Abstract
Purpose
Patients with advanced cancer commonly visit the emergency department (ED) during the last 3 months of life. Identification of these patients and their palliative care needs help initiating appropriate care according to patients’ wishes. Our objective was to provide insight into ED visits of advanced cancer patients at the end of life.
Methods
Adult palliative patients with solid tumours who died < 3 months after their ED visit were included (2011–2014). Patients, ED visits, and follow-up were described. Factors associated with approaching death were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models.
Results
Four hundred twenty patients were included, 54.5% was male, median age 63 years. A total of 54.6% was on systemic anti-cancer treatments and 10.5% received home care ≥ 1 per day. ED visits were initiated by patients and family in 34.0% and 51.9% occurred during out-of-office hours. Dyspnoea (21.0%) or pain (18.6%) were most reported symptoms. Before the ED visit, limitations on life-sustaining treatments were discussed in 33.8%, during or after the ED visit in 70.7%. Median stay at the ED was 3:29 h (range 00:12–18:01 h), and 319 (76.0%) were hospitalized. Median survival was 18 days (IQ range 7–41). One hundred four (24.8%) died within 7 days after the ED visit, of which 71.2% in-hospital. Factors associated with approaching death were lung cancer, neurologic deterioration, dyspnoea, hypercalcemia, and jaundice.
Conclusion
ED visits of advanced cancer patients often lead to hospitalization and in-hospital deaths. Timely recognition of patients with limited life expectancies and urgent palliative care needs, and awareness among ED staff of the potential of ED-initiated palliative care may improve the end-of-life trajectory of these patients.
Keywords: Palliative care, Emergency department, Oncology, Terminal care
Background
Although cancer has become a chronic disease in many patients, still yearly 8.9 million patients die of widespread disease worldwide, which makes cancer a leading cause of death in developed countries [1]. To provide advanced cancer patients with a good quality at the end of life, integration of appropriate palliative care into standard care is essential [2]. Palliative care is driven by patients’ care needs and wishes and must be offered while the illness is not yet life-threatening [2]. One important aspect of a good quality of end of life denoted by patients and their families is to be cared for at home and to die there [3, 4]. Because identification of patients with limited life expectancies and urgent palliative care needs can be difficult, patients, family, and their health care professionals are often not timely prepared and educated about appropriate management of problems expected in the future given the disease trajectory. Advance care planning about patient’s wishes and goals of care often take place too late. Consequently, many patients with advanced cancer and a limited life expectancy are admitted to an emergency department (ED) [5–7], leading to hospital admissions [8] and in-hospital deaths [6, 7]. Commonly reported physical problems in patients with advanced cancer visiting the ED are pain, respiratory distress, gastro-intestinal problems, fatigue, disease progression, delirium and loss of consciousness [5, 8–11]. One study found that the most common reason for ED visits in the last 2 weeks of life was not being able to cope with the situation at home [5]. Other reasons for patients and families to go to the ED are anxiety related to the disease; being defaulted to previously used health care services; feeling safe in and familiar with the hospital setting; and difficulties accessing community health care services, especially when the complaints were urgent or occurred during out-of-office hours [12, 13]. It is plausible that although patients consider ED visits as unwanted and as a ‘last-resort’ solution for relieve of their problems, their distress caused by their disease and care burden leads to these ED visits [13]. ED physicians perceive several barriers to provide appropriate palliative care: the ED is an uncomfortable setting for dying patients [14], physicians work under time pressure which makes palliative patients a low priority [15], they lack confidence in their own palliative care skills [16], do not build a long-lasting relationship with palliative patients and are consequently not comfortable with discussing limitations on medical treatments [15, 17].
Identification of advanced cancer patients with palliative care needs and a short life expectancy at the ED can help to improve the quality of the end of life by arranging appropriate care. Prediction scores for short-term death in advanced oncology patients are present, but they are not validated for the ED and are mostly extensive assessment tools requiring patient information that is not always accessible in an emergency-setting [18].
To gain more knowledge on the course of events leading to ED visits at the end of life, the objectives of this study were to provide insight into characteristics of advanced cancer patients visiting the ED, their palliative care needs, and the actions undertaken during these ED visits.
Methods
Setting
This study was conducted at the Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC) in Leiden, the Netherlands. LUMC’s ED is open 24 h a day, 7 days a week. On average, 80 patients are evaluated every day for various reasons, including non-oncological problems. Since 2011, a palliative care consultation team (PCCT) is available in the LUMC for consultation of palliative patients.
Patients
Adult patients who visited the ED between May 2011 and June 2014 were included who were in the palliative phase of cancer at the moment of the ED visit and died within 3 months thereafter. Patients were in the palliative phase if curation was not possible or if anti-cancer treatment was not directed at curation. The time period of 3 months represents the group of patients in urgent need of appropriate palliative care and appropriate end-of-life choices. Also, for the Dutch medical insurance system, this time period depicts the possibility of full reimbursement of necessary palliative home care or transfer to a hospice. Patients diagnosed with a haematological malignancy were excluded. Only data of the last ED visit before death were included.
Data collection
Characteristics of the patients, referrals, and the ED visit and follow-up data were retrospectively collected from the electronic patients records (EPRs). The palliative disease phase was assigned by the researcher based on the disease trajectories described by Lynn and Adamson, in which three palliative phase can be discerned corresponding to the disease status: disease-modifying phase, in which anti-cancer treatment is given aimed at life prolongation or symptom management; symptom management phase, in which treatment is directed to symptom relief; or terminal phase [19]. EPRs were searched for notes reporting contact with general practitioners (GPs); for PCCT-consultations 3 months before the ED visit; and for proactive symptom management plans in files or letters until 6 weeks before the ED visit. Performance was scored using the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scale and was documented by the admitting hospital physician, or estimated by the researcher based on the patient’s physical functioning documented in the EPR [20]. Limitations on life-sustaining treatments included do-not-resuscitate orders, ‘no ventilation’-orders and ‘no intensive care unit (ICU) admission’-orders. The time of arrival at the hospital was defined as within office hours for visits from Monday to Friday between 8 a.m. and 6 p.m. The main symptom was defined as the symptom that led to the ED-referral as described in the EPR by the attending physician. New symptoms were defined as main symptoms not mentioned in the EPR 3 months before the ED visit. Acute symptoms were main symptoms with an onset within 24 h before the ED visit. The clinical diagnosis was defined as the conclusion of the attending ED physician.
Statistics
Characteristics of patients, referral, and ED visit were analysed using descriptive statistics. Kaplan-Meier’s method was employed to estimate survival since the ED visit. The following factors associated with death were derived from literature search and clinical experience: primary lung tumour, ED-admissions for a new and acute problem, limitations on life-sustaining treatments before the ED visit, main symptom at the ED of neurologic deterioration, main symptom at the ED of dyspnoea, clinical diagnosis of bleeding, clinical diagnosis of cachexia, clinical diagnoses of hypercalcemia, and clinical diagnosis of jaundice. These factors were used in univariable and multivariable analyses by using a Cox proportional hazards regression. Predictors with a p value of < 0.10 in univariable analysis were entered in multivariable analysis. Differences with a p value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyses were conducted with SPSS 23.0 software.
Results
Patient characteristics
Four hundred twenty patients were included, median age was 63 years, and 229 (54.5%) patients were male (Table 1). Tumours located in the digestive tract occurred most frequently (27.6%). Anti-cancer treatment was provided to 73.6% of the patients in the 3 months before the ED visit. Most patients (62.6%) were in the disease-modifying palliative phase, with average time from diagnosis of the palliative phase to ED visit of 6.2 months (range 0–13.7 months). Most patients (92.6%) lived at home or in a residential home before the ED visit. Home care was arranged for 21.9% of the patients, of whom 10.5% received home care at least once a day. An informal caregiver was available for 87.1% of the patients. The PCCT was consulted for 26 patients (6.2%) in the last 3 months before the visit to the ED. Proactive symptom management plans were documented for 12.1% of the patients 6 weeks before the ED visit. Limitations on life-sustaining treatments had been discussed in 37.6% of the patients, and limitations had been documented in 33.8%.
Table 1.
Four hundred twenty patients with advanced oncology visiting the emergency department
| Patient characteristics | N | (% of 420) |
|---|---|---|
| Male | 229 | (54.5) |
| Age in years, median (range) | 63 | (22–92) |
| Primary tumour site | ||
| Digestive tract | 116 | (27.6) |
| Lung | 67 | (16.0) |
| Gynecologic | 47 | (11.2) |
| Urologic | 45 | (10.7) |
| Breast | 37 | (8.8) |
| Head and neck | 32 | (7.6) |
| Othera | ||
| Time since palliative diagnosis | ||
| < 3 months | 143 | (34.0) |
| 3 months–1 year | 144 | (34.3) |
| 1 year–4 years | 98 | (23.3) |
| > 4 years | 30 | (7.1) |
| Palliative disease phase | ||
| Disease-modifying | 263 | (62.6) |
| Symptom management | 157 | (37.4) |
| Treatment for primary tumour in the last 3 months | ||
| Chemotherapy | 168 | (40.0) |
| Hormonal therapy | 28 | (6.7) |
| Targeted or immunotherapy | 75 | (17.9) |
| Radiotherapy | 104 | (24.8) |
| Surgery | 31 | (7.4) |
| Otherb | 7 | (1.7) |
| None | 111 | (26.4) |
| Limitations on life-sustaining treatments | ||
| Not discussed | 262 | (62.4) |
| Discussed, no limitations documented | 16 | (3.8) |
| Discussed, limitations documentedc | 142 | (33.8) |
| Current housing situationd | ||
| At home or residential home | 389 | (92.6) |
| Nursing home | 12 | (2.9) |
| Hospice | 5 | (1.2) |
| Home care | ||
| No | 225 | (53.6) |
| Yes, unknown frequency | 39 | (9.3) |
| < 1×/day | 9 | (2.1) |
| ≥1x/day | 43 | (10.5) |
| Informal caregiver available according to EPR | 366 | (87.1) |
| PCCT consulted during the last 3 months | 26 | (6.2) |
| Proactive symptom management plans | ||
| In EPR, 6 weeks before the ED visit | 51 | (12.1) |
| In a letter to the GP, 6 weeks before the ED visit | 30 | (7.1) |
| Discussion with patient mentioned in EPR 6 weeks before the ED visit | 46 | (11.0) |
PCCT palliative care consultation team, EPR electronic patient record, ED emergency department, GP general practitioner
aOther: other most common primary tumour sites were unknown primaries; skin tumours; sarcomas; and nasal cavity and middle ear
bOther: nuclear therapy (1%), hemo- or peritoneal dialysis (0.2%), organ transplantation (0.2%), and stem cell transplantation (0.2%)
cDocumented limitations were:?? n (?%): no resuscitation: 62 (14.8%); no resuscitation, no ventilation: 11 (2.6%); no resuscitation, no ventilation, no admission to the intensive care unit: 68 (16.2%); refrain from any intervention: 1 (0.2%)
dCurrent living situation was not known for 14 patients (3.3%)
Referral characteristics
Patients or their caregivers took the initiative to visit the ED in 34.0% for a median of 2.0 symptoms (Table 2). ED visits occurred outside office hours in 51.9%. The main symptom was new in 52.1% and acute in 36.9% of the patients and both new and acute in 29.3%. Most frequently reported main symptoms or signs were dyspnoea (21.0%), pain (18.6%), and ascites (11.9%). A total of 62.8% had an ECOG performance score of 3–4 (known in 196 of 420 patients).
Table 2.
Referral of patients with advanced oncology to the emergency department
| Referral characteristics | N | (% of 420) |
|---|---|---|
| Referrer | ||
| GP or nursing home physician | 150 | (35.7) |
| GP out-of-office service | 21 | (5.0) |
| Medical specialist | 100 | (23.8) |
| Patient or informal caregiver | 143 | (34.0) |
| Referral outside office hours | 218 | (51.9) |
| Referral for | ||
| a new problema | 219 | (52.1) |
| an acute problemb | 155 | (36.9) |
| a new and acute problem | 123 | (29.3) |
| Number of symptoms, median (range) | 2.0 | (0–7) |
| Main symptom or sign for referral | ||
| Dyspnoea | 88 | (21.0) |
| Pain | 78 | (18.6) |
| Ascites | 50 | (11.9) |
| Nausea or vomiting | 39 | (9.3) |
| Fever | 38 | (9.0) |
| Neurologic deteriorationc | 33 | (7.9) |
| Bleeding | 20 | (4.8) |
| Weakness or loss of strength | 19 | (4.5) |
| Obstipation or diarrhoea | 16 | (3.8) |
| Difficulty swallowing or passage problems | 9 | (2.1) |
| Oedema | 8 | (1.9) |
| Seizure | 8 | (1.9) |
| Fatigue | 8 | (1.9) |
| WHO performance score | ||
| 0 | 4 | (1.0) |
| 1 | 26 | (6.2) |
| 2 | 43 | (10.2) |
| 3 | 89 | (21.2) |
| 4 | 34 | (8.1) |
| Unknown | 224 | (53.3) |
ED emergency department, GP general practitioner, WHO World Health Organization
aNew problem: not reported in the patient records in the last 3 months
bAcute problem: originated within the last 24 h
cNeurologic deterioration: confusion, drowsiness, decreased consciousness
Visit characteristics
At the ED, imaging and blood tests were performed in 63.3% and 83.3% of the patients, respectively (Table 3). Most frequently reported diagnoses by the attending physician were infection or fever (20.5%), bronchopulmonary insufficiency (12.9%), and renal insufficiency or hydronephrosis (11.2%). Patients spent a median time at the ED equal to 3:29 h (range 00:12–18:01). During or after the ED visit, limitations on life-sustaining treatments were discussed with 73.1% of the patients and 70.7% had limitations documented in the EPR. After the ED visit, 76.0% of the patients were hospitalized. Patients’ median survival from the ED visit was 18 days; 104 patients (24.8%) died within 1 week. Of the 104 patients who died within 1 week, 74 patients (71.2%) died in the hospital and death within 1 week was associated to in-hospital death (p < 0.0001, HR 8.49). In total, 39.3% of the patients died at home, 29.5% in a hospital (i.e. in the clinic, intensive care unit or another hospital) and 11.0% died in a hospice. In-hospital death occurred less frequently in patients with a proactive symptom management plan sent to their GP compared to patients without (26.9% and 38.5%, respectively, p = 0.03). In-hospital death was not related to limitations on life-sustaining treatments, the referrer or the number of previous admissions.
Table 3.
Characteristics of ED visit and follow-up
| Visit- and follow-up characteristics | N | (% of 420) |
|---|---|---|
| Diagnostic imaging | 266 | (63.3) |
| Laboratory tests performed | 350 | (83.3) |
| Clinical diagnosis | ||
| Infection or fever | 86 | (20.5) |
| Bronchopulmonary insufficiency | 54 | (12.9) |
| Renal insufficiency or hydronephrosis | 47 | (11.2) |
| Cachexia | 40 | (9.5) |
| Ascites | 34 | (8.1) |
| Pleural effusion | 31 | (7.4) |
| Bleeding | 30 | (7.1) |
| Jaundice | 23 | (5.5) |
| Hypercalcemia | 20 | (4.8) |
| Ileus or passage disturbances | 18 | (4.3) |
| Neuropathy or plexopathy | 17 | (4.0) |
| Seizure | 13 | (3.1) |
| Urine retention | 13 | (3.1) |
| Fracture | 10 | (2.4) |
| Coma | 8 | (1.9) |
| Pulmonary embolism | 8 | (1.9) |
| Deep venous thrombosis | 7 | (1.7) |
| Delirium | 6 | (1.4) |
| Spinal cord compression | 5 | (1.2) |
| Any treatment initiated at ED | 230 | (54.8) |
| Time spent at ED, median (range) | 03:29 | (00:12–18:01) |
| Limitations on life-sustaining treatmentsa | ||
| Discussed, none documented | 10 | (2.4) |
| Discussed and documented | 297 | (70.7) |
| Not discussed | 113 | (26.9) |
| Hospitalization after ED visit | 319 | (76.0) |
| Survival after ED visit in days, median (95% CI) | 18 | (15–21) |
| Death within 7 days after ED visit | 104 | (24.8) |
| Death within 14 days after ED visit | 170 | (40.5) |
| Death within 30 days after ED visit | 274 | (65.2) |
| Death within 60 days after ED visit | 370 | (88.1) |
| Place of death | ||
| Hospitalb | 124 | (29.5) |
| Home or residential home | 165 | (39.3) |
| Hospice | 46 | (11.0) |
| Nursing home | 4 | (1.0) |
| Unknown | 81 | (19.3) |
ED emergency department, h hours, mins minutes, IQ range interquartile range, ICU intensive care unit
aDuring visit/after discharge
bOne patient died at the ED (0.2%), 113 at a hospital ward (26.9%), and 10 at the ICU (2.4%)
Factors associated with approaching death
Independent risk factors for early death were primary lung tumour (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.29–2.21, p < 0.0001), referral for neurological deterioration (HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.38–2.92, p < 0.0001) or dyspnoea (HR 1.57, 95% CI 1.23–2.00) and hypercalcemia (HR 1.92, 95% CI 1.21–3.03, p = 0.005) or jaundice (HR 2.11, 95% CI 1.37–3.26, p = 0.001) (Table 4).
Table 4.
Risk factors for death after ED visit
| Predictors | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | p value | HR | 95% CI | p value | |
| Primary lung tumour | 1.67 | 1.28–2.18 | < 0.0001 | 1.69 | 1.29–2.21 | < 0.0001 |
| ED-admission for new and acute problem | 0.98 | 0.79–1.20 | 0.81 | |||
| Limitations on LSTs before ED visit | 1.26 | 1.02–1.54 | 0.029 | NS | ||
| Main symptom at the ED | ||||||
| Neurologic deterioration | 1.85 | 1.29–2.66 | 0.001 | 2.01 | 1.38–2.92 | < 0.0001 |
| Dyspnoea | 1.48 | 1.17–1.88 | 0.001 | 1.57 | 1.23–2.00 | < 0.0001 |
| Clinical diagnosis | ||||||
| Bleeding | 1.37 | 0.95–1.99 | 0.096 | NS | ||
| Cachexia | 1.43 | 1.03–1.98 | 0.034 | NS | ||
| Hypercalcemia | 1.80 | 1.14–2.83 | 0.011 | 1.92 | 1.21–3.03 | 0.005 |
| Jaundice | 2.21 | 1.44–3.39 | < 0.0001 | 2.11 | 1.37–3.26 | 0.001 |
HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, LSTs life-sustaining treatments, ED emergency department
Discussion
This study provides a detailed description of patients with advanced cancer who visited the emergency department (ED) during the last 3 months of their lives and of the actions undertaken during these ED visits. In most patients, care seemed to focus on disease modification; many patients still received anticancer treatments, and few had proactive symptom management plans in case of progressive symptoms or limitations on life-sustaining treatments documented in their patient records. The ED visit triggered revision of limitations of life-sustaining treatments in the majority of patients. Following their ED visit, 76.0% was hospitalized in poor clinical condition and 29.5% died in the hospital; of those who died within 7 days, 71.2% died in-hospital. Factors associated with approaching death were found to aid identifying those patients with urgent palliative care needs at ED entry, in order to make appropriate decisions concerning their treatment and care trajectories.
ED staff, patients and their caregivers consider the ED setting an uncomfortable situation for patients at risk of approaching death [13]. Besides the hectic and noisy environment of the ED, there is little space for family members to stay with their sick relatives and to conduct end-of-life discussions. Palliative patients often have a lower priority than patients with acute life-threatening illnesses and therefore spend a lot of time waiting at the ED [15]. The overwhelming environment of the ED and uncertainty about the situation increases psychological distress and anxiety in patients and their caregivers [21]. For ED physicians, an important reason that makes it difficult to provide optimal care to palliative patients is that they have no long-lasting relationships [13, 22]. Moreover, they are not trained to provide adequate symptom management for and to discuss end-of-life decisions [13, 21, 22]. Notwithstanding, ED physicians are willing to provide palliative care and indicated that in order to enhance a ‘good death’, attention should be directed to the care needs and wishes of patients in the palliative phase visiting the ED [23, 24]. In our study, patients were exposed to many diagnostic tests (83% underwent blood tests, 63% diagnostic imaging) and stayed at the ED for 3.5 h on average, which was followed by hospitalization in over 75%. Since most patients prefer to spend the end of their life at home, these outcomes are undesirable [3].
Few patients in our study had limitations on life-sustaining treatments documented, suggesting that palliative care needs and approaching death had not yet been discussed. Patients and caregivers who are unprepared for or unaware of the problems and symptoms that may occur at the end of life are more likely to visit the ED at the end of life [15, 25], especially during out-of-office hours [8, 13, 26]. This is supported by our results: 34% of the patients referred themselves to the ED and 52% of the ED visits occurred out-of-office hours. Several studies reported that the majority of the ED visits are undesirable and avoidable, especially those by patients with a very short survival [5, 26, 27]. End-of-life discussions have shown to have the potential to prevent ED visits in the last month of life in patients with ovarian cancer [28] and stage IV lung and colorectal cancer [29]. Community-based palliative care effectively reduced the number of ED visits in the last phase of life in advanced cancer patients [30] and in the general patient population [31, 32]. Furthermore, meta-analysis of numerous randomized clinical trials proved that integration of palliative care early in the disease trajectory improves health-related quality of life and symptom intensity in patients with advanced cancer [33]. Advance care planning and out-patient symptom management may help patients and their caregivers to prepare for the end-of-life trajectory and to avoid unnecessary ED visits by supporting coping with deteriorating health [21, 34]. Although palliative care is often perceived as end-of-life care, palliative care can be provided concurrently with standard care [35]. Hence, timely initiation of palliative care is possible and helps to avoid unnecessary ED visits and can improve quality of life in the end-of-life phase.
Although early palliative care can avoid part of the ED visits at the end of life, there will still be patients visiting the ED for symptoms that are distressing and unmanageable at home. Additionally, patients may visit the ED when community palliative care services are not available, e.g., outside office hours [15, 21]. ED visits can be an opportunity to recognize high symptom burden and acute deterioration, which should trigger initiation of appropriate palliative care. This is also known as ED-initiated palliative care [36, 37]. Grudzen et al. conducted a randomized clinical trial in 2016 on palliative care consultations initiated at the ED in patients with advanced cancer and found that it significantly improved their quality of life [37]. Examples of ED-initiated palliative care are, among others, consultations by a specialized in-hospital team, community-based care by a homecare team or hospice team, telephone-based interventions, or admissions to a hospice or a palliative care unit [33]. Our finding that physicians documented more limitations on LSTs after the ED visit might indicate that they were well aware of changes in disease trajectories, creating an opportunity for effective ED-initiated palliative care. To facilitate cooperation with palliative care services, both at home and in the hospital, it is recommended to have a checklist with standardized criteria [38] for referral with contact details of the palliative care services easily available at the ED. An international consensus panel of 60 experts on palliative cancer care formulated 11 criteria for referral to specialized palliative care: nine needs-based criteria (severe physical symptoms, severe emotional symptoms, request for hastened death, spiritual or existential crisis, need for assistance with decision-making or care planning, referral on patient’s request, delirium, brain or leptomeningeal metastases, spinal cord compression or cauda equine) and two time-based criteria (within 3 months of diagnosis of advanced cancer or incurable cancer for patients with a median survival of 1 year of less, diagnosis of advanced cancer with progressive disease despite second-line systemic therapy) [39]. The severity of symptoms can be measured by using the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS), a patient-reported outcome measure for symptoms prevalent in the palliative phase which is manageable at the ED [40, 41]. Although the ESAS is not yet validated in the ED setting, a study by Barbera et al. shows that poor symptom burden scores were associated with higher usage of the ED, suggesting that patients visit the ED particularly with high palliative care needs which should be acted upon as soon as possible [42].
To identify patients in whom palliative care should be initiated, survival prediction tools such as the Surprise Question, and prediction scores such as the Palliative Prognostic Score (PaP), Palliative Prognostic Index (PPI), Glascow Prognostic Score (GPS) and Prognosis in Palliative Care Study (PiPS) are described [18, 43]. However, these tools are not validated in patients with advanced cancer visiting the ED. To facilitate appropriate and ED-initiated palliative care, we constructed a flowchart to help ED staff identify advanced cancer patients with urgent palliative care needs (Fig. 1). In this flowchart, factors from the current study associated with approaching death, suggesting urgent palliative care needs, are depicted: primary lung tumour, dyspnoea, neurologic deterioration, jaundice and hypercalcemia. Other known triggers for palliative care needs that are easily assessable at the ED were added to the flowchart. In other studies in advanced cancer patients, dyspnoea and respiratory distress are reported as risk factors for approaching death, as are neurological deterioration and gastro-intestinal problems [9, 44, 45]. Hypercalcemia is probably predictive of death because it can be a marker for progressive disease in patients with bone metastases or paraneoplastic syndromes [46]. Cachexia was associated with approaching death in our univariable model, and delirium was included in the group with neurological deterioration. Although a decline in performance status is a strong predictor for death [47, 48], we could not find an association with death, probably because values were missing for many patients. If advanced cancer patients with urgent palliative care needs are identified at the ED, ED staff may choose to consult the hospital palliative care consultation team. Also, tools for unmet palliative needs screening are available, such as the ‘Screen for Palliative and End-of-life care needs in the Emergency Department (SPEED)’ tool [49] or the shorter 5-SPEED tool [50]. The SPEED is the only palliative care needs assessment tool that is validated for use at the ED; however, it is not yet validated in patients with advanced cancer.
Fig. 1.
Risk assessment at the ED for palliative care needs in patients with cancer
This pragmatic study gives insight into the end-of-life trajectory of patients with advanced cancer who visit the ED. We are aware that the retrospective design of our study could have led to registration bias and unmeasured confounding. Selection bias was introduced by the choice to limit inclusion to cancer patients in the palliative phase of their disease who died within 3 months after the ED visit. We aimed to describe the population of advanced cancer patients who visited the ED at the end of their life, because especially in those patients, appropriate care should be initiated at the ED. Lastly, because the end-of-life trajectory, especially in the last 3 months, has not been subject to major changes, we consider our data collected from 2011 to 2014 still relevant to the present situation. Further research should be conducted to validate survival prediction tools and needs assessment tools for patients with advanced cancer visiting the ED and to evaluate implementation of models of ED-initiated palliative care.
Conclusion
Advanced cancer patients received limited palliative care before visiting the ED in the last 3 months of their life. The ED visit often marked physical deterioration and triggered revision of limitations on life-sustaining treatments. Many patients were hospitalized and a substantial percentage died within 1 week and in-hospital. Timely recognition of patients at high risk of approaching death and awareness of the potential of ED-initiated palliative care among ED-staff can improve the end-of-life trajectory of these patients.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank our students (Leanne Smit, Tobias Wieles, Mathijs Kruizinga and Iris Groeneveld), and Lotte van der Stap and our colleagues at the Center of Expertise Palliative Care of the Leiden University Medical Center.
Author contributions
Mary-Joanne Verhoef, Nanda Horeweg, Ellen de Nijs and Yvette van der Linden provided the conceptual framework for this study, analysed the data and wrote the manuscript. Marta Fiocco contributed to data-analysis. Corrie Marijnen, Anouk Jochems, Jaap Fogteloo and Christian Heringhaus contributed to data-collection and provided critical comments on the manuscript.
Funding
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Compliance with ethical standards
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Informed consent
As approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the LUMC and according to Dutch and European law, informed consent from patients was not necessary because of the retrospective design of this study.
Footnotes
Suggested reviewers
1. Corita R. Grudzen, NYU Emergency Medicine New York, corita.grudzen@mssm.edu
2. Barbara Gomes, Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, Policy & Rehabilitation, King’s College London, barbara.gomes@kcl.ac.uk
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Contributor Information
Mary-Joanne Verhoef, Email: m.verhoef@lumc.nl.
Ellen de Nijs, Email: E.J.M.de_Nijs@lumc.nl.
Nanda Horeweg, Email: N.Horeweg@lumc.nl.
Jaap Fogteloo, Email: A.J.Fogteloo@lumc.nl.
Christian Heringhaus, Email: C.Heringhaus@lumc.nl.
Anouk Jochems, Email: a.jochems@haaglandenmc.nl.
Marta Fiocco, Email: m.fiocco@math.leidenuniv.nl.
Yvette van der Linden, Email: ymvanderlinden@lumc.nl.
References
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