNMT3a protein expression (Figure 3A). The above results again proved that histo-acetylation regulation pathway is more dominant than the DNA methylation regulation.

As to Figure3J, the HDAC2 protein is decreased in A549-BMP cells, which might be responsible for the transcription promotion of Cav-1 by lnc-BMP1-1. We have previously found that TSA, an HDACIs, could increase the expression of both lnc-BMP1-1 and Cav-1 (Figure 3G and 3H), indicating a possible interaction of lnc-BMP1-1 and HDAC2. To some degree, we might conclude that the inhibited transcription of Cav-1 resulted from decreased histo-acetylation level caused by decrease of lnc-BMP1-1.

The enhancement of the drug sensitivity of Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) by over-expressed lnc-BMP1-1 in A549 cells

As to Figure 4D, at the concentration of 50nM of Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX), the cell viability was 37% of A549-BMP cells when compared to 50% of A549-NC cells. Over-expressed lnc-BMP1-1 markedly enhanced the drug sensitivity of Dox to A549 cells. However, there’s no improvement in sensitivity to Cisplatin of A549 cells resulting from the over-expression of lnc-BMP1-1(Supplementary Figure 2D).

DISCUSSION

Sftpc is specifically expressed in lung tissue, according to NCBI database. Moreover, lnc-BMP1-1, being transcribed from the intron area of Sftpc, is also rich in lung tissues base on our detection. There are promising biomarkers for lung cancer diagnosis, such as TTF1 (thyroid transcription factor 1), folate receptor-positive circulating tumor cells [43, 44], but no lncRNAs are ready for broad clinical application [45], which calls for more exploration into the function and mechanism of lncRNAs. It is widely accepted that the expression of lncRNAs are tissue-specific, suggesting that lnc-BMP1-1 is a potential biomarker for lung cancer screening.

Smokers or former smokers are more likely to have lower level of lnc-BMP1-1 expression. We have proven that the expression of both lnc-BMP1-1 and Cav-1 could be reduced by CSE, further supporting our hypothesis that lnc-BMP1-1 is involved in the pathway of cigarette smoking-induced lung cancer. Abnormal expression of lncRNAs will cause lung cancer, breast cancer and other diseases, resulting from the alternation in conformation of molecular combination and gene regulation, including DNA methylation [46], transcription, phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination [47] and so on. For example, if the transcription of a tumor suppressor gene FENDRR, functioning as a competing endogenous RNA to compete binding site with miR-424 towards FOXF1, is inhibited, the miR-424 will depress the translation of FOXF1 by sequence matching to 3’ UTR of its mRNA, resulting in increased lung cancer risk [48]. In our study, we have revealed that lnc-BMP1-1 might promote the transcription of Cav-1 through down-regulating the expression of HDAC2, which is a post-translational regulation. It is reported that HDAC enzymes frequently over-express in cancer patients [49] and HDACs are important therapeutic targets. As to the low toxic of HDAC inhibitors (HDACIs) to normal cells, some HDACIs, such as SAHA [50], Farydak (panobinostat) [51] have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Notably, as a type of post-translational regulation, histo-acetylation dominant regulatory mechanism is thought to provide better prognosis than DNA methylation dominant mechanism in cancer patients [52]. In the present study, the HDAC2 protein level had been found to decrease as a result of over-expressing lnc-BMP1-1, indicating an increased histo-acetylation modification level, which we consider as the reason that accounts for promoted Cav-1 transcription; therefore, lnc-BMP1-1 is a possible endogenous HDAC inhibitor.

In addition, probably there are more than one regulatory mechanism during carcinogenesis and cancer development. Comparable to our conclusion, other researches have proven that combining HDACIs and DNMTIs treatment might offer greater potential in cancer therapy, instead of treatment with either HDACIs or DNMTIs alone [53]. LncRNAs might interact with DNMTs to modify tumor suppressors [54]. Such as a study that have revealed the hypermethylation modification of DNA promoter of Cav-1 is associated with the transcription inhibition of Cav-1 in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells alone, and not with the transcription inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, a process which happens in a phosphorylation manner instead [55]. In our study, up-regulating the expression of lnc-BMP1-1 in A549 cells did not show significant influence on the DNA methylation status of Cav-1 promoter, even though there is down-regulation of DNMT3a at protein levels by lnc-BMP1-1. The above results indicate that lnc-BMP1-1 has selected both DNA methylation and histo-acetylation modification to exert function, and Cav-1 might be one of the target genes.

Cav-1 is a gene characterized as related with cigarette smoke, oxidative stress, cisplatin sensitivity, as well as lung cancer development. Cav-1 attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage to lung carcinoma cells [56]. Oxidative stress induced by cigarette smoke (CS) is considered a cause for lung tumorigenesis [19, 57–60], in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important mediators. Several drugs targeting ROS are under various stages of clinical development [24, 61]. LncRNAs alter the expression of generator and effector systems of redox regulation in a complex manner [54]. Recently, ROS was reviewed to alter chromatin structure and metabolism that impact the epigenetic landscape in cancer cells [61].

Clinical findings have revealed that once the TKI-sensitive patients begin to smoke, drug resistance will appear, in which course the membrane protein Cav-1 plays important roles [60]. Because Cav-1 may be critical for albumin uptake in tumors and perhaps determine how the patients respond to albumin bound drug, such as cisplatin [25, 62]; it is also verified that over-expressed Cav-1 enhanced the sensitivity to nab-paclitaxel in cancer cell lines and mouse xenograft models [28]. In the present study, over-expressed lnc-BMP1-1 could increase the expression of Cav-1 and enhance the sensitivity of A549 cells to Doxorubicin, a conclusion that sheds light on the usage of lnc-BMP1-1 in cancer treatment.

There are limitations in the present study that Cav-1 might not the sole target of lnc-BMP1-1, though the former is proven to be regulated by the latter. Similarly, it’s reported that high Cav-1 expression also indicates a better overall survival (OS) for lung adenocarcinoma but not for squamous cell lung carcinoma [20]. The mechanism for the down-regulation of lnc-BMP1-1 in lung cancer tissue might be caused by oxidative stress, but it remains elusive. It is anticipated that lnc-BMP1-1 may not only be a diagnosis biomarker for lung tumor, but also reflect the complex biological courses of cancer development. In addition, the protein expression of Bcl-2 is decreased as a result of lnc-BMP1-1 over-expression, which is the focus in our future study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study subjects

All study subjects selected in this study were Han Chinese originated from Southern or Eastern China. A total of 293 samples of cancer tissues and paired normal tissues were collected in this study. Among the 293 samples, 199 pairs of samples were collected between 2008 and 2015 from the Cancer Hospital Affiliated with Guangzhou Medical University, and1st Affiliated Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated with Kunming University, and 94 pairs of samples were collected between 2007 and 2016 from the 1st Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. The patients in the study have no genetic connections with one another. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Guangzhou Medical University (No. GMU201481473040) and followed clinical research guidelines. Written informed consents were obtained from all patients who participated in this study.

qRT-PCR

Total cellular RNA was isolated with TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. To detect the RNA expression of related genes, we first synthesised the strand cDNA using the RevertAidTM First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Thermo Scientific, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Next, qRT-PCR was performed using the FastStart Universal SYBR Green Master kit (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) on an ABI7900HT PCR instrument with specific primers (shown in the Supplementary Table 1). All primers were synthesised by Invitrogen Ltd. and listed in Supplementary Table 1. β-actin was used as an internal control. The delta-delta CT method was used to quantify gene expression using the 7900 System SDS Software according to the recommended protocol.

Cell culture

The human lung cancer cell lines (A549, GCL82, and PC9) and a normal bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE) were purchased from the Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection of the Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Institute of Cell Biology. The A549, GCL82, and PC9 cell lines were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, life technologies, California, USA) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and penicillin (100UI/ mL)/streptomycin (100mg/mL) in standard conditions with 5% carbon dioxide at 37.

Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) preparation and acute exposure

Commercial normal cigarettes (Double Happiness, Guangzhou Tobacco, Guangzhou, China) yield 15mg of tar and 1.4mg of nicotine under a standard smoking regimen. Cigarette burning-produced puffs were collected using an atmosphere sampler with a glass accessory containing 100% Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, AR), then purified water was added into the compound, forming a 2% diluent, termed as cigarette smoke extract (CSE). 16HBE cells were treated with 10mL CSE for 24h and made a rest for another 24h; the cells grown every 3 days are considered one generation. The 5th and 10th generation cells were employed for the next detection.

Cell transfection

To understand the function of lnc-BMP1-1 in lung cancer, the human lung cancer adenocarcinoma cell lines A549, GLC82 and PC9 were transfected with over-expressed lnc-BMP1-1 lentivirus vectors. The cDNA sequence of lnc-BMP1-1 was obtained from Lncipedia database (version4.0), the coding fragment of lnc-BMP1-1 was synthesised by PCR and then inserted into the pLVX-shRNA1 vector (Clontech Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) using the BamH I and EcoR I restriction sites.

The over-expression of lnc-BMP1-1 in lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549, GLC82 and PC9 were denoted as ‘A549-BMP’, ‘GLC82-BMP’, ‘PC9-BMP’ and their corresponding empty vector control cells were denoted as ‘A549-NC’, ‘GLC82-NC’, ‘PC9-NC’ in the following text.

Cell proliferation

Cell growth was measured by cell counting with the CCK-8 cell proliferation assay kit (Dojindo, Tokyo, Japan). In a 96-well plate, 1000 cells in 100 μL serum-free RPMI-1640 medium were plated per well. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h, and 10 μL CCK-8 was added to each well. The cells were cultured for an additional 4 h at 37°C. With a reference wavelength of ‘650 nm’, the absorbance wavelength of the sample was 450 nm.

Cell migration (Wound scratch and Trans-well migration)

Wound scratch method of the lentivirus-vectors-transfected A549, GLC82 and PC-9 cell lines were carried out to understand the contribution of lnc-BMP1-1 to the cell migration capacity. Transfected cells were seeded on 24-well plates and then grown to confluence. The confluent monolayers were scratched with a pipette tip and maintained under certain conditions according to the protocol. Plates were washed once with fresh medium to remove non-adherent cells and then photographed. The percentage of open spaces covered by migrated cells was calculated with ImageJ software.

Trans-well migration assay of the lentivirus-vectors-transfected A549, GLC82 and PC-9 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines was conducted in an 8μm Transwell chamber (Costar, Corning Incorporated, NY). Cells grew to near confluence in a 5×5 cm culture vessel and then were placed in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco) for 24 h. Cells were trypsinized and re-suspended in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium with 0.1% BSA. We seeded 2×104 cells in the chamber, which was put in a 24-well plate containing RPMI-1640 with 20% FBS (Gibco). After 48 h of culture, non-migrating cells in the top section of the chambers were removed by swabbing. Migrated cells were counted manually in 10 random fields and their numbers were averaged.

Xenograft tumor formation assay in nude mice

With A549-BMP and A549-NC cells, nude mice tumor transplantation experiments were employed to study the influence of lnc-BMP1-1 on tumor growth inhibition in vivo. Five-week-old BALB/c nude mice were provided by Guangdong Medical Animal experiment Centre (Foshan, China). Transformed and control cells were washed twice and suspended with serum-free RPMI-1640 medium. Then, 5×106 cells were resuspended in culture medium and injected subcutaneously into the neck pads of nude mice. The mice were housed in a pathogen-free environment and monitored every 2 days for tumor formation. All mice were sacrificed after 28 days, and the tumors were removed, weighed and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for pathological examination. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Guangzhou Medical University (NO. GZYDW201503512).

5-AzaC and TSA treatment

DNA methylation and histo-acetylation modification are two important mechanisms in epigenetic regulatory. To clarify through which epigenetical regulation mechanism lnc-BMP1-1 functions on Cav-1, A549 cells were treated with 5-AzaC (5 μmol/L) or TSA (100 nmol/L) for 24 h, respectively. Then the expression of lnc-BMP1-1, Cav-1, and DNMTs were compared with that of untreated cells.

5-AzaC (Sigma) was dissolved in DMSO and stored at -20°C. TSA (Sigma) was dissolved in absolute ethanol at a concentration of 4 mM, shielded from light and stored at -20°C. Exponentially grown cells were treated with 5-AzaC (5 μmol/L) or TSA (100 nmol/L) for 24 h.

Methyl-specific PCR (MSP)

MSP was carried out to analyze the DNA methylation level of Cav-1 promoter. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was performed as previously described [37]. Briefly, genomic DNA was extracted as recommended by the EZNA-DNA kit (Omega). Next, 1 μg of purified DNA was subjected to bisulfite modification using a CpGenome DNA Modification Kit (Chemicon International). The bisulfite-treated DNA was stored at -80 until further used, MSP performed was performed using bisulfite-treated DNA, methylation primers and non-methylation primers. The primer sets used in this study were as follows: 5′-TTATTTCGAAGCGTTTGGGAG-3′ and 5′-AACACTCGTTTACATCTAATCG-3′ for the methylated reaction, and 5′-TTATTTTGAAGTGTTTGGGAG-3′ and 5′-AACACTCATTTACATCTAATCA-3′ for the unmethylated reaction [55].

Western blotting

Total protein was extracted with cell lysis buffer (Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and the protein concentration was determined using the Bicinchoninic Acid (BCA) assay kit (Kangwei technology, Beijing, China). Western blotting analyses were performed as previously described [38]. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), α-tubulin primary antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA); Cav-1, DNMT3a and Bcl-2 primary antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). The horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labelled goat anti-mouse and goat anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

Hematoxylin and eosin staining of tumor tissues of nude mice

The tumor or adjacent normal tissues of nude mice were stained with Harris’ hematoxylin solution for 6 h at a temperature of 60~70 °C and were then rinsed in tap water until the water was colorless. Then 10% acetic acid and 85% ethanol in water were used to differentiate the tissue 2 times for 2 h and 10 h, respectively, and the tissues were rinsed with tap water. In the bluing step, we soaked the tissue in saturated lithium carbonate solution for 12 h and then rinsed it with tap water. Finally, staining was performed with eosin Y ethanol solution for 48 h.

Anti-cancer drug sensitivity

To understand whether lnc-BMP1-1 could enhance the sensitivity of A549 cells to anti-cancer drug, including Cisplatin (DDP, 200~600μg/mL) and Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX, 10~50 nM). An observation was made every 24h and cell viability was checked using CCK8 kit at the end point of drug treatment.

Statistical analysis

All tests were finished with SPSS19.0. Paired t-test was used to analyze the different expression levels of genes in lung cancer tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Linear regression models were used to analyze the correlation between lnc-BMP1-1 and Cav-1. Chi-square test and Logistic regression model were used to analyze the expression of lnc-BMP1-1 and clinical characteristics of lung cancer patients. Independent t-test was used to analyze the cell migration capability. Repetitive measurement deviation analysis was used to analyze the difference in cell proliferation. All statistical tests were two sides, P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Supplementary Material

Supplementary Figures
aging-12-102633-s002..pdf (668.2KB, pdf)
Supplementary Tables
aging-12-102633-s001..pdf (366.9KB, pdf)

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 81473040, 81673267, 81872694 (J. Lu), 81402753, 81672303, 81871876 (L. Yang), 81602289, 81872127 (F. Qiu); the National Key R&D Projects (2016YFC0903700), Local Innovative and Research Teams Project of Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program 2017BT01S155 (J. Lu); Guangzhou Science and Technology Program Pearl River Nova projects Grant 201710010049 (L.Yang), Guangzhou Education Bureau Major projects Grant 1201610122 (L.Yang) and Yangcheng Scholar Grants 1201541589 (J. Lu); Guangzhou Science Research Program General Project Grant 201707010123, Guangdong High School Young Innovative Talents Project Grant 2015KQNCX136, Guangzhou Municipal Scientific Research Project Grant 1201630073 (F. Qiu); Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province 2018A0303130240 (L.Liu); National Natural Scientific Foundation of China, 81803325 (D. Wu). Project for Creative Talent of Guangdong Education Department 2014KQNCX102 (X.Ling); Start program for Doctors of Guangdong medical university B2019027 (X.Ling) and B2017021 (L.Liu). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Footnotes

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST: The authors declare that they have no financial or non-financial competing interest.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Figures
aging-12-102633-s002..pdf (668.2KB, pdf)
Supplementary Tables
aging-12-102633-s001..pdf (366.9KB, pdf)

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