Documenting museum records of West African Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in Benin and Senegal

Kwevitoukoui Hounkpati; Joseph V McHugh; Abdoul Aziz Niang; Georg Goergen

doi:10.3897/BDJ.8.e47340

. 2020 Jan 17;8:e47340. doi: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e47340

Documenting museum records of West African Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in Benin and Senegal

Kwevitoukoui Hounkpati ^1,^2,^✉, Joseph V McHugh ², Abdoul Aziz Niang ³, Georg Goergen ⁴

PMCID: PMC6981310 PMID: 32002014

Abstract Abstract

Background

This work provides a preliminary inventory of West African Coccinellidae.

This was based on the West African Coccinellidae (WAC) specimens in the holdings of insect collections at the Laboratoire de Zoologie des Invertébrés Terrestres at the Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire Cheikh Anta Diop (IFAN), Senegal and the Biodiversity Center at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITAB), Benin.

New information

A total of 129 species representing 11 tribes and 40 genera is reported, including one species of the subfamily Microweiseinae and 128 species of the subfamily Coccinellinae. The geographic distribution of collection localities is presented for these species. Cheilomenes lunata (Fabricius, 1775), Cheilomenes propinqua (Mulsant, 1850), Cheilomenes sulphurea (Olivier, 1791), Chnootriba elaterii (Rossi, 1794), Chnootriba similis (Thunberg, 1781), Exochomus laeviusculus Weise, 1909, Hyperaspis delicatula (Mulsant, 1850) and Hyperaspis pumila Mulsant, 1850 are the best represented species in these collections.

Keywords: Africa, Coccinelloidea , Coccinellinae , distribution, diversity, insect collection, inventory, Microweiseinae , taxonomy, museum, systematics, lady beetles, ladybugs.

Introduction

Natural history museums play a critical role in science and education (Gropp 2018, Holmes et al. 2016). They contribute fundamental data, necessary for understanding the biodiversity of Earth across temporal and geographic ranges. Biological information derived from specimen data provides essential information supporting a wide range of basic and applied biological endeavours. Museum specimens often play an important role in the recognition of threatened taxa, allowing the scientific community to propose appropriate action (e.g. Thomson et al. 2018, Mikula et al. 2018). Other activities that benefit from specimen-based biological information include the monitoring of environmental change, protecting public health and safety and enhancing agriculture, to name a few (Suarez and Tsutsui 2004).

In agriculture, biological collections can provide vitally important information about pest species, including phenology, food preferences, behaviour, ecological associations etc. (Escalona et al. 2017). For invasive species, museum data can help to identify the point of entry, the date of introduction, the rate of expansion and the native distributional range, which is where natural enemies (potential biocontrol agents) might be found.

The full benefits of natural history museums can only be realised if these collections are known and accessible to the public and scientific communities worldwide, thereby enabling cooperation between local and distant scientists to explore and advance our knowledge of global biodiversity. Unfortunately, access to biological collections is limited for researchers in some regions, like Africa. Much of the available museum material of African origin is housed in natural history museums or private collections in Europe (Klopper et al. 2002, Miller and Rogo 2001). There are some major African national or regional natural history museums. The majority of their holdings comprise subsets of material that was collected by missionaries, explorers and scientists from European institutions (Medler 1980, Scholtz and Mansell 2017). There are some natural history museums in West Africa, but these have remained overlooked by the research community.

Coccinellidae Latreille, 1807, commonly known as ladybugs, are small beetles ranging from 0.8 to 18 mm (Seago et al. 2011). Although some coccinellids are phytophagous or fungivorous (Iperti 1999), nearly 70% of species are considered predaceous, preying on aphids, mealybugs, scale insects, thrips, leaf hoppers, mites and other soft bodied insects (Giorgi et al. 2009, Riddick 2017, Shah and Khan 2014, Ślipiński and Tomaszewska 2010, Szawaryn et al. 2015). One of the earliest and most successful examples of biocontrol was the management of cottony-cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell, 1879, on citrus crops using the vedalia lady beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant, 1850), in California during the 1890s.

Due to their economic importance, major regional taxonomic works have been published for the coccinellid faunas of North America, Europe, Palearctic Region, Russian Far East, other parts of the former USSR, Oriental region, Central Asia, Japan, Vietnam, China and Australia (e.g. Giorgi et al. 2009, Tomaszewska and Szawaryn 2013, Tomaszewska and Ślipiński 2013, Ślipiński et al. 2012). Unfortunately, nothing comparable exists for Africa. The identification of African lady beetles has been done almost exclusively by European entomologists and explorers (Medler 1980). As a result, valuable reference specimens and their associated collection data are often inaccessible to researchers and agencies in Africa (Scholtz and Mansell 2017).

Coccinellidae has been the focus of several recent phylogenetic studies as researchers attempt to understand the evolution of the group and to improve its classification (e.g. Escalona and Ślipiński 2012, Kobayashi et al. 2011, Nedved and Kovář 2012, Robertson et al. 2015, Seago et al. 2011, Tomaszewska and Szawaryn 2013, Tomaszewska and Ślipiński 2013, Ślipiński et al. 2012). Unfortunately, endemic African taxa are very poorly represented in these studies, probably because appropriate material was unavailable and because the state of taxonomy for those groups was not mature.

Although Africa is well known for its rich and charismatic vertebrate diversity, there is far less appreciation for the great diversity of other taxa there. It is estimated that 100,000 species of insects are currently known from the continent and conservative estimates put the total number of insect species there at about 600,000, yet few research collections of insects exist on the continent (Miller and Rogo 2001). While entomological research collections in some African countries (e.g. Algeria, Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia) have appeared for some time in registries of museums (e.g. Arnett et al. 1993, Evenhuis 2019), others remain virtually unknown to the outside world, especially those in French West African countries (Afrique Occidentale Française). This is true for the two largest reference collections of arthropods in West Africa, the Biodiversity Center at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITAB) in Benin and the Laboratoire de Zoologie des Invertébrés Terrestres at the Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire Cheikh Anta Diop (IFAN) in Senegal. These two important resources were absent from compilations of insect and spider collections of the world until just recently when they were added to a web-based listing of biological collections by Evenhuis (2019) following an enquiry by the senior author.

The Laboratoire de Zoologie des Invertébrés Terrestres (formerly Section Entomologie) was created in 1945 by André Villiers. It is housed in the Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire Cheikh Anta Diop (IFAN), Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar in Senegal (Fig. 1a–b). The IFAN insect collection was established to serve as a centre for entomological collection-based research in West Africa. With over 400,000 specimens, the IFAN insect museum is the largest insect collection in West Africa. Dr. Abdoul Aziz Niang, a specialist of Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae), is the current Curator and Director of the IFAN insect collection.

Figure 1. — Photos of the two largest West African insect museums: a. IFAN, outside view of the museum; b. IFAN, inside view of the museum showing insect boxes; c. IITAB, outside view of the museum; d. IITAB, inside view of the museum showing insect cabinets and drawers.

The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) is a non-profit international research organisation founded in 1967. Headquartered in Ibadan, Nigeria, IITA is a member of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research. IITA has stations and hubs in Central, Eastern, Southern and West Africa (www.iita.org). The IITAB, IITA Biodiversity Center (formerly IITA insect centre or museum) is housed at the Benin Station of IITA in Calavi, Cotonou, Benin (Fig. 1c–d). With over 365,000 specimens, the IITAB collection is the second largest insect collection in West Africa. Dr. Georg Goergen, Entomologist and Biosystematist, is the current Curator and Director of the IITAB.

The taxonomic impediment, which affects biologists around the world, impacts West African researchers especially hard. Most African scientists must rely on distant experts for the identification of insect specimens. Africa produces far fewer trained insect taxonomists than any other continent in the world (de Carvalho et al. 2005). This gap in taxonomic knowledge has also limited the assessment of biodiversity in Africa (Coleman 2015). Currently, the Biodiversity Center of IITA, Benin (IITAB) is one of the major insect identification hubs in Africa.

The IFAN and IITA insect collections are the two largest in West Africa, a region situated between the Tropic of Cancer and Equator, covering 6,140,000 km², approximately one fifth of Africa. More than 75% of the land consists of plains lying below an elevation of 300 m. The region includes 16 countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. Additionally, the United Nations recognises Saint Helena (a United Kingdom Overseas Territory), Ascension and Tristan da Cunha as part of West Africa (Comité Inter-états de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel 2016, Kabo-bah and Diji 2018) (Fig. 2).

Figure 2. — Map of West Africa (United Nations 2014).

Given the importance of coccinellids and the patchy knowledge of their diversity in West Africa, we summarised data about the taxonomic holdings of this family in IFAN and IITAB insect collections with the goals of raising the visibility of those institutions and providing a preliminary inventory of West African Coccinellidae (WAC). This work represents part of ongoing research on the WAC by the senior author, who is currently developing a formal taxonomic catalogue of West African Coccinellidae.

Materials and methods

Museum specimens were studied at the IFAN and IITAB insect collections in West Africa. We photographed specimens and recorded label data (e.g. taxonomic determination, collection locality, collection date, associated plants, collector, determiner etc.).

The taxonomic names that were recorded on museum specimens were put in a database and updated to currently valid names using the systematics literature. Aberrations, variations and subspecies were not included in the database except when museum specimens were identified as such. References are provided, when appropriate, to clarify the current classification for species. In some cases, specimen determinations were made (by KH) using the literature along with examination of reference collections of authoritatively identified material at the Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale (MRAC), Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität (ZMHB), Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and University of Georgia Collection of Arthropods (UGCA). Annotations are given when an invalid determination on a specimen label has been updated to the currently valid taxonomic name.

Many museums and institutions kindly assisted this study by hosting visits, providing data or initiating loans of specimens for this and related studies. These collections and institutions include the following:

CERAAS, Centre d’Etude Régional pour l’Amélioration de l’Adaptation à la Sécheresse, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Senegal.

IFAN, Institut Fondamental d’Afrique Noire Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.

IITAB, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Benin Station, Cotonou, Benin.

MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.

MRAC, Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium.

NMNH, National Museum of Natural History (formerly USNM: United States National Museum), Washington D.C., U.S.A.

UCAD, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.

UEM/IPD, Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal.

UGA, University of Georgia, Athens GA, U.S.A.

UGCA, University of Georgia Collection of Arthropods, Georgia Museum of Natural History, Athens, GA, U.S.A.

ZMHB, Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany.

Other abbreviations used in the text:

DRC, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The updated specimen database was used to produce the first list of West African coccinellid diversity (Table 1) and to explore general characteristics about the museum holdings. Valid taxonomic names and tribal placement follow Seago et al. (2011). Generic and species names are arranged alphabetically. The lists of synonyms provided below valid names are not exhaustive, but instead include only junior synonyms that have been used in literature regarding West African taxa or ones that appear on specimen determination labels in the focal collections.

Table 1.

Updated list of coccinellid holdings of the IFAN and IITAB collections, where: a*: present at IFAN, but not from West African locality, b*: present at IITAB, but not from West Africa locality, a: present at IFAN, West African source, b: present at IITAB, West African source and ab: in both museums. The current list is limited to specific rank only. Subspecies and aberrations are mentioned only if they were found on specimen determination labels.

Taxon	Collection localities	References
*Family Coccinellidae* Latreille, 1807**
*Subfamily Microweiseinae* Leng, 1920**
*Tribe Serangiini* Pope, 1962**
Serangium kunowi Weise, 1892*1	Zambia^b*	Escalona and Ślipiński 2012
*Subfamily Coccinellinae* Latreille, 1807**
*Tribe Chilocorini* Mulsant, 1846**
Brumoides foudrasii (Mulsant, 1850)	Benin^b, Gambia^b, Guinea^b, Nigeria^b, Senegal^a	Mader 1954
= Exochomus foudrasii Mulsant, 1850	Benin^b, Gambia^b, Guinea^b, Nigeria^b, Senegal^a	Mader 1954
Chilocorus distigma (Klug, 1835)	Mozambique^b*, Nigeria^b, Senegal^a
Chilocorus dorhni Mulsant, 1850	Senegal^a
Chilocorus schioedtei Mulsant, 1850	Benin^ab, Cameroon^a, Ghana^b, Guinea^a, Nigeria^b, Senegal^a	Chazeau and Couturier 1985, Samways et al. 1999
= Chilocorus discoideus Crotch, 1874		Chazeau and Couturier 1985, Samways et al. 1999
Chilocorus simoni Sicard, 1907	South Africa^ab*
Exochomus flavipes (Thunberg, 1781)	Gabon^b, Madagascar^b*, Nigeria^b, Senegal^a
Exochomus laeviusculus Weise, 1909	Benin^a, Côte d’Ivoire^a, Guinea^a, Mali^a, Mauritania^a, Senegal^a, Togo^a
Exochomus nigrifrons Gerstäcker, 1871*2	Mali^a, Senegal^ab	Biranvand et al. 2017a, Łączyński and Tomaszewska 2012
= Brumus nigrifrons Gerstäcker, 1871
= Brumus fulviventris Fairmaire, 1884
= Brumus trivittatus Weise, 1891
= Brumus nigeriana Korschefsky, 1938
= Brumus nigrifrons nigerianus Korschefsky, 1938
Parexochomus nigripennis (Erichson, 1843)	Mali^a, Senegal^a	Biranvand et al. 2017b, Li et al. 2016, Kovář 2007
= Exochomus nigripennis (Erichson, 1843)
= Exochomus nigromaculatus nigripennis Crotch, 1874
Exochomus pulchellus Gerstäcker, 1871	Gambia^b, Niger^a, Rwanda^b*, Senegal^a
Exochomus troberti Mulsant, 1850	Burkina Faso^a, Nigeria^b, Senegal^a	Hodek et al. 2012, Mohamed et al. 2018, Kovář 2007
= Exochomus flavipes troberti Mulsant, 1850	Burkina Faso^a, Nigeria^b, Senegal^a	Hodek et al. 2012, Mohamed et al. 2018, Kovář 2007
*Tribe Coccidulini* Mulsant, 1846**
= Scymnini Mulsant, 1846
= Exoplectrini Crotch, 1874
Aulis annexa Mulsant, 1850	Senegal^a
Clitostethus flavotestaceus Mader, 1955	Senegal^a
Nephus flavomaculatus Fürsch, 1966	Benin^b, Nigeria^b
Nephus vetustus Weise, 1915	Gabon^b, Nigeria^b
Nephus phenacoccophagus Fürsch, 1987	Nigeria^b
Nephus kamburovi Fürsch, 1992	Malawi^b*
Nephus oblongosignatus Mulsant, 1850	Tanzania^b*
Nephus ornatulus Korschefsky, 1931	DRC^b, Ghana^b, Nigeria^b, Rwanda^, Senegal^b, Sierra Leone^b, Togo^b	Fürsch 1966
= Scymnus ornatulus Korschefsky, 1931		Fürsch 1966
Nephus sudanicus Weise, 1925	Mauritania^a
Scymnobius bilucernarius (Mulsant, 1850)	Mexico^b*	Gordon and González 2002
= Nephus bilucernarius (Mulsant, 1850)	Mexico^b*	Gordon and González 2002
Scymnus canariensis Wollaston, 1864	São Tome and Principe^a*, Senegal^a
Scymnus casstroemi Mulsant, 1850	Guinea^a, Senegal^a
Scymnus gnavus Weise, 1895	Guinea^a
Scymnus kibonotensis Weise, 1910	Côte d’Ivoire^a, Guinea^a, Nigeria^b
Scymnus levaillanti Mulsant, 1850	Nigeria^b, Malawi^b*
Scymnus pruinosus Weise, 1895	Zambia^b*
Scymnus monroviae Casey, 1899	Benin^a, Côte d’Ivoire^a, Guinea^a, Niger^a, Senegal^a, Togo^a
Scymnus nigrosellatus Mader, 1950	Zambia^b*
Scymnus quadrivittatus Mulsant, 1850	Nigeria^b
Scymnus rubiginosus Mader, 1950	Côte d’Ivoire^a, Guinea^a, Senegal^a
Scymnus scapuliferus Mulsant, 1850	Benin^a, Côte d’Ivoire^a, Guinea^b, Nigeria^b, Madagascar^b*, Senegal^a, Togo^a
Scymnus schoutedeni Mader, 1950	Senegal^a
Scymnus senegalensis Mader, 1955	Côte d’Ivoire^a, Gambia^a, Guinea^a, Mali^a, Mauritania^a, São Tome and Principe^a, Senegal^a
Scymnus villiersi Mader, 1955	Niger^a, Senegal^a
Stethorus aethiops Weise, 1899	Benin^b, Ghana^b, Guinea-Bissau^b, Mozambique^b, Nigeria^b, Sierra Leone^b, Tanzania^b
Stethorus endroedyi Fürsch, 1970	Malawi^b*
Stethorus jejunus Casey, 1899	Ghana^b, Nigeria^b, Mozambique^b, Tanzania^b
*Tribe Coccinellini* Latreille, 1807**
Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758)	Cameroon^a*
Anisolemnia decempustulata Weise, 1888	Togo^a	Chazeau and Couturier 1985, Mader 1954
= Anisolemnia 10-pustulata Weise, 1888	Togo^a	Chazeau and Couturier 1985, Mader 1954
Bulaea anceps (Mulsant, 1850)	Mozambique^b*	Fürsch 2005
= Isora circularis Mader, 1941	Mozambique^b*	Fürsch 2005
Caria welwitschii Crotch, 1874	Guinea^a
Cheilomenes aurora Gerstäcker 1871	Tanzania^a*	Fürsch 1975
= Cydonia aurora Gerstäcker, 1871	Tanzania^a*	Fürsch 1975
Cheilomenes lunata (Fabricius, 1775)	Benin^a, Burkina Faso^a, Cameroon^a, Côte d’Ivoire^a, Gabon^a, Gambia^a, Guinea^a, Guinea-Bissau^a, Liberia^a, Mali^a, Senegal^a, West Africa^a, South Africa^a, Tanzania^a	Fürsch 1991a
= Cydonia lunata (Fabricius, 1775)
= Cydonia lunata vulpina (Fabricius, 1798)
= Cydonia lunata vulpiphursa Olivier, 1791
Cheilomenes sulphurea (Olivier, 1791)	Angola^b, Cameroon^a, Côte d’Ivoire^a, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)^b, Gabon^b, Ghana^b, Nigeria^b, Malawi^b, Rwanda^b, Senegal^a	Eizaguirre 2007
= Cheilomenes orbicularis Casey, 1899
= Cheilomenes sulphurea sulphurea (Olivier, 1791)
Cheilomenes propinqua (Mulsant, 1850)	Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon^b* , Guinea-Bissau^ab, Mali^a, Mauritania^a, Niger^a, Nigeria^b, Senegal^ab	Eizaguirre 2007, Fürsch 1979
= Cheilomenes vicina (Mulsant, 1850)
= Cydonia vicina Mulsant, 1850
= Cheilomenes vicina vicina Mulsant, 1850
=Cheilomenes propinqua vicina Mulsant, 1850
Cheilomenes quadrilineata (Mulsant, 1850)	Senegal^a
= Cydonia 4-lineata Mulsant, 1850	Senegal^a
Coccinella intermedia (Crotch, 1874)	São Tome and Principe ^a*	Gordon 1987a, Nematollahi 2016
= Lioadalia intermedia Crotch, 1874*3
= "Cydonia intermedia" Cramer
Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus, 1758	Cape Verde^a
Declivitata hamata (Thunberg, 1808)	Senegal^a	Fürsch 1987
= Alesia hamata (Mulsant, 1850)
= Micraspis striata (Crotch, 1874)
= Alesia striata (Gemminger & Harold, 1876)
= Alesia striata hamata (Weise, 1898)
= Declivitata hamata Fürsch, 1964
Declivitata uncifera Fürsch, 1967	Cameroon^a, DRC^b, Guinea-Bissau^b
Harmonia vigintiduomaculata (Fabricius, 1792)	Benin^b, Liberia^a, Nigeria^b, Togo^b	Coutanceau 2008
= Stictoleis vigintiduomaculata (Fabricius, 1792)
= Stictoleis 22-maculata (Fabricius, 1792)
Hippodamia variegata (Goeze, 1777)	Colombia^b, Nigeria^b, Senegal^b, Tanzania^a	GBIF Secretariat 2019, Gordon 1987b
= Adonia variegata (Goeze, 1777)	Colombia^b, Nigeria^b, Senegal^b, Tanzania^a	GBIF Secretariat 2019, Gordon 1987b
Lemnia machadoi Mader, 1952	Cameroon^a	Fürsch 2002
= Dysis sicardi Mader, 1954	Cameroon^a	Fürsch 2002
Megalocaria dilatata (Fabricius, 1775)	Benin^b	Hodek et al. 2012, Poorani 2002
= Anisolemnia dilatata (Fabricius, 1775)	Benin^b	Hodek et al. 2012, Poorani 2002
Micraspis lineola (Fabricius, 1775)	Togo^b	Nattier et al. 2015, Ślipiński 2007
= Alesia lineola (Fabricius, 1775)	Togo^b	Nattier et al. 2015, Ślipiński 2007
Micraspis striata (Fabricius, 1792)	Côte d’Ivoire^a, Gabon^b, Guinea^a, São Tome and Principe^a, Senegal^a	Kovář 2007, Ślipiński 2007
= Alesia striata (Fabricius, 1792)
Psyllobora bisoctonotata (Mulstant, 1850)	Senegal^a	Ali et al. 2018
Psyllobora lutescens (Crotch, 1874)	Guatemala^b*
Psyllobora variegata (Fabricius, 1781)	South Africa^a*	Nicolas 2013
= Thea variegata (Fabricius, 1781)	South Africa^a*	Nicolas 2013
Xanthadalia effusa (Erichson, 1843)	Benin^b, DRC^a
Xanthadalia rufescens Mulsant, 1850	Benin^b, Mali^a, Mauritania^a, Senegal^a	Fürsch 1987
*Tribe Diomini* Gordon, 1999**
Diomus hennesseyi Fürsch, 1987	Nigeria^b
*Tribe Epilachnini* Mulsant, 1846**
Chnootriba elaterii (Rossi, 1794)	Benin^a, Côte d’Ivoire^a, Gambia^a, Guinea^a, Liberia^a, Mali^a, Mauritania^a, Nigeria^b, São Tome and Principe^a*, Senegal^a	Hodek et al. 2012, Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003, Tomaszewska and Szawaryn 2016
= Henosepilachna elaterii (Rossi, 1794)
= Epilachna chrysomelina (Fabricius, 1775)
= Epilachna chrysomelina manca Mader, 1929
= Henosepilachna elaterii voltaensis senegalensis Fürsch, 1964
Chnootriba hirta (Thunberg, 1781)	Guinea^a, Tanzania^a*	Tomaszewska and Szawaryn 2016
= Henosepilachna hirta (Thunberg, 1781)
= Epilachna hirta (Thunberg, 1781)
Chnootriba similis (Thunberg, 1781)	Benin^a, Burkina Faso^a, Côte d’Ivoire^a, DRC^a*, Guinea^a, Liberia^a, Nigeria^b, Senegal^a	Chazeau and Couturier 1985, Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003, Tomaszewska and Szawaryn 2016
= Chnootriba assimilis Mulsant, 1850
= Chnootriba similis ab. repanda Sicard, 1930
Cleta punctipennis (Mulsant, 1850)	Togo^ab	Tomaszewska and Szawaryn 2016
= Epilachna punctipennis Mulsant, 1850	Togo^ab	Tomaszewska and Szawaryn 2016
Cleta sahlbergi (Mulsant, 1850)	Côte d’Ivoire^a, Kenya^a*	Szawaryn et al. 2015, Tomaszewska and Szawaryn 2016
= Solanophila sahlbergi Mulsant, 1850	Côte d’Ivoire^a, Kenya^a*	Szawaryn et al. 2015, Tomaszewska and Szawaryn 2016
Epilachna bissexguttata Weise, 1895	Côte d’Ivoire^a, DRC^a*, Mali^a, Niger^a, Senegal^a	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
= Epilachna monticola Weise, 1899
= Solanophila monticola Weise, 1898
Epilachna bomparti Mulsant, 1850	Liberia^a, Senegal^a
Epilachna colorata Mulsant, 1850	Cameroon^a*, Liberia^a	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
= Epilachna subsignata Mulsant, 1895
= Solanophila subsignata Mulsant, 1895
= Solanophila elliptica Weise, 1912
Epilachna iocosa (Mader, 1941)	South Africa^a*	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
= Solanophila 20-punctata Mader, 1941	South Africa^a*	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
Epilachna nigritarsis Mulsant, 1850	Cameroon^a*, Liberia^a	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
= Epilachna impatiens Fürsch, 1960	Cameroon^a*, Liberia^a	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
Epilachna vigintipunctata Mulsant, 1850	Liberia^a, Tanzania^a*, Togo^a	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
= Epilachna punctipennis multinotata Gerstäcker, 1873	Liberia^a, Tanzania^a*, Togo^a	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
Henosepilachna atropos (Sicard, 1912)	Equatorial Guinea^a*, Senegal^a	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
= Epilachna atropos Sicard, 1912	Equatorial Guinea^a*, Senegal^a	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
Henosepilachna bisseptemnotata (Mulsant, 1853)	Tanzania^a*	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
= Epilachna bisseptemnotata Mulsant, 1853	Tanzania^a*	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
Henosepilachna clavareaui (Weise, 1901)	Benin^a	Fürsch 1991b
= Epilachna clavareaui Weise, 1901	Benin^a	Fürsch 1991b
Henosepilachna ertli (Weise, 1906)	Côte d’Ivoire^a, Liberia^a	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
= Epilachna ertli Weise, 1906	Côte d’Ivoire^a, Liberia^a	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
Henosepilachna fulvosignata (Reiche, 1847)	Côte d’Ivoire^a	Fürsch 1991b
Henosepilachna moseri (Weise, 1903)	Equatorial Guinea^a*	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
= Epilachna moseri Weise, 1903	Equatorial Guinea^a*	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
Henosepilachna reticulata (Olivier 1791)	Benin^b, Mali^a, Niger^b, Nigeria^b, Senegal^a	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003, Heinrichs and Barrion 2004
= Epilachna reticulata (Olivier 1791)	Benin^b, Mali^a, Niger^b, Nigeria^b, Senegal^a
Henosepilachna simplex (Weise, 1895)	Liberia^a	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
= Epilachna simplex Weise, 1895	Liberia^a	Jadwiszczak and Węgrzynowicz 2003
Solanophila canina (Fabricius, 1781)	Guinea^a
Solanophila dregei (Mulsant, 1850)	Côte d’Ivoire^a	Tomaszewska and Szawaryn 2016
= Epilachna dregei Mulsant, 1850	Côte d’Ivoire^a	Tomaszewska and Szawaryn 2016
Solanophila scalaris (Gerstäcker, 1871)	Tanzania^a*	Mader 1941
= Epilachna scalaris (Gerstäcker, 1871)	Tanzania^a*	Mader 1941
*Tribe Hyperaspini* Mulsant, 1846**
Hyperaspis aestimabilis Mader, 1955	Angola^b, DRC^b, Malawi^b, Zambia^b
Hyperaspis centralis Mulsant, 1850	Mexico
Hyperaspis delicatula (Mulsant, 1850)	Benin^b, Gambia^b, Ghana^b, Guinea-Bissau^b, Nigeria^b, Malawi^b*, Sénégal^b, Sierra Leone^b, Togo^b
Hyperaspis lugubris (Randall, 1838)	Ghana^b, Nigeria^b	Gordon 1985
= Hyperaspis jucunda LeConte, 1852	Ghana^b, Nigeria^b	Gordon 1985
Hyperaspis maindroni (Sicard, 1929)	Mauritania^a, Niger^a, Senegal^a	Biranvand et al. 2017b, Ali et al. 2018
Hyperaspis merckii (Mulsant, 1850)	Mauritania^a, Senegal^a
Hyperaspis pumila Mulsant, 1850	Gambia^b, Guinea^b, Guinea-Bissau^b, Niger^a, Nigeria^b, Senegal^b, Togo^b	Biranvand et al. 2017b
Hyperaspis senegalensis (Mulsant, 1850)	Gambia^b, Ghana^b, Nigeria^b, Senegal^b, Sierra Leone^b, Malawi^b*
Hyperaspis sericea Fürsch, 1972	Malawi^b*
Hyperaspis vinciguerra Capra, 1929	Gambia^b, Senegal^b, Malawi^b*
Tenuisvalvae notata (Mulsant, 1850)	Benin^b, Bolivia^b*, Nigeria^b	Gordon and Canepari 2008
= Hyperaspis notata Crotch, 1874)	Benin^b, Bolivia^b*, Nigeria^b	Gordon and Canepari 2008
*Tribe Ortaliini* Mulsant, 1850**
Ortalia ovulum Weise, 1898	Liberia^a, Mali^a, Togo^b
*Tribe Noviini* Mulsant, 1846**
Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant, 1850)	Kenya^b*
Rodolia iceryae Janson in Ormerod, 1887	Senegal^a	Hounkpati et al. 2019
= Rodolia iceryae Janson, 1887
= Rodolia obscura Weise, 1898
Rodolia occidentalis Weise, 1898	Benin^a, Ghana^a, Nigeria^a, Senegal^ab
Rodolia senegalensis Weise, 1913	Senegal^a
*Tribe Platynaspini* Mulsant, 1846**
Platynaspis capicola Crotch, 1874	DRC^b, Malawi^b
Platynaspis ferruginea Weise, 1895	Benin^b, Togo^b
Platynaspis kollari Mulsant, 1850	Liberia^a
Platynaspis obscura Gorham, 1901	Côte d’Ivoire^a, Liberia^a
Platynaspis pilosa Sicard, 1930	South Africa^a*
Platynaspis rufipennis Gerstäcker, 1871	Côte d’Ivoire^a, Liberia^a, Niger^a
Platynaspis vittigera Weise, 1895	DRC^b*
*Tribe Sticholotidini* Weise, 1901**
Pharoscymnus sexguttatus (Gyllenhall, 1808)	Ghana^b
*Nomen nudum*
“Leis maculata”*4	Côte d’Ivoire^a

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Checklists

Checklist of West African Coccinellidae in IFAN and IITAB museums (see Table 1 for more details)

Serangium kunowi

Weise, 1892

6C08AE98-8273-5ED6-90CC-F87BBC52F548

Distribution

Zambia

Brumoides foudrasii

(Mulsant, 1850)

F145D8A6-249B-5FE8-B59E-2F1B70C4CE19

Distribution

Benin, Gambia, Guinea, Nigeria, Senegal

Chilocorus distigma

(Klug, 1835)

987BB720-000F-53CD-8C9D-D5F81C0C0A0E

Distribution

Mozambique

Chilocorus dorhni

Mulsant, 1850

611CE9A1-C8DB-5C3A-A1A9-AEFDC24B20DA

Distribution

Senegal

Chilocorus schioedtei

Mulsant, 1850

5C66671C-194C-51EE-8692-7949F89AEC69

Distribution

Benin, Cameroon

Chilocorus simoni

Sicard, 1907

E283D897-7362-5CE2-8821-FC62B886D75D

Distribution

South Africa

Exochomus flavipes

(Thunberg, 1781)

2FBF8BEF-EB91-561E-A288-6E2885FA8404

Distribution

Gabon

Exochomus laeviusculus

Weise, 1909

7A6E4183-D702-56C1-A936-89A0CD234694

Distribution

Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal, Togo

Exochomus nigrifrons

Gerstäcker, 1871

A0B866A5-E30C-5C9D-94E9-7BB968407E2E

Distribution

Mali, Senegal

Parexochomus nigripennis

(Erichson, 1843)

82867BBC-4337-5664-A99D-98112C1AFBC4

Distribution

Mali, Senegal

Exochomus pulchellus

Gerstäcker, 1871

79E7BA08-3F1C-5E17-8503-DB5E015151E6

Distribution

Gambia, Niger, Rwanda, Senegal

Exochomus troberti

Mulsant, 1850

7D78E719-1F19-5868-A5EA-F2E3B07E46CF

Distribution

Burkina Faso

Aulis annexa

Mulsant, 1850

9D2EAB15-7F2A-50C7-B256-3E49AC7395DA

Distribution

Senegal

Clitostethus flavotestaceus

Mader, 1955

DBD81906-B263-5595-8373-5D2DFA36624F

Distribution

Senegal

Nephus flavomaculatus

Fürsch, 1966

5B760B86-9AF4-5EDD-BF4D-B9BBB9A99371

Distribution

Benin, Nigeria

Nephus vetustus

Weise, 1915

357A9314-78D6-52AD-81D3-032870015377

Distribution

Gabon

Nephus phenacoccophagus

Fürsch, 1987

A72D8A23-7357-59FE-9037-0E22ACE44349

Distribution

Nigeria

Nephus kamburovi

Fürsch, 1992

4BA9A0A8-ECD4-5017-B0DB-602EF59323B0

Distribution

Malawi

Nephus oblongosignatus

Mulsant, 1850

D324C8AD-A466-5D0D-9AF9-71FDDE06243D

Distribution

Tanzania

Nephus ornatulus

Korschefsky, 1931

7A6DD1B1-6B22-5268-B455-C5D3AE0F3FB8

Distribution

DRC

Nephus sudanicus

Weise, 1925

3BFEBA83-41A1-55C9-9D2F-B724A8F97EEF

Distribution

Mauritania

Scymnobius bilucernarius

(Mulsant, 1850)

F4DF6361-FEBD-5CE8-B642-8189CA31C54B

Distribution

Mexico

Scymnus canariensis

Wollaston, 1864

D8670A86-01D1-5BA1-AAC1-C2B8EC3FE969

Distribution

São Tome and Principe, Senegal

Scymnus casstroemi

Mulsant, 1850

1B350FE1-0669-5324-A7EB-930E943913AA

Distribution

Guinea, Senegal

Scymnus gnavus

Weise, 1895

E054571A-7356-56D5-BE4E-6B94C2B09653

Distribution

Guinea

Scymnus kibonotensis

Weise, 1910

44A344EB-1700-553A-BA65-7BFC9EC9A047

Distribution

Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Nigeria

Scymnus levaillanti

Mulsant, 1850

81A41B21-DE38-5E9E-A631-FB762FFF45DF

Distribution

Nigeria, Malawi

Scymnus pruinosus

Weise, 1895

E43D7300-A485-50A7-A955-4845D1EA219A

Distribution

Zambia

Scymnus monroviae

Casey, 1899

2FCF8766-B290-5EE8-8720-162B04FC155C

Distribution

Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Niger, Senegal, Togo

Scymnus nigrosellatus

Mader, 1950

63025A4B-B79C-5181-82B7-CF554921EDEC

Distribution

Zambia

Scymnus quadrivittatus

Mulsant, 1850

9738E438-BFE1-51B5-A1C7-67A1F8E4DF58

Distribution

Nigeria

Scymnus rubiginosus

Mader, 1950

7D91E966-C223-5568-8A88-898FEA4CC113

Distribution

Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal

Scymnus scapuliferus

Mulsant, 1850

D1BBC229-5A5A-5C02-9D47-745AC3692421

Distribution

Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Nigeria, Madagascar, Senegal, Togo

Scymnus schoutedeni

Mader, 1950

99E145E3-EC00-5746-AAA7-74C9F1D031B2

Distribution

Senegal

Scymnus senegalensis

Mader, 1955

E492343F-636F-54F2-A535-55D45B8E03BD

Distribution

Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Mauritania, São Tome and Principe, Senegal

Scymnus villiersi

Mader, 1955

3CA780B0-326B-5355-BA7E-44D6A693023D

Distribution

Niger, Senegal

Stethorus aethiops

Weise, 1899

ACB57C94-B1ED-5044-9C74-1D78DA667457

Distribution

Benin, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique

Stethorus endroedyi

Fürsch, 1970

4F6EC29C-B255-5DB5-9C5A-B38A91AEF55B

Distribution

Malawi

Stethorus jejunus

Casey, 1899

0EA19E48-8314-5F7B-8E8B-E797B0C48599

Distribution

Ghana, Nigeria, Mozambique

Adalia bipunctata

(Linnaeus, 1758)

6AB2552E-C104-5828-998E-01858BDCCFEC

Distribution

Cameroon

Anisolemnia decempustulata

Weise, 1888

8740EBD4-5BD2-5CFC-9201-EF9F5539BC4A

Distribution

Togo

Bulaea anceps

(Mulsant, 1850)

F830F859-02F9-5B71-91D5-A402E4D1217A

Distribution

Mozambique

Caria welwitschii

Crotch, 1874

54F76728-8648-5E70-8053-6340CDCA98A7

Distribution

Guinea

Cheilomenes aurora

Gerstäcker, 1871

5C30D7D2-C9DD-54D7-BCB8-807AF27F1E69

Distribution

Tanzania

Cheilomenes lunata

(Fabricius, 1775)

039ACC42-54E5-5D9A-A850-C7A70EBCE416

Distribution

Benin, Burkina Faso

Cheilomenes sulphurea

(Olivier, 1791)

38306156-309E-5BA4-9296-14E9F6B99C49

Distribution

Angola, Cameroon

Cheilomenes propinqua

(Mulsant, 1850)

43D175AD-0B9F-500C-8B15-92160DB6C9B3

Distribution

Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon

Cheilomenes quadrilineata

(Mulsant, 1850)

B08456B4-BCB2-5E03-9998-A16257FCD339

Distribution

Senegal

Coccinella intermedia

(Crotch, 1874)

B8500504-FED1-5405-8BAE-650EFE34F58D

Distribution

São Tome and Principe

Coccinella septempunctata

Linnaeus, 1758

11792B51-197D-5D4E-88C3-8A1CD7677D44

Distribution

Cape Verde

Declivitata hamata

(Thunberg, 1808)

8104F430-F761-5685-B0DA-BE91FF3D2B94

Distribution

Senegal

Declivitata uncifera

Fürsch, 1967

9AB6D0F0-4055-587B-89A5-333EE7FE78C7

Distribution

Cameroon

Harmonia vigintiduomaculata

(Fabricius, 1792)

A22708E4-F70C-584C-BAF7-AB0EB9AECB94

Distribution

Benin, Liberia, Nigeria, Togo

Hippodamia variegata

(Goeze, 1777)

335DC6A9-8C00-5153-B368-131F70AFD80C

Distribution

Colombia, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania

Lemnia machadoi

Mader, 1952

D8C4A968-F1B7-5CBC-8E09-3D5840269877

Distribution

Cameroon

Megalocaria dilatata

(Fabricius, 1775)

917472C2-D77D-5B71-821A-698C574109B4

Distribution

Benin

Micraspis lineola

(Fabricius, 1775)

C64F6216-086F-5E31-B90F-90F84ADFCC7A

Distribution

Togo

Micraspis striata

(Fabricius, 1792)

B32DF781-9B4D-5549-8D88-C504FB949886

Distribution

Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon

Psyllobora bisoctonotata

(Mulstant, 1850)

CC91E27C-F108-51AC-B82F-7D266005964E

Distribution

Senegal

Psyllobora lutescens

(Crotch, 1874)

9E9682D5-3020-5A68-B710-5F8F9DE7F939

Distribution

Guatemala

Psyllobora variegata

(Fabricius, 1781)

036CE85C-635D-56D7-B4A9-2A0DEF6586DA

Distribution

South Africa

Xanthadalia effusa

(Erichson, 1843)

921AEBB7-F849-57B5-A109-FB7E9CF46487

Distribution

Benin, DRC

Xanthadalia rufescens

Mulsant, 1850

E376E7EB-580B-562B-B482-66AB41987CAD

Distribution

Benin, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal

Diomus hennesseyi

Fürsch, 1987

A7DE0649-BBBC-596D-BCAB-018BAAD32D50

Distribution

Nigeria

Chnootriba elaterii

(Rossi, 1794)

491F19F1-D594-5926-9780-01BB715C3F53

Distribution

Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, São Tome and Principe, Senegal

Chnootriba hirta

(Thunberg, 1781)

2AA87447-7A03-5FB5-9A30-2FCC5A71CD1A

Distribution

Guinea, Tanzania

Chnootriba similis

(Thunberg, 1781)

C9DE0E27-4C4D-5753-9B16-5BC11A21F09D

Distribution

Benin, Burkina Faso

Cleta punctipennis

(Mulsant, 1850)

7EEC920E-FDA5-502A-9255-AACD0D177DCE

Distribution

Togo

Cleta sahlbergi

(Mulsant, 1850)

053E7477-493C-50EA-A6F3-AB75BF474A4F

Distribution

Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya

Epilachna bissexguttata

Weise, 1895

A8FC50D7-2455-5275-A2E5-EC0EB5BA9B3A

Distribution

Côte d’Ivoire, DRC

Epilachna bomparti

Mulsant, 1850

7DBB54EC-77C6-515A-AC5C-8D676E6E294D

Distribution

Liberia, Senegal

Epilachna colorata

Mulsant, 1850

462C8061-1250-5D39-A245-B2A973EC8EF8

Distribution

Cameroon

Epilachna iocosa

(Mader, 1941)

169A3C8E-B305-528B-AB91-C49F2E6EAA5C

Distribution

South Africa

Epilachna nigritarsis

Mulsant, 1850

5B67661B-0EF8-594A-ABCC-FC704A942111

Distribution

Cameroon

Epilachna vigintipunctata

Mulsant, 1850

A68D6FAC-0F18-58E7-94F6-75C3167514D3

Distribution

Liberia, Tanzania

Henosepilachna atropos

(Sicard, 1912)

846C306C-466E-5593-BFFA-5AEB9B66C8C7

Distribution

Equatorial Guinea

Henosepilachna bisseptemnotata

(Mulsant, 1853)

7498AF38-2BFF-51C4-B1F2-579CC58DC36B

Distribution

Tanzania

Henosepilachna clavareaui

(Weise, 1901)

3E22E012-F4C3-54E2-A68A-67148C5BA9B9

Distribution

Benin

Henosepilachna ertli

(Weise, 1906)

5311A71F-2F85-54DF-8655-261A24D2A557

Distribution

Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia

Henosepilachna fulvosignata

(Reiche, 1847)

BAEFAE7F-C8D1-555A-A0FE-FBEC61AC0C5C

Distribution

Côte d’Ivoire

Henosepilachna moseri

(Weise, 1903)

CB309483-53C2-5A92-8435-760FC9FC9233

Distribution

Equatorial Guinea

Henosepilachna reticulata

(Olivier, 1791)

D62E1FD2-D258-5916-9EF7-CF6392EA5AE5

Distribution

Benin, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal

Henosepilachna simplex

(Weise, 1895)

62A58A88-ABD5-538B-B541-73DA01945900

Distribution

Liberia

Solanophila canina

(Fabricius, 1781)

8B2CA986-4056-5CD1-99E1-C95064859686

Distribution

Guinea

Solanophila dregei

(Mulsant, 1850)

7F669D7A-815E-59FA-8089-C8E3F350AFE2

Distribution

Côte d’Ivoire

Solanophila scalaris

(Gerstäcker, 1871)

6DE54F2B-3C49-53B2-AA36-5A177259740A

Distribution

Tanzania

Hyperaspis aestimabilis

Mader, 1955

80C4E12E-B249-57BD-AA30-EE2211E4D6B5

Distribution

Angola, DRC

Hyperaspis centralis

Mulsant, 1850

475B8890-4115-511A-AB08-2665D8EFF7F5

Distribution

Mexico

Hyperaspis delicatula

(Mulsant, 1850)

E8896E7D-4093-5429-9D43-577243C41EE8

Distribution

Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Malawi

Hyperaspis lugubris

(Randall, 1838)

C5DD9997-6D2F-52C6-AFE0-5BF69639E608

Distribution

Ghana, Nigeria

Hyperaspis maindroni

(Sicard, 1929)

FFB7EE79-1179-56DC-939C-03827DAA19F6

Distribution

Mauritania, Niger, Senegal

Hyperaspis merckii

(Mulsant, 1850)

6D4A602C-4D50-5731-A1B2-A04B4B382279

Distribution

Mauritania, Senegal

Hyperaspis pumila

Mulsant, 1850

EEE926FA-E163-5A5E-B24A-8E187F04874F

Distribution

Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo

Hyperaspis senegalensis

(Mulsant, 1850)

C2267008-C788-552B-8DA3-52EB950FE9DA

Distribution

Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Malawi

Hyperaspis sericea

Fürsch, 1972

4007B2E6-E527-5021-B877-DA72F665FABC

Distribution

Malawi

Hyperaspis vinciguerra

Capra, 1929

FA4C8459-72D9-5A29-8E62-ED272E16E384

Distribution

Gambia, Senegal, Malawi

Tenuisvalvae notata

(Mulsant, 1850)

A8D79B2C-99B8-5003-87EE-440F982C3128

Distribution

Benin, Bolivia

Ortalia ovulum

Weise, 1898

75D4E5F3-20DA-557A-A8B5-CCE07B685A8C

Distribution

Liberia, Mali, Togo

Rodolia cardinalis

(Mulsant, 1850)

53162E98-068F-5245-8F30-FFBB6C292FA8

Distribution

Kenya

Rodolia iceryae

Janson in Ormerod, 1887

8B18A899-5B4C-5D0C-9388-9CC83F7AE0EE

Distribution

Senegal

Rodolia occidentalis

Weise, 1898

0436B09A-DA2A-591D-9C96-114C54EFBD50

Distribution

Benin, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal

Rodolia senegalensis

Weise, 1913

837B3D0F-00B4-5CBE-970A-C9F92DD91DA8

Distribution

Senegal

Platynaspis capicola

Crotch, 1874

01612FAC-08A3-59B6-AAFD-488C1968F5F0

Distribution

DRC

Platynaspis ferruginea

Weise, 1895

59D78062-FFAA-545D-A636-942A48B43856

Distribution

Benin, Togo

Platynaspis kollari

Mulsant, 1850

5D3B29FC-524D-5FDF-AFB5-A8BF1385A688

Distribution

Liberia

Platynaspis obscura

Gorham, 1901

7A2101B4-7A6D-5847-952D-56F0B403E16A

Distribution

Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia

Platynaspis pilosa

Sicard, 1930

2B97EBBA-2DFC-5408-805D-1C8A61FE1EB5

Distribution

South Africa

Platynaspis rufipennis

Gerstäcker, 1871

F05691A6-54E1-5457-B8F3-FE32316291F4

Distribution

Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Niger

Platynaspis vittigera

Weise, 1895

027F9CEB-94FF-5737-A613-16DA63A24284

Distribution

DRC

Pharoscymnus sexguttatus

(Gyllenhall, 1808)

3357EFFA-9D97-513E-A7ED-3E536B63A400

Distribution

Ghana

“Leis” “maculata”

F9412911-A954-57F8-9927-21B56604D202

Distribution

Côte d’Ivoire

Analysis

The taxonomically updated list of coccinellid species, present in the IFAN and IITAB collections, includes 129 species, representing 40 genera assigned to 11 tribes and two subfamilies following the classification of Seago et al. (2011). A total of 751 West African coccinellid specimens was recorded for the two collections. Of those, 385 specimens (68 spp., 30 genera) are deposited at IITA, while 366 specimens (84 spp., 31 genera) are at IFAN Table 1.

Most specimens (62%) were curated under currently valid names; however, 38% of specimens were labelled using junior synonyms. At IITA, 83% of the specimens were labelled using currently valid species names, while at IFAN, 39% of specimens were labelled using valid names.

Five genera comprise 57% of the specimens: Exochomus (6%), Chnootriba (9%), Scymnus (13%), Cheilomenes (14%) and Hyperaspis (15%) (Fig. 3). Twenty-five (of 40) genera each represent less than 1% of the total specimens. The remaining genera (Chilocorus, Declivitata, Epilachna, Henosepilachna, Nephus, Platynaspis, Rodolia, Stethorus and Xanthadalia) each account for between 2 and 5% of the overall specimen total.

Figure 3. — Generic-level specimen representation in the IFAN and IITAB Collections.

Cheilomenes lunata (Fabricius, 1775), Cheilomenes propinqua (Mulsant, 1850), Cheilomenes sulphurea (Olivier, 1791), Chnootriba elaterii (Rossi, 1794), Chnootriba similis (Thunberg, 1781), Exochomus laeviusculus Weise, 1909, Hyperaspis delicatula (Mulsant, 1850) and Hyperaspis pumila Mulsant, 1850, are the most abundant species in the collections (Fig. 6). Specimens identified as Scymnus sp. make up the third most numerous group appearing in these collections.

Figure 6. — Specific-level specimen representation of coccinellid holdings of the IFAN and IITAB Collections.

Geographic distribution

The coccinellid holdings in these two collections originated in 35 countries with 85% of specimens coming from West African countries, 14% coming from other African countries (DRC, Gabon, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania and Zambia) and 1% from non-African countries. More than half (66%) of West African material, housed in these two collections, came from just five countries: Senegal (27%), Nigeria (26%), Benin (5%), Liberia (4%) and Côte d'Ivoire (4%).

West African specimens housed in the IFAN museum were collected from 22 African countries. Most of these specimens (77%) were from five countries: Senegal (49%), Liberia (8%), Côte d’Ivoire (8%), Guinea (6%) and Mali (6%) (Fig. 4). The coccinellid specimens in the IITA originated in 25 countries, including 10 non-West African countries and four non-African countries (Bolivia, Columbia, Guatemala and Mexico). Most lady beetle specimens in the IITA museum (72%) were collected from five West African countries: Nigeria (50%), Benin (6%), Gambia (5%), Ghana (5%) and Senegal (5%). Two non-West African countries were represented: DRC (5%) and Malawi (5%) (Fig. 5).

Figure 4. — Geographic source of coccinellid specimens in the IFAN Collection.

Figure 5. — Geographic source of coccinellid specimens in the IITAB Collection.

Temporal distribution

Coccinellid material in the IFAN and IITA insect collections differ in temporal coverage (IFAN: 1900–1994; IITAB: 1950–2009) (Fig. 7). In the IFAN collection, the oldest specimens were all collected in 1900 and represent the following species: Adalia bipunctata (Linnaeus, 1758), Anisolemnia decempustulata Weise, 1888, Aulis annexa Mulsant, 1850, Brumoides foudrasii (Mulsant, 1850), Caria welwitschii Crotch, 1874, Cheilomenes aurora Gerstäcker 1871, Cheilomenes lunata (Fabricius, 1775) and Chnootriba elaterii (Rossi, 1794). A single specimen of Stethorus aethiops Weise, 1899, collected in 1950, represents the oldest coccinellid record in the IITAB collection.

Figure 7. — Temporal distribution of IFAN and IITAB collection of coccinellids.

Both collections show a spike in growth of coccinellid holdings during one decade, but not the same one (Fig. 7). While 17% of the IFAN WAC specimens were collected between 1900 and 1944, the great majority (73%) were collected between 1945 and 1954. Only 5% of the specimens were added between 1955 and 1994. No new coccinellid material has been added since 1994.

The IITAB WAC records indicate that 6% of specimens were collected between 1950 and 1979, 80% from 1980 to 1989 and 14% between 1990 and 2009. No new coccinellid material was added after 2009.

Discussion

Data records compiled from collection labels in the IFAN and IITAB insect collections show that both collections combined provide an historical record of West African coccinellid diversity spanning over a century. It is clear that much coccinellid diversity in this region remains unrecorded though.

Very little published information is available about African coccinellids. Fürsch (1992) reports 70 species from Western Uganda. In Algeria, 75 species were recorded (Lakhal et al. 2018). The West African region, with its surface area of 6,140,000 km², is nearly 26 times the size of Uganda (236,040 km²) and more than twice the size of Algeria.

West Africa, with its diverse ecosystems, landscapes, bioclimatic regions and vegetation (desert, rain forest, savannah), should support one of the highest diversities of coccinellids in all of Africa. The current total of 129 known coccinellid species from West Africa is surprisingly low for such a heterogeneous region.

The two focal collections of this study, the largest biodiversity centres in West Africa, differ in their taxonomic coverage. The IFAN holds more West African coccinellid diversity (31 gen., 84 spp.) than IITA (30 gen., 68 spp.). One possible explanation for the higher taxonomic diversity at IFAN is that their coccinellid records span nearly a century (1900–1994) while records at IITA only range from 1950 to 2009. In addition, the holdings at IFAN were enhanced by many expeditions to other West African countries, especially Côte d’Ivoire, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Senegal and Togo (Paulian et al. 1983).

A species name can become invalid due to the discovery of an older valid name or due to subsequent reclassification of the species in a different genus. Even though there was more taxonomic diversity represented at IFAN, 61% of species names used in the collection have not been updated to the valid names used in the current classification. At IITAB, however, most coccinellid species names (83%) were current and valid. It should also be noted that the various researchers, who have served as curators of IFAN insect collection, were taxonomists. Even though their expeditions and fieldwork focused on insect biodiversity in general, their efforts were concentrated on their respective specialities. These researchers each left Africa after some time and were no longer involved in the curation of these collections (e.g. André Villiers: 1945–1956, Michel Condamin: 1950–1973 and 1978–1988; Roger Roy: 1958–1992, Bernadette Soltani: 1988, Aïssatou Dramé: 1988–1991, Sun Heat Han: 1992–1996) (A. Niang pers. comm.). These are some of the potential reasons why the taxonomy of the coccinellid holdings at these museums was not current.

The IITA arthropod collection plays a crucial taxonomic role by providing essential, authoritative insect identifications amongst other services (e.g. biodiversity monitoring, pest management control etc.). IITA research has contributed to the description of more than 120 arthropod species (Ortiz 2017). This position of the IITA helps to explain why the identifications of its WAC specimens are more current: the IITAB WAC collection is newer than the one at IFAN.

Considering the numbers of specimens, Exochomus (6%), Chnootriba (9%), Scymnus (13%), Cheilomenes (14%) and Hyperaspis (15%) are the most strongly represented West African genera in the two collections. Cheilomenes lunata, Cheilomenes propinqua, Cheilomenes sulphurea, Chnootriba elaterii and Chnootriba similis are the most commonly collected species. Whereas Cheilomenes lunata, C. propinqua and C. sulphurea are widespread aphid predators, Chnootriba elaterii and Ch. similis are serious herbivorous pests of major staple crops. All these species may have been collected more often because they are relatively large, more colourful than many other coccinellids in the region and are regularly occurring on many cultivated and wild plants. In contrast, the collection, preparation and identification of tiny, brown coccinellids, like Scymnus species, are more difficult and time consuming. Drab, minute coccinellids could have been abundantly collected in field samples, but might never have been prepared, identified and curated. As a result, these less conspicuous coccinellids could be greatly under-represented in museum holdings even though they might be very common and important in various agroecosystems.

Many predaceous species are represented in the holdings, such as Exochomus flavipes (Thunberg, 1781), Exochomus laeviusculus Weise, 1909, Stethorus jejunus Casey, 1899, Hyperaspis delicatula, H. pumila, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant, 1850) and Scymnus senegalensis Weise, 1913. Some of these species are poorly represented in these collections, but this is likely due to collection and preparation biases, rather than actual rarity in the region. Although these relative abundance numbers of specimens in the collections are not the result of systematic and long-term sampling efforts, the simple spatial and temporal records of occurrence for these species in the region provide important information that could facilitate entomological research and pest management programmes in the sub-region.

Records of material in both IFAN and IITAB show that more than 60% of WAC specimens were collected from five countries (Senegal, Nigeria, Benin, Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire). These countries might have experienced more collecting effort because they either house the museums (Benin and Senegal) or because they are neighbouring countries where museum expeditions could be easily conducted (Côte d'Ivoire, Liberia, Nigeria). Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Nigeria and Senegal have been agricultural research and trade centres in West Africa since the colonial period (Paulian et al. 1983). IFAN (Senegal), IITA (Benin, Nigeria) and ORSTOM (Côte d’Ivoire) were originally established to promote scientific research before the 1950s. Studies conducted through those organisations have continued to be published in more recent years (Chazeau and Couturier 1985, Fürsch 1991a, Sæthre et al. 2011), generating specimens for the museums.

The collecting efforts that built these museum holdings were haphazard, not the result of long-term, systematic monitoring efforts in the region. More than 23% of IITAB WAC specimens were collected from the IITA Station in Ibadan, Nigeria, while 17% of IFAN WAC were collected in Dakar, Senegal. Despite the high historical value of both collections, the geographic record is uneven. Some countries were far more heavily sampled over the years than others.

The coccinellid material housed in both collections is diverse, but there is a surprising lack of overlap in taxa between the two collections, even though they are in neighbouring countries that have similar ecological habitats. At IFAN, there are 56 WAC species that are not present in IITAB. There are 35 WAC species represented in the IITAB holdings that are not found in the IFAN collection. The lack of overlap could be due to collecting biases in the projects or expeditions that occurred at each institution. A large percentage of taxa represented in these museums was collected by only a few individuals (Fig. 3) which is consistent with that scenario. In fact, the combined WAC diversity at these two collections (40 genera, 129 species), represents only 75% of genera and 50% of the species already known to occur in the region as reported in the literature (KH). This lack of overlap between collections may be due in part from being at an early stage of discovery and collection development for WAC diversity. It is clear that there is a need for much more thorough study and sampling in order to accurately assess the diversity of this important group across West Africa.

It is noteworthy that both collections include African coccinellids from outside West Africa. The IITAB also has material from Central and South America (Bolivia, Columbia, Guatemala and Mexico). These non-West African specimens were probably received as exchanges between international collaborators who were conducting general systematics research or were collaborating with the various Insect Pest Management programmes carried out by IITA. These collaborations with researchers from around the world might help to explain why the identifications of material at IITAB were taxonomically more current than at IFAN. In fact, most of the IITAB coccinellids were identified by a German researcher, Helmut Fürsch, a taxonomic authority of Afrotropical Coccinellidae.

The IFAN and IITA WAC collections each show a history that is marked by three distinct periods of development. For IFAN, these significant periods occurred in 1900-1944, 1945-1954 and 1955-1994. IFAN holds some material that predates the establishment of the insect collection in the 1940s. This older material (collected 1900-1944) came from many European collections and collectors (e.g. P. Daget, E. Fleutiaux, M. Griaule, T. Jackson, Delattre, H. Junod, A. Vuillet etc.). In 1945, André Villiers established the IFAN entomology section and began to organise many expeditions to African locations, including Cameroon (1939, 1951), Senegal (1945–1956), Casamance, Senegal (1946), Mali (1946, 1947), Guinea (1946, 1954), Côte-d'Ivoire (1946, 1955), Guinea Bissau (1947), Aïr Mountains, Niger (1947), Senegalese Ferlo (1948, 1950), Mauritania (1948–1953), southern Nigeria (1949), Benin and Togo (1950), southern Togo (1950), Sudan region (border of Senegal with South of Sahara), Fernando-Poo Island, Equatorial Guinea (1951) and Niokolo-Koba National Park, Senegal (1955, 1956). These field trips and Villiers’ collaborations with a network of foreign entomologists resulted in a decade (1945–1954) during which most of IFAN WAC specimens (73% of the total WAC holdings) were collected. The period of rapid growth of WAC holdings at IFAN ceased after Villiers returned to the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) in 1956. Although he organised many subsequent trips to Africa between 1961 and 1977, that was a period of great change in the region. In the 1960s, most West African countries became independent and experienced major transitions and restructuring of administration.

The noteworthy periods of development for the IITAB WAC collection were 1950–1979, 1980–1989 and 1990–2009. Not surprisingly, IFAN’s slower growth in the 1960s coincided with the lowest rate of growth for IITA’s new collection. In the late 1970s, however, there were major pest outbreaks (e.g. Maize streak virus, cassava mealybug, cassava green mite, mango mealybug, fruit tree mealybug etc.) that led IITA scientists to establish collaborative integrated pest management programmes with Central and South American researchers at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) (Agounké et al. 1988, Ortiz 2017). These biological control programmes were very successful in importing, rearing and releasing natural enemies to manage these pests (Agounké et al. 1988, Ortiz 2017). During research trials for those projects, insects were sampled from agricultural lands. In fact, more than 40% of WAC specimens in the IITA museum were collected between 1979 and 1989 on cassava alone. It is likely that many coccinellids in the IITA collection were collected because the 1970s pest outbreaks pushed the institution to establish partnerships with stakeholders, international researchers and other African research institutions. From 1990 to the present, records from the IITA museum show a very significant decrease in the number of coccinellids collected. This decreased rate of growth could be explained by the spectacular success of the biological pest control programme carried out by IITA on cassava, mango trees and other crops, thereby reducing the need for field sampling. In addition to the identified material referred to in the present paper, there is still a huge backlog of unidentified coccinellid specimens at IITAB. The non-WAC specimens obtained at that same time are another benefit from those same events and resulting collaborations.

Despite the success of IPM programmes and taxonomic expeditions led by IFAN and IITA in many African countries, it is clear that some groups of West African coccinellid genera with high known diversity were poorly sampled (e.g. species of Adalia, Anisolemnia, Clitostethus, Coccinella, Diomus, Megalocaria, Micraspis, Nephus, Psyllobora, Rodolia, Scymnus etc.). For example, 22 species of Nephus have been reported to occur in West Africa (KH), yet only 6 are represented in these collections.

This gap in taxonomic knowledge about lady beetles mirrors the situation seen in many other insect taxa in West Africa. The assessment of biodiversity in the region has been hampered historically by a lack of local taxonomic expertise, inaccessibility of scientific literature, rarity of reliable arthropod reference collections, limited scientific infrastructure and a lack of financial resources. Recent advances in systematics, especially in “cybertaxonomy,” now provide web-based taxonomic tools, diverse publication outlets and easy access to a wealth of digitised scientific resources including technical literature, high quality photographs, specimen data etc., thereby reducing the taxonomic impediment for researchers in places like West Africa. If coupled with strategic development of international, institutional collaborations to conduct biodiversity surveys and inventory projects, great progress could be made towards filling large taxonomic and geographical gaps in our knowledge of West African insects.

Acknowledgements

This work was made possible through the assistance of numerous volunteers and staff at various institutions. We are grateful to the following people for their kind assistance: Kyky Komla Ganyo (CERAAS/UCAD), team members of Grain de Sel Togo, Inc., Mawufe Agbodzavu and Mawuko Sokame (ICIPE), Mouhamadou M. Ndiaye (IFAN), Ghislain Tepa-Yotto and Francis Tchibozo (IITA), Philip Perkins (MCZ), Muriel Van Nuffel and Eliane De Coninck (MRAC), Floyd W. Shockley (NMNH), Ibrahima Dia (UEM/IPD), Demba Sarr (UGA), Edward R. Hoebeke (UGCA) and Johannes Frisch and Bernd Jaeger (ZMHB). We also thank Wioletta Tomaszewska and anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and criticism on an earlier version of this manuscript.

This study was done in partial fulfillment of the senior author’s Ph.D. dissertation requirements at the University of Georgia. The senior author wishes to thank his advisory committee members K.G. Ross, M.D. Toews and J.V. McHugh.

This project was supported by the following grants: Borlaug LEAP grant #016258-97 (to KH), H.H. Ross Fund grant (to KH), Fulbright Foreign Student Program Scholarship from Institute of International Education (to KH), Global Programs Graduate International Travel Award from the University of Georgia (to KH), West African Research Center (WARC) Travel Grant (to KH) and the Department of Entomology at the University of Georgia.

Footnotes

^*1

This record is based on two specimens collected by R. Borowka on 12 AUG 1992 Citrus mussel scale in Chipata, Zambia. They were originally identified as “Chilocorus serangium Kunowi”.

^*2

This was treated as subspecies of Exochomus nigrifrons Gerstäcker, 1871 by Mader (1954: 88) (Brumus nigrifrons nigerianus Korschefsky). Brumus nigrifrons nigerianus was misspelled. Species of the genus Brumus Mulsant, 1850 were transferred to Exochomus Redtenbacher, 1843.

^*3

This record is based on a single specimen determined as “Cydonia intermedia Cramer” by Mader. The holotype for this species is from Abyssinia, now Ethiopia.

^*4

This is probably a nomen nudum.

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PERMALINK

Documenting museum records of West African Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) in Benin and Senegal

Kwevitoukoui Hounkpati

Joseph V McHugh

Abdoul Aziz Niang

Georg Goergen

Abstract Abstract

Background

New information

Introduction

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Materials and methods

Table 1.

Checklists

Checklist of West African Coccinellidae in IFAN and IITAB museums (see Table 1 for more details)

Serangium kunowi

Distribution

Brumoides foudrasii

Distribution

Chilocorus distigma

Distribution

Chilocorus dorhni

Distribution

Chilocorus schioedtei

Distribution

Chilocorus simoni

Distribution

Exochomus flavipes

Distribution

Exochomus laeviusculus

Distribution

Exochomus nigrifrons

Distribution

Parexochomus nigripennis

Distribution

Exochomus pulchellus

Distribution

Exochomus troberti

Distribution

Aulis annexa

Distribution

Clitostethus flavotestaceus

Distribution

Nephus flavomaculatus

Distribution

Nephus vetustus

Distribution

Nephus phenacoccophagus

Distribution

Nephus kamburovi

Distribution

Nephus oblongosignatus

Distribution

Nephus ornatulus

Distribution

Nephus sudanicus

Distribution

Scymnobius bilucernarius

Distribution

Scymnus canariensis

Distribution

Scymnus casstroemi

Distribution

Scymnus gnavus

Distribution

Scymnus kibonotensis

Distribution

Scymnus levaillanti

Distribution

Scymnus pruinosus

Distribution

Scymnus monroviae

Distribution

Scymnus nigrosellatus

Distribution

Scymnus quadrivittatus

Distribution

Scymnus rubiginosus

Distribution