Abstract
Aspirin should be used for the prevention of cardiovascular (CV) events by the risk–benefit balance. This study was conducted to clarify CV and bleeding events in Japanese aspirin users with a history of CV diseases. This study was a prospective, nationwide, multicenter cooperative registry of Japanese patients with CV diseases at risk of thromboembolism who were taking aspirin (75–325 mg) for at least 1 year. We observed major CV and bleeding events during follow-up. Patients with history of ischemic stroke (IS), transient ischemic attack (TIA), coronary artery disease (CAD), atrial fibrillation (AF), and venous thromboembolism (VTE) were included and analyzed in this sutdy. CV events included IS, TIA, CAD, CV death, angioplasty or stenting, and hospitalization because of CV disease. Bleeding events included major bleeding requiring hospitalization and/or blood transfusion. A total of 1506 patients were categorized into IS/TIA (N = 540), CAD (N = 632), and AF/VTE (N = 232). Among them, 101 patients had two or more categories. CV and bleeding events occurred in 61 (3.82%/year) and 15 patients (0.93%/year), respectively. The annual rates of CV and bleeding events were 2.81% and 0.93% in IS/TIA, 5.32% and 0.75% in CAD, 1.15% and 1.15% in AF/VTE, and 6.44% and 0.91% in two or more disease categories, respectively. The Management of Aspirin-induced Gastrointestinal Complications (MAGIC) study clarified the rates of major CV and bleeding events with long-term use of aspirin in patients with prior CV diseases in real-world clinical practice. The risk–benefit balance of aspirin was acceptable in patients with IS/TIA, CAD, and multiple CV diseases but not in those with AF/VTE.
Trial Registration: The MAGIC Study is registered at UMIN Clinical Trial Registry (www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index-j.htm), number UMIN000000750.
Keywords: Aspirin, Cardiovascular disease, Cardiovascular events, Hemorrhagic events, Registry
Introduction
Aspirin has been established to reduce the risk of cardiovascular (CV) events, including stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and vascular death, in patients with a history of CV diseases [1, 2]. However, aspirin increases the risk of gastrointestinal (GI) injury, which may lead to GI bleeding, even at a low dose [3]. Therefore, the use of aspirin should be determined using the risk–benefit balance [4]. Aspirin can be recommended in cases having a significant net clinical benefit estimated by reducing ischemic events and increasing hemorrhagic events.
The American Heart Association recommends the use of low-dose aspirin (75–325 mg) for patients having a 10-year CV event risk of ≥ 10% [5]. The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends prophylactic aspirin therapy only in patients with a 5-year CV risk ≥ 3% [6]. However, the risk of CV events is decreasing owing to the recent progress in risk factor management and may differ between ethnicities [7].
CV and hemorrhagic events were investigated during a 1-year follow-up period in Japanese patients receiving low-dose aspirin for the prevention of CV events enrolled in the Management of Aspirin-induced Gastrointestinal Complications (MAGIC) study.
Methods
Study design
The MAGIC study was a nationwide, multicenter-cooperative, prospective, observational study conducted in Japan. Details of the study design are described elsewhere [8]. Participants were enrolled from multiple disease categories, including those with coronary artery disease (CAD), ischemic stroke (IS), transient ischemic attack (TIA), atrial fibrillation (AF), and venous thromboembolism (VTE) requiring antithrombotic therapy, and recruited from 63 sites across the regions of Japan between April 2007 and September 2009. CV and hemorrhagic events as outcomes predefined in the protocol were evaluated by investigators at individual sites [8]. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board at each site. All participants signed written informed consent forms. The study design was formulated by the Organization Committee (see “Acknowledgements”: A complete list of the MAGIC study group), and data were collected through a Web-based system [8].
Study population
The inclusion and exclusion criteria were described elsewhere in detail [8]. Details of the background characteristics and risk factor profiles of the patients recruited at baseline are described elsewhere [9]. The incidence rates of major vascular and bleeding events in patients with CV diseases who were taking aspirin (75–325 mg daily) and followed up for 1 year were analyzed in this study.
Underlying CV diseases were categorized into IS/TIA, CAD, and AF/VTE. CAD included myocardial infarction (MI) and angina pectoris.
The baseline data included sex, age, body height, body weight, body mass index, vascular risk factors including hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, current cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking, use of aspirin (dosage and formulations: buffered or enteric coated), and concomitant use of other drugs.
Outcomes
CV events were judged by investigators in each site [8]. The incidence rates of CV events, including IS, TIA, CAD, CV death, coronary or other angioplasty or stenting, and hospitalization because of CV disease and bleeding events, or blood transfusion during the 1-year follow-up period were analyzed in this study.
Statistical analysis
The results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The incidence rates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of bleeding and cardiovascular events were calculated using the Poisson method. All analyses were performed using R 2.15.1 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Department of Statistics and Mathematics, Wirtschafts University, Vienna, Austria). For all hypotheses, p values < 0.05 (two-tailed) were considered significant.
Results
The baseline data on background characteristics, risk factors, and use of aspirin and other concomitant drugs are shown in Table 1. A total of 1506 patients were classified into the three disease categories, namely, IS/TIA (N = 540), CAD (N = 632), and AF/VTE (N = 232), on the basis of the underlying disease at baseline (Fig. 1). Among the patients, 61 had IS/TIA and CAD, 23 had IS/TIA and AF/VTE, 31 had CAD and AF/VTE, and 7 had all of IS/TIA, CAD and AF/VTE.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the patients at baseline
| Characteristic | Mean ± SD or number (%) |
|---|---|
| Men (%) | 1108 (73.6%) |
| Age (year) | 68.2 ± 9.5 |
| Body height (cm) | 161.4 ± 8.4 |
| Body weight (kg) | 62.6 ± 11.1 |
| BMI | 23.9 ± 3.2 |
| Hypertension (%) | 1077 (71.5%) |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 848 (56.3%) |
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 424 (28.2%) |
| Current cigarette smoking (%) | 158 (10.5%) |
| Alcohol drinking (%) | 606 (40.2%) |
| Dose of aspirin (mg) | 103.9 ± 26.0 |
| Use of NSAIDs (%) | 80 (5.3%) |
| Use of other antiplatelet drugs (%) | 368 (24.4%) |
| Use of Warfarin (%) | 179 (11.9%) |
| Use of antihypertensive drugs (%) | 1124 (74.6%) |
| Use of lipid lowering drugs (%) | 779 (51.7%) |
| Use of antidiabetic drugs (%) | 291 (19.3%) |
| Use of antiarrhythmic drugs (%) | 212 (14.1%) |
| Use of antiulcer drugs (%) | 785 (52.1%) |
SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, NSAIDs non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Fig. 1.
MAGIC population profile. IS/TIA ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, CAD coronary artery disease, AF/VTE atrial fibrillation or venous thromboembolism
A total of 1506 patients were followed up for a mean of 390 days. CV events occurred in 61 patients (3.82%/year; 95% CI 2.97–4.91%/year), and bleeding events occurred 15 patients (0.93%/year; 95% CI 0.57–1.54%/year) (Table 2). According to the disease categories at baseline, the annual incidence rates of CV and bleeding events were 2.81% and 0.93% in IS/TIA, 5.32% and 0.75% in CAD, 1.15% and 1.15% in AF/VTE, and 6.44% and 0.91% in two or more categories of diseases, respectively (Fig. 2).
Table 2.
Major vascular and bleeding events
| Major vascular and bleeding event | Number (%/year, 95% CI) |
|---|---|
| Cerebrovascular or Cardiovascular event | 61 (3.82%, 2.97–4.91%) |
| Nonfatal stroke or transient ischemic attack | 11 (0.68%, 0.38–1.22%) |
| Nonfatal myocardial infarction | 5 (0.31%, 0.13–0.73%) |
| Coronary angioplasty or stenting | 29 (1.81%, 1.26–2.60%) |
| Hospitalization due to other vascular event | 14 (0.87%, 0.52–1.46) |
| Cardiovascular death | 2 (0.12%, 0.03–0.45%) |
| Major bleeding | 15 (0.93%, 0.57–1.54%) |
| Cerebral bleeding | 4 (0.25%, 0.01–0.64%) |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 10 (0.62%, 0.34–1.14%) |
| Upper gastrointestinal bleeding | 1 (0.06%, 0.01–0.35%) |
| Lower gastrointestinal bleeding | 9 (0.56%, 0.29–1.06%) |
| Other bleeding | 1 (0.06%, 0.01–0.35%) |
Fig. 2.
Vascular and hemorrhagic events in 4 categories of patients. IS/TIA ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, CAD coronary artery disease, AF atrial fibrillation, VTE venous thromboembolism, CVE cardiovascular events, MBI major bleeding events
Discussion
In our MAGIC study, the incidence rate of CV events was 3.82%/year and the incidence rate of bleeding events was 0.93%/year (cerebral hemorrhage, 0.25%/year and GI bleeding, 0.62%/year). According to a meta-analysis by the Antithrombotic Trialists’ Collaboration (ATT), the annual incidence rate of vascular events, including MI, stroke, and vascular death, was 8.19% in the controls and 6.69% in patients who were receiving aspirin for secondary prevention of vascular disease [2]. The incidence rate of CV events in the MAGIC study was than that in the aspirin group of ATT. On the other hand, the incidence rates of bleeding events in the MAGIC study were comparable to those reported in the previous studies conducted in patients with a history of CV disease [2, 10, 11].
In the Clopidogrel versus Aspirin in Patients at Risk of Ischaemic Events (CAPRIE) trial, the annual risk of stroke, MI, and vascular death was 5.83%, whereas the annual risks of intracranial hemorrhage and GI bleeding were 0.47% and 0.72%, respectively (any severe bleeding disorder was 1.55%), in 9586 patients with ischemic stroke, MI, or peripheral vascular disease who were treated with aspirin (325 mg/day) [10]. In the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management and Avoidance (CHARISMA) trial, the rate of the primary efficacy end point, which was a composite of MI, stroke, and death from CV causes, was 7.3%, and the incidence rate of severe bleeding was 1.3%. The incidence rate of primary intracranial hemorrhage was 0.3%,, but the incidence rate of GI bleeding was not documented with aspirin (75–162 mg/day) alone in 7801 patients with clinically evident CV disease or multiple risk factors [11]. In a subanalysis of CHRISMA on bleeding complications, severe bleeding was observed in 102 patients (1.3%) who were receiving aspirin alone [12].
The lower risk of CV events in the MAGIC study may suggest the recent progress of risk factor management. However, the risk of CV events was still high enough for aspirin use in our patients with IS/TIA and CAD, on the basis of the risk–benefit balance, as shown in Fig. 2 [5-7]. On the other hand, the incidence rates of CV and bleeding events were the same in our patients with AF/VTE, as shown in Fig. 2. Namely, CV risk was lower in the patients with AF/VTE than in those with IS/TIA, CAD, and multiple diseases, while the bleeding risk in the patients with AF/VTE was comparable with those in the other patient categories. Therefore, our results suggested that aspirin is not recommended for the prevention of CV events in patients with AF/VTE.
Most AF patients recruited to the MAGIC study were unsuitable or unwilling to receive warfarin or at a low risk of stroke. According to the results of the AVERROES (Apixaban Versus Acetylsalicylic Acid [ASA] to Prevent Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Who Have Failed or Are Unsuitable for Vitamin K Antagonist Treatment), stroke or systemic embolism occurred more frequently in the aspirin group than in the apixaban group, and major bleeding occurred equally in both treatment groups among patients unsuitable to receive vitamin K antagonists and at risk for stroke [13, 14]. Therefore, aspirin showed no potential for stroke prevention in AF patients. In reality, guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology do not recommend aspirin use under any condition for stroke prevention in AF patients [15]. With aspirin, CV events are difficult to prevent in patients with VTE. According to the Cochrane Database Systematic Review, aspirin did not reduce recurrent VTE, VTE-related mortality, stroke, or MI as compared with placebo for extended prophylaxis in patients with unprovoked VTE [16].
Aspirin is associated with risk of GI toxicity, leading to ulceration and bleeding. For patients taking aspirin, who are at risk of GI events, concomitant use of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) is currently recommended. However, PPI is under-prescribed in these patients [17]. In the MAGIC study, patients receiving PPI had lower risk of GI ulcer or erosion [9]. Therefore, PPI should be more widely used concomitantly with aspirin to reduce GI toxicity for long-term prevention of CV events in patients with history of CV diseases.
As study limitations, systematic screening was not conducted in each hospital for patient recruitment. Our registry recruited patients receiving low-dose aspirin who were at high risk of CV events in the routine clinical practice of selected sites. Inclusion bias may be a potential limitation of this study. In addition, the MAGIC study was a prospective observational registry, but the events were judged by investigators at individual sites and not by a central Event Adjudication Committee, which was not set up in this study. Obviously, our study is not a randomized controlled trial. Although we have a monitoring committee overseeing our registry, the quality of our registry data is not in compliance with GCP.
Conclusions
Despite various limitations, we believe that the MAGIC study prospectively suggests the risk of CV and major bleeding events at 1-year follow-up in patients with a history of CV disease who were given aspirin. The results of the MAGIC study may provide important data for future clinical trials and may be refined by a future high-quality database.
Acknowledgements
We would like to greatly thank for the cooperation of members of the Endoscopic Evaluation Committee members; Takashi Kawai MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Gastroenterological endoscopy, Tokyo Medical University, Shinichi Nakamura MD, Professor, Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Choitsu Sakamoto MD, Professor Emeritus Department of Gastroenterology, Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, and Hidekazu Suzuki MD, PhD, Professor, Medical Education Center, Keio University School of Medicine.
A complete list of the Management of Aspirin-induced Gastrointestinal Complications (MAGIC) Study Group
The Organization committee includes Yasuo Ikeda (Chair), Shinichiro Uchiyama, Yasushi Okada, Kazuyuki Shimada, Shinya Goto, Kentaro Sugano, Hideyuki Hiraishi, Naomi Uemura, and Hideki Origasa. The Endoscopic Evaluation Committee includes Naomi Uemura (Chair), Takashi Kawai, Shinichi Nakamura, Chouitsu Sakamoto, and Hidekazu Suzuki. The Event ascertainment committee includes Shinichiro Uchiyama (Chair), Yasushi Okada, Kazuyuki Shimada, and Shinya Goto. The Data Monitoring Committee includes Saichi Hosoda (Chair), Yukito Shinohara, and Toshifumi Hibi. The Data coordinating center includes Hiroko Usami.
List of participating investigators: (Institute, number of enrollment), Department, and investigators’ name
(National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 278) Gastroenterology Junichi Akiyama, Naomi Uemura Cardiology Michiaki Hiroe, Osamu Okazaki (Hiroshima University Hospital School of Medicine, 70) Gastroenterology Rie Hanaoka, Hiroki Imagawa, Shinobu Imagawa, Masanori Ito, Shosuke Kitamura, Takayasu Kuwahara, Taiji Matsuo, Sayaka Oba, Toshiko Onitake, Youji Sanomura, Takayoshi Shisido, Akemi Takamura, Shinji Tanaka, Masana Tatsugami, Yoshihiro Wada, Shigeto Yoshida Neurology Masayasu Matsumoto, Toshiho Ohtsuki (Tokai University School of Medicine, 67) Gastroenterology Jun Koike, Masashi Matsushima, Tetsuya Mine, Takayuki Shirai, Takayoshi Suzuki, Kenichi Watanabe Cardiology Shinya Goto, Teruhisa Tanabe, Koichiro Yoshioka Neurology Shigeharu Takagi Neurosurgery Mitsunori Matsumae (Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, 62) Gastroenterology Tsuyoshi Hirayama, Tadashi Ikegami, Shinichi Ito Junichi Iwamoto Cardiology Masamitsu Asano, Akihiro Fukuda, Shinji Okubo Neurology Kaoru Yamazaki (Dokkyo Medical University, 59) Gastroenterology Hideyuki Hiraishi, Takafumi Hoshino, Jun Ishikawa, Kazunari Kanke, Mitsunori Maeda, Rieko Ogura, Yutaka Okamoto, Yasuyuki Saifuku, Takako Sasai, Makoto Suzuki, Akihiro Tajima, Keiichi Tominaga, Hidetaka Watanabe, Michiko Yamagata Cardiology Shigeo Horinaka, Toshihiko Isimitsu, Kimihiko Ishimura, Koichi Kono, Hiroaki Matsuoka, Akihisa Yabe, Hiroshi Yagi Neurology Yasuhisa Daimon, Atsuko Ebata, Koichi Hirata, Hidehiro Takekawa (Uji Hospital, 57) Gastroenterology Tadashi Higaki, Kennji Mayumi, Nami Takeda Cardiology Shohei Sawada, Kaoru Shirai (Tohoku University School of Medicine, 55) Gastroenterology Katsunori Iijima, Shuichi Ohara Cardiology Hiroaki Shimokawa, Morihiko Takeda (Keio University School of Medicine, 53) Gastroenterology Rieko Bessho, Norifumi Hibi, Naoki Hosoe, Yousuke Ida, Hiroyuki Imaeda, Nagamu Inoue, Eisuke Iwasaki, Juntaro Matsuzaki, Hiromasa Nakamizo, Haruhiko Ogata, Yoshimasa Saito, Hidekazu Suzuki Cardiology Akio Kawamura, Daihiko Hakuno, Mitsushige Murata, Satoshi Ogawa, Motoaki Sano Neurology Masayuki Ohira, Shigeaki Suzuki, Toshihiko Shimizu, Norihiro Suzuki, Shinichi Takahashi, Yutaka Tomita (Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 45) Clinical Research Development Center Takahisa Furuta, Mutsuhiro Ikuma, Masafumi Nishino Neurosurgery Hisaya Hiramatsu, Hiroki Namba Clinical pharmacology Kazuhiko Takeuti, Kazuo Umemura, Akiko Utsumi, Hiroshi Watanabe (Teine Keijinkai Hospital, 40) Gastroenterology Mitsuharu Fukasawa, Akio Katanuma, Toshifumi Kin, Fukuo Komaba, Akira Kurita, Takeshi Matsui, Shinya Mitsui, Hiroyuki Nishimori, Masafumi Nomura, Maki Ohtsubo, Manabu Osanai, Hayato Shida, Kuniyuki Takahashi, Kei Yane Cardiology Harutatsu Muto, Shigemichi Tanaka (University of Toyama, Faculty of Medicine, 39) 3rd Dept. Internal Medicine Ayumu Hosokawa, Toshihiko Kudo, Takako Miyazaki, Tadahiro Orihara, Toshiro Sugiyama, 2nd Dept. Internal Medicine Tadakazu Hirai, Hiroshi Inoue, Tomoki Kameyama, Akira Matsuki, Takashi Nozawa Neurology Yoshiharu Taguchi, Shutaro Takashima, Kortaro Tanaka Neurosurgery Shunro Endo, Hideo Hamada, Nakamasa Hayashi, Naoya Kuwayama (Oji General Hospital, 39) Gastroenterology Tadashi Doi, Akihito Fujimi, Yuji Kanisawa, Hidetoshi Ota, Toshinori Okuda, Yasuhiro Sato Cardiology Katsuhisa Ishii, Nobuo Kato, Tomoaki Matsumoto, Hitoshi Ooiwa, Daisuke Yoshida Neurosurgery Yoshifumi Horita, Shigeki Kashiwabara, Takeshi Mikami (Fujita Health University, 35) Gastroenterology Ichiro Hirata, Tomoyuki Shibata Cardiology Masatsugu Iwase, Yukio Ozaki, Masayoshi Sarai, Eiichi Watanabe Neurology Kunihiko Asakura, Takateru Mihara, Tatsuro Mutoh, Takako Takeuchi, Akihiro Ueda, Madoka Ueda (Gunma University School of Medicine, 34) Endoscopy and Endoscopic Surgery Hiroko Hosaka, Osamu Kawamura, Motoyasu Kusano, Yasuyuki Shimoyama, Cardiology Masashi Arai, Yoshiaki Kaneko, Masahiko Kurabayashi, Akihiko Nakano Neurology Koichi Okamoto (Kokura Memorial Hospital, 32) Gastroenterology Tomoharu Yoshida Cardiology Yoshio Kazuno (Odate Municipal General Hospital, 27) Gastroenterology Hitoshi Ogasawara Neurosurgery Masahiro Sasaki, Kenichi Shibata (Nakamura Memorial Hospital, 25) Neurosurgery Jyoji Nakagawara, Yoshinobu Seo, Toshiiti Watanabe (Iwate Medical University, 25) Gastroenterology Toshimi Chiba, Kazuyuki Suzuki Neurology and geriatric Kuniko Watanabe, Hisashi Yonezawa Yasuo Terayama (Chiba University School of Medicine, 24) Gastroenterology Hitoshi Maruyama, Osamu Yokosuka Cardiology Hiroshi Akazawa, Michiko Daimon, Hiroshi Hasegawa, Naoki Ishio, Issei Komuro, Nakabumi Kuroda, Yoichi Kuwabara, Hideyuki Miyauchi, Taichi Murayama, Toshio Nagai, Keiichi Nakagawa, Tohru Oka, Satoshi Shindo, Ichiro Shiojima, Hiroyuki Takano, Haruhiro Toko, Osamu Yokosuka (Institute of Brain and Blood Vessels Mihara Memorial Hospital, 22) Gastroenterology Takayuki Takahashi Neurology Ban Mihara, Yutaka Tomita (Tokyo Women's Medical University, 22) Gastroenterology Hiromi Haruyama, Maiko Kishino, Hiroyuki Konishi, Shinichi Nakamura, Keiko Shiratori Cardiology Nobuhisa Hagiwara, Kagari Murasaki, Yoshio Uetsuka Neurology Tomomi Kimura, Kenji Maruyama, Yoko Masuda, Sono Tooi, Shinichiro Uchiyama (Nanpu Hospital, 21) Gastroenterology Takako Imamura, Hiromitsu Torimaru, Akio Matsuda, Tooru Niihara, Tatsuyuki Nioh, Hiroto Nishimata, Syunji Shimaoka, Kotaro Tashiro Cardiology Kazuaki Kiyonaga, Shinichirou Toyoshima Neurosurgery Kazuhiro Kusumoto, Shunichi Yokoyama (Sapporo Medical University, 21) 1st Dept. Internal Medicine Yoshiaki Arimura, Akira Goto, Masayo Hosokawa, Hiroyuki Okuda, Yasuhisa Shinomura, Tokuma Tanuma, Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Kentaro Yamashita 2nd Dept. Internal Medicine Akiyoshi Hashimoto, Kazuaki Shimamoto, Nobuhiko Togashi, Kazufumi Tsuchihashi Neurosurgery Kiyohiro Hokin, Masaki Saitoh (Kamiiida Daiichi General Hospital, 20) Gastroenterology Kosuke Tachi Cardiology Satoshi Isobe (Nippon Medical University, 20) Gastroenterology Kazumasa Miyake, Choitsu Sakamoto Cardiology Kyoichi Mizuno, Hitoshi Takano (Jichi Medical University, 20) Gastroenterology Hironari Ajibe, Tomosuke Hirasawa, Hiroyuki Osawa, Kiichi Satoh, Kentaro Sugano, Sachiko Toma, Toru Yoshida Cardiology Yukihiro Hojo, Satoshi Hoshide, Mitsunobu Murata, Kazuyuki Shimada, Masahisa Shimpo, Nozomu Takahashi, Shuichi Ueno, Keiji Yamamoto (Nayoro City General Hospital, 20) Gastroenterology Hiroki Saito, Neurosurgery Kazuhiro Sako (Hakodate Goryokaku Hospital, 19) Gastroenterology Kaoru Kasahara, Toshihisa Kobayashi, Nobuaki Sugawara, Ryo Suzuki, Hiroyuki Takamaru, Hidenori Yamauchi, Atsushi Yawata Cardiology Hiroshi Oimatsu (Nihon University School of Medicine Itabashi Hospital, 18) Gastroenterology and hepatology Shigeaki Mizuno, Mitsuhiko Moriyama Cardiology Masaaki Chiku, Atsushi Hirayama, Junko Honye, Satoshi Kunimoto (Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, 18) Gastroenterology Chiyuki Chujyou, Youichi Iguchi, Shinichi Kanamori, Keiji Mizutani, Arihiro Nakano, Toshihiro Yamanaka Cardiology Masako Oosawa, Tetsuo Shibata, Michiharu Yamada (Kawasaki Medical School, 17) Gastroenterology Ken Haruma, Akiko Shiotani Cardiology Yoji Neishi, Kiyoshi Yoshida (NTT Medical Center Tokyo, 17) Gastroenterology Nobuyuki Matsuhashi Cardiovascular Surgery Osamu Tagusari Stroke Unit Yumiko Yamaoka (Saitama Medical Center, 16) Gastroenterology and hepatology Katsuya Chinen, Shuko Isida, Kazuhito Kani, Keiko Satou, Koji Yakabi Neurology Kyoichi Nomura (Saiseikai Kumamoto Hospital, 15) Gastroenterology Masayoshi Uehara, Shuji Tada Cardiology Junjiroh Koyama, Koichi Nakao Neurology Toshiro Yonehara (Mie University Faculty of Medicine, 15) Endoscopy and Endoscopic Surgery Noriyuki Horiki, Ichiro Imoto, Kyosuke Tanaka Cardiology Masaaki Ito, Hiroshi Nakashima, Muneyoshi Tanimura, Akihiro Tsuji Neurology Akira Taniguchi, Hidekazu Tomimoto Clinical Research Support Center Masakatsu Nishikawa (Sapporo City General Hospital, 13) Gastroenterology Michio Nakamura, Shuji Nishikawa Cardiology Hiroyuki Fukuda, Noriyoshi Kato Neurosurgery Masayoshi Takigami (Yokohama City University Medical Center, 12) Gastroenterology Atsushi Kokawa, Katsuaki Tanaka Cardiovascular Center Kiyoshi Hibi, Kazuo Kimura, Kengo Tsukahara (National Hospital Organization Kagoshima Medical Center, 12) Gastroenterology Hiromitu Fujisima, Naoko Tsubouchi, Cerebrovascular diseases Rikuzo Hamada (Hokkaido University School of Medicine, 11) Gastroenterology Masahiro Asaka, Mototsugu Kato, Shouko Ono Cardiology Tomoo Furumoto, Daisuke Gotou, Naoki Ishimori, Nozomu Kawashima, Mamoru Sakakibara, Takamitsu Souma, Hiroyuki Tsutsui (Yokohama Sakae Kyosai Hospital, 11) Gastroenterology Hiroo Satoh Neurosurgery Yoshihisa Kitamura, Motohiro Nomura, Hiroshi Shima (Komaki City Hospital, 10) Gastroenterology Akihiro Miyata, Itaru Ohyama Cardiology Hajime Imai, Taizo Kondo (National Hospital Organization Yokohama Medical Center, 9) Gastroenterology Shouzo Matsushima Cardiology Kazunori Iwade (Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 8) Gastroenterology Yuji Amano, Kenji Furuta, Norihisa Ishimura, Yoshikazu Kinoshita, Kenji Koshino Cardiology Yutaka Ishibashi, Kazuaki Tanabe Neurology Hirokazu Bokura, Hiroaki Oguro, Shuhei Yamaguchi (Oita University Faculty of Medicine, 8) Gastroenterology Toshio Fujioka, Kazunari Murakami, Tadayoshi Okimoto, Jin Tanahashi Cardiology Munenori Kotoku, Shigeru Naono, Takashi Sato, Akira Tamura (National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, 7) Gastroenterology Naohiko Harada Cerebrovascular diseases Shinji Satoh Neurology Toshiyasu Ogata, Yasushi Okada (Teikyo University Hospital, 6) Gastroenterology Yasushi Kuyama, Takatsugu Yamamoto Cardiology Takaaki Isshiki, Shuichi Ishikawa, Ken Kozuma, Yoshitaka Shiratori, Naoyuki Yokoyama, Hidenori Watanabe (Kushiro City General Hospital, 6) Gastroenterology Kazuhiko Yonezawa Neurosurgery Toshio Imaizumi (Niigata University School of Medicine, 5) Gastroenterology Yutaka Aoyagi, Yuichi Sato Cardiology Yoshifusa Aizawa, Satoru Hirono Neurology Yasuhisa Akaiwa,Masatoyo Nishizawa Neurosurgery Yukihiko Fujii, Kazuhiko Nishino (University of Yamanashi Faculty of Medicine, 4) Gastroenterology Nobuyuki Enomoto, Tadashi Sato Neurosurgery Kazuya Kanemaru, Hiroyuki Kinouchi, Masao Sugita (NTT Medical Center Sapporo, 4) Gastroenterology Nobuhiko Abe, Shigeru Furukawa, Akihito Kobayashi, Tatsumi Koshiyama, Kimitoshi Kubo, Ken Nishi, Amane Oota, Kazuhiro Takahashi, Youko Tsukuda, Akiko Yokoyama Cardiology Tetsuro Kohya, Noriyuki Miyamoto (Konan Kosei Hospital, 4) Gastroenterology Yoji Sasaki Cardiology Shinichi Ishikawa (Ehime University School of Medicine, 4) Gastroenterology Naoyuki Higaki, Yoshiou Ikeda, Hidehiro Murakami Cardiology Jitsuo Higaki, Akiyoshi Ogimoto, Neurosurgery Takanori Ohnishi, Hideaki Watanabe (Jichi Medical Unversity Saitama Medical Center, 4) Gastroenterology Yukio Yoshida Cardiology Kenshiro Arao, Shin-Ichi Momomura, Kenichi Sakakura (Tosei General Hospital, 3) Gastroenterology Takao Hayasi, Tetsuo Matsuura, Keiichi Morita, Toyohiro Sakata, Yuko Simizu Cardiology Takahiro Kannbara, Kazuyoshi Sakai, Yusuke Uemura (Saga Medical School Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 3) Gastroenterology Kazuma Fujimoto, Yasuhisa Sakata, Ryo Shimoda, Seiji Tsunada Cardiology Shigemasa Hashimoto, Koichi Node, Tadashi Yamamoto (Tsuchiya General Hospital, 3) Gastroenterology Hirohisa Kai, Seizi Tao Cardiology Yasuhiko Hayashi, Tomoharu Kawase, Takehito Tokuyama (National Hospital Organization Okayama Medical Center, 2) Gastroenterology Yoshihiro Oofuji Cardiology Hiromi Matsubara (National Defense Medical College, 2) Gastroenterology Ryota Hokari, Atsushi Kawaguchi, Soichiro Miura Cardiology Fumitaka Ohsuzu (Toda Chuo General Hospital, 2) Gastroenterology Youji Harada Cardiology Tadashi Nagao, Takashi Uchiyama (Yamaguchi University Faculty of Medicine, 2) Endoscopy and Endoscopic Surgery Shingo Higaki, Jun Nishikawa Cardiology Masunori Matsuzaki, Toshirou Miura (Shinshu University School of Medicine, 2) Endoscopy Taiji Akamatsu Cardiology Uichi Ikeda, Hiroki Kasai (Research Institute for Brain and Blood Vessels-Akita, 1) Gastroenterology Tsuyoshi Mukoujima Neurosurgery Akifumi Suzuki (Suzuran Clinic, 1) Masahide Wad
Author contribution
SU wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors reviewed and edited the manuscript and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Funding
This study was supported by Japan Cardiovascular Research Foundation (Grant No. 176). The sponsor foundation had no role on the study design, selection of study institution, selection of the committee members, data analysis, or the writing of the manuscript.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
SU received honoraria for consultancy and lecture fees and participation in clinical trials from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi-Sanyo, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca and Astellas Amgen, and research grant from Japan Cardiovascular Research Foundation. SG received research grants from Sanofi, Ono, Bristol-Myer Squibb and Pfizer. KS received grants from AstraZeneca, Takeda, Astellas and Daiichi-Sankyo and also sat on advisory panels for AstraZeneca, and Takeda. All other authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Informed consent
Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects before the study.
Ethical approval
The study was approved by an institutional review committee at each participating center.
Footnotes
A complete list of the MAGIC study group is provided in the Acknowledgements
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Contributor Information
Shinichiro Uchiyama, Email: suchiyama@iuhw.ac.jp.
The MAGIC Study Group:
Yasuo Ikeda, Shinichiro Uchiyama, Yasushi Okada, Kazuyuki Shimada, Shinya Goto, Kentaro Sugano, Hideyuki Hiraishi, Naomi Uemura, Hideki Origasa, Naomi Uemura, Takashi Kawai, Shinichi Nakamura, Chouitsu Sakamoto, Hidekazu Suzuki, Shinichiro Uchiyama, Yasushi Okada, Kazuyuki Shimada, Shinya Goto, Saichi Hosoda, Yukito Shinohara, Toshifumi Hibi, and Hiroko Usami
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