Exogenous melatonin promotes seed germination and osmotic regulation under salt stress in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Li Chen; Liantao Liu; Bin Lu; Tongtong Ma; Dan Jiang; Jin Li; Ke Zhang; Hongchun Sun; Yongjiang Zhang; Zhiying Bai; Cundong Li

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228241

. 2020 Jan 31;15(1):e0228241. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228241

Exogenous melatonin promotes seed germination and osmotic regulation under salt stress in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Li Chen ^1,², Liantao Liu ^2,³, Bin Lu ⁴, Tongtong Ma ^1,², Dan Jiang ^1,², Jin Li ^1,², Ke Zhang ^2,³, Hongchun Sun ^2,³, Yongjiang Zhang ^2,³, Zhiying Bai ^1,^2,^*, Cundong Li ^2,^3,^*

Editor: Sergey Shabala⁵

PMCID: PMC6994006 PMID: 32004326

Abstract

Melatonin (MT; N-acetyI-5-methoxytryptamine) is an amine hormone involved in abiotic stress resistance. Previous studies have confirmed that melatonin can promote seed germination, mediate physiological regulation mechanisms, and stimulate crop growth under stress. However, the osmotic regulation mechanism by which exogenous melatonin mediates salt tolerance in cotton is still largely unknown. To investigate the effect of salt stress on melatonin concentration in germinating cotton seeds, we analyzed melatonin content over time during seed germination under different treatments. Melatonin content reached its minimum at day 6, while cotton germination rates peaked at day 6, indicating melatonin content and seed germination are correlated. Then we investigated the effects of 10–100 μM melatonin treatments on membrane lipid peroxides and osmotic adjustment substances during cotton seed germination under salt stress. Salt stress led to electrolyte leakage (EL) as well as accumulations of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA), organic osmotic substances (i.e., proline, soluble sugars), and inorganic osmotic substances (i.e., Na⁺, Cl^-). Meanwhile, the contents of melatonin, soluble proteins, and K⁺ as well as the K⁺/Na⁺ balance decreased, indicating that salt stress inhibited melatonin synthesis and damaged cellular membranes, seriously affecting seed germination. However, melatonin pretreatment at different concentrations alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress on cotton seeds and reduced EL as well as the contents of H₂O₂, MDA, Na⁺, and Cl^-. The exogenous application of melatonin also promoted melatonin, soluble sugar, soluble proteins, proline, and K⁺/Na⁺ contents under salt stress. These results demonstrate that supplemental melatonin can effectively ameliorate the repression of cotton seed germination by enhancing osmotic regulating substances and adjusting ion homeostasis under salt stress. Thus, melatonin may potentially be used to protect cotton seeds from salt stress, with the 20 μM melatonin treatment most effectively promoting cotton seed germination and improving salt stress tolerance.

Introduction

Salt stress is a critical environmental factor that limits the agricultural productivity, survival, and geographical distributions of plants [1]. Approximately 950 million hm² of land in the world is affected by salinization, of which about 90 million hm² of impacted areas occur in China alone, placing great importance on the study of salt stress effects on plant growth and development [2]. Under salt stress, the oxidative reaction of free radicals in membrane lipids leads to the accumulation of more reactive oxygen radicals and hydrogen peroxide in plants, which causes cross-linking polymerization of proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules as well as damage to the membrane system, which in turn increases malondialdehyde (MDA) content and electrolyte leakage (EL) as well as lipid peroxidation. The plant membrane system is one of the first sites initially injured by stress conditions, including high salinity [3–5]. Plants mainly resist salt stress damage through a series of physiological activities that includes osmotic regulation, ion transport, and hormone content change [6]. Osmotic regulators in plants mainly include organic osmotic regulators (proline, soluble sugar, soluble protein) and inorganic osmotic regulators (Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^-), which can together increase cell fluid concentration and reduce osmotic potential as well as maintain intracellular homeostasis and enhance plant resistance to salt stress [7].

Melatonin is a well-known amine hormone, synthesized in chloroplasts and mitochondria, and it is found in most plants and animals [8–10]. Thus, endogenous melatonin is expected to occur in cotton seeds. Moreover, melatonin is an extremely efficient antioxidant that can effectively suppress H₂O₂ production through enhancing activities of CAT, POD, and APX under drought stress, improving antioxidant defense systems through MT-induced generation of NO and by lowering MDA and H₂O₂ levels, and regulating various physiological process in plants [11–13]. Accordingly, melatonin enhances plant growth and development under abiotic stresses (such as high salt, heavy metals, etc.) and acts as an osmotic regulatory substance in plants, enabling the maintenance of ion homeostasis and growth regulation [14]. In recent years, more plant science research has been focused on the role of melatonin, which is closely related to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in its chemical structure and metabolic pathways [15]. Previous studies have shown that exogenous melatonin can maintain high photosynthetic efficiency in tea plants through its effects on antioxidant systems against abiotic stress, which that enhance salt and cold tolerance [16]. The content of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde in cucumber seedlings obviously increased under irrigation with salt solution, which indicated that salt treatment damaged cell membranes [17]. Furthermore, exogenous melatonin application can significantly reduce the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and increase the activities of antioxidant enzymes [18]. Melatonin treatment has also been shown to significantly reduce electrolyte leakage in tomato plants under cadmium stress; however, it had no significant effect on tomatoes under normal conditions [19]. Salt stress severely inhibits the growth of soybean seedlings, and the application of exogenous melatonin can increase the soluble protein content of seedlings [20]. The appropriate application of melatonin has been shown to promote not only soluble protein content in Malus hupehensis but also the accumulation of soluble sugar in kiwifruit leaves, while increasing cell fluid concentrations and resistance to stress [21, 22]. Under salt stress, accumulation of Na⁺ under salt stress of plants leads to ion imbalances and toxicity, with K⁺ content decreasing as exogenous melatonin promotes the absorption of K⁺, suggesting that melatonin can regulate ion homeostasis or gene expression responses under salt stress to mitigate damage caused by stress [23–26].

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a major global crop, and it is widely cultivated in China. Under increasing soil salinization, the growth, yield, and quality of cotton harvests have been seriously affected. Seed germination is perhaps the most important and most complex process in the plant growth cycle, as it directly affects the development of cotton plants, which ultimately affects yields. Seed germination can be divided into three periods. First, seeds absorb water from the environment. In the second stage, seed germination is stimulated by various enzymes and hormones that prepare seeds for germination. Finally, the radicle breaks through the seed coat and lengthens. Accordingly, seed germination involves many processes [27]. While the response mechanism of cotton seed germination and seedlings to salt stress have been investigated, the mechanism by which exogenous melatonin influences osmotic control and thus the germination process of cotton seeds under salt stress remains unclear. Therefore, different melatonin concentration treatments were employed in this experiment to investigate the effects of exogenous melatonin on physiological activities such as membrane lipid peroxide, osmotic regulators, and ion homeostasis during the germination of cotton seeds under salt stress. This study provides some novel insights into salt tolerance mechanisms modulated by exogenous melatonin in seed germination.

Materials and methods

Reagents

All chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). All other reagents were purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Beijing Co., Ltd, (Beijing, China).

Plant material

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar ‘GXM9’ seeds (provided by Guoxin Rural Technical Service Association of Hejian City, China) were used in the study. The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse facilities of Hebei Agricultural University in Baoding (38.85°N, 115.30°E) City, Hebei Province from September 2018 to May 2019.

Seed germination

Cotton seeds with full seed coats and of consistent size were disinfected with 75% ethanol for 17 min, rinsed in distilled water four times, and dried in a cool and ventilated area. All seeds were randomly divided into six groups, and the experimental treatments were as follows: (1) Control (Con), primed with water without salt treatment; (2) NaCl, primed with water and then treated with salt (150 mM NaCl, screened by the pretest); (3) MT₁₀+NaCl, primed with 10 μM MT (melatonin) solution and then treated with salt (150 mM NaCl); (4) MT₂₀+NaCl, primed with 20 μM MT solution and then treated with salt (150 mM NaCl); (5) MT₅₀+NaCl, primed with 50 μM MT solution and then treated with salt (150 mM NaCl); and (6) MT₁₀₀+NaCl, primed with 100 μM MT solution and then treated with salt (150 mM NaCl). Three replicates of 500 seeds were used for each treatment.

The cotton seeds were soaked in distilled water or one of the different concentrations of melatonin solutions for 24 h in 15-cm-diameter Petri dishes containing filter paper (Whatman International Ltd, Maidstone, UK), dried, and restored to their initial water content over the course of about 2 d. Seeds were then placed in a light culture box (25°C) and cultured in dark conditions for 6 d. Seeds were examined every two days and were considered germinated when the seed coat was broken and a radicle was visible. Germinated seeds were sampled from each treatment, rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80°C until analysis. All experiments were conducted in triplicate.

Determination of cotton seed germination rate

The number of cotton seeds germinated was recorded at 2, 4, and 6 d after seeds were placed in incubators. The following equation was used to calculated the germination rate:

Germination rate = total germinated seeds / total seeds × 100%.

Determination of melatonin content

Melatonin was extracted from cotton seeds using the Plant MT ELISA KIT (Shanghai MLBIO Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Shanghai, China) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The samples to be tested were incubated with antibodies and measured at 450 nm with a microplate reader (Bio Tek Instrument, Inc., Winooski, VT, USA).

Determination of H₂O₂, MDA, and EL

Hydrogen peroxide content was determined according to the method used by Sun et al. [28] with some slight modifications. Two grams of cotton seeds were ground in a mortar, with 2 ml of acetone, followed by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 10 min. To the supernatant (i.e., hydrogen peroxide extract), acetone was added to reach a total volume of 3 ml. Then, 1 ml of extract, 3 ml of extraction agent, and 5 ml of distilled water were mixed and then centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 1 min, after which, 2 ml of working reagent was mixed. The light absorption value was then measured at 560 nm using a spectrophotometer (UV2450, Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan).

MDA content was measured according to the method described by Cui et al. [29] with some slight modifications. Cotton seeds were fully ground in pH 7.8 phosphate buffer, followed by centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 10 min. Two milliliters of supernatant was added to the scale test tube, to which 1 ml of 0.5% thiobarbituric acid and 3 ml of 5% trichloroacetic acid solution were added. The solution was heated in a boiling water bath for 10 min and then cooled rapidly. After centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 10 min, the light absorption value was measured at 532 nm and 600 nm using a spectrophotometer (UV2450, Shimadzu Corp.) with distilled water as the blank and 100% light transmittance.

EL was measured according to the assay described by Wu et al. [30] with some slight modifications. First, 0.1 g of fresh sample material was placed in a glass container, to which 30 ml of deionized water was added. The container was placed into a vacuum dryer, and air was extracted from the cells for 1 h. After standing for 5 min, sample conductivity was measured. Samples were sealed with foil, boiled in water for 30 min, and cooled, after which conductivity was measured. Finally, the relative conductivity was calculated.

Determination of osmotic regulators proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein

The determination of proline content was measured according to the method by Bates et al. [31] with some slight modification. First, 0.3-g samples were cut into pieces and added to a mortar, to which an appropriate amount of 80% ethanol and a small amount of quartz were added prior to grinding the tissue into a homogenate. Then, the volume was filled with 80% ethanol to 25 ml and incubated in an 80°C watered bath for 20 min, after which 0.4 g of artificial zeolite and 0.2 g of activated carbon were added. Samples were subsequently oscillated and filtered, and 2 ml of the above extraction solution was transferred into a test tube, to which 2 ml of glacial acetic acid and 2 ml of indanone were added before being heated in boiling water for 15 min. After cooling, the light absorption values of the samples were measured at 520 nm using a spectrophotometer (UV2450, Shimadzu Corp.).

Soluble sugar content was determined using the anthraquinone colorimetric method [32]. Then, 0.3-g samples and 9 ml of distilled water were added to test tubes that were placed in a boiling water bath for 20 min and cooled. One milliliter of the supernatant and 5 ml of sulfuric acid-anthrone reagent were mixed, placed in a boiling water bath for 10 min, and cooled. The light absorption value of each sample was measured at 620 nm using a spectrophotometer (UV2450, Shimadzu Corp.).

Soluble protein content was determined using Coomassie brilliant blue. First, 0.3-g samples were ground into a homogenate with 5 ml of pH 7.8 phosphate buffer. The supernatant was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 min, and to 0.1 ml of the supernatant, 9 ml of distilled water and 5 ml of Coomassie brilliant were added, followed by centrifugation again and then sample oscillation. After standing for 5 min, the light absorption value was measured at 620 nm using a spectrophotometer (UV2450, Shimadzu Corp.) and distilled water with Coomassie brilliant blue was used as the blank control.

Determination of ion content

To determine the Na⁺ and K⁺ contents of cotton seeds, well-ground samples were heated to 500°C for 6 h in a muffle furnace. To the resulting white ash, 5 ml of 2 M hot HCl was added, and the final volume was raised to 50 ml by adding distilled deionized H₂O. The above solution was measured for atomic absorption (ZA3000, Hitachi, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), and the obtained data were subjected to a final calculation. To determine Cl^- content, we used a Cl^- kit obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Company (Nanjing, China).

Statistical analysis

The experiment was conducted according to a completely randomized design with three replicates. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted with SPSS software 21.0 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). Differences among treatment means were assessed using Tukey’s honest significant different test considered significant at a p < 0.05 threshold.

Results

Exogenous melatonin promotes cotton seed germination under salt stress

Seed germination is the most important stage in the life course of seeds, and it provides the nutritional basis for the growth and development of seeds into seedlings. We conducted an extensive set of germination assays using cotton seeds to examine the effects of different concentrations of melatonin on seed germination under treatment with 150 mM NaCl (screened by the pretest). As shown in Fig 1, as the germination assay continued, the cotton germination rate continued to increase, reaching its maximum at 6 d. The seed germination rate reached 89.00% under normal conditions (Con), while the germination rate was only about 73.30% under salt stress (NaCl) at 6 d, indicating that NaCl indeed inhibited cotton seed germination. When different concentrations of melatonin were applied, the cotton germination rate exhibited different trends. As melatonin concentrations increased, the cotton germination rate first rose and then decreased, indicating that melatonin affected seed germination in a dosage-dependent manner under salt stress. Low melatonin concentrations (i.e., MT₁₀+NaCl and MT₂₀+NaCl treatments) effectively promoted seed germination; however, the effect of high concentrations of melatonin (i.e., MT₅₀+NaCl and MT₁₀₀+NaCl treatments) on seed germination was not obvious. Among the treatments examined, the 20 μM melatonin pretreatment had the strongest effect in promoting cotton seed germination at different periods.

Fig 1 — The data are the means of six replicates (±SE), and treatments with different letters are significantly different at a p < 0.05 threshold.

Melatonin content of seed germinating under different treatments

The melatonin contents of cotton seeds under different treatments were determined. As show in Fig 2, as the germination assays continued, melatonin content in all treatments decreased and reached a minimum at day 6, which indicated that melatonin played a regulatory role in seed germination. At days 2, 4, and 6, the melatonin contents of NaCl stress seeds were significantly lower, by 9.28%, 15.48%, and 21.39% respectively, compared with those of Con seeds, which indicated that NaCl inhibited melatonin synthesis. After applying different exogenous concentrations of melatonin, the melatonin content was significantly higher than that of NaCl seeds. Notably, the melatonin content under the MT₁₀+NaCl treatment was lowest; however, the melatonin content under the MT₁₀₀+NaCl treatment was highest among all treatments, indicating that exogenous melatonin promoted the accumulation of endogenous melatonin.

Exogenous melatonin mitigates membrane permeability during cotton seed germination under salt stress

Exogenous melatonin reduces H₂O₂ content in cotton seeds under salt stress

Under stress, more H₂O₂ is produced, and these reactive oxygen species can produce toxic effects through cellular aerobic metabolism. As shown in Fig 3, as the germination assays continued, the hydrogen peroxide content of cotton seeds first sharply decreased and then increased. At 2, 4, and 6 d, the H₂O₂ contents of NaCl seeds were 6.28%, 60.54%, and 57.26% higher, respectively, compared with those of Con seeds, which indicated that H₂O₂ gradually accumulated in cotton seeds under salt stress. After applying different exogenous concentrations of melatonin, the H₂O₂ content was significantly lower than that of NaCl seeds. Notably, the H₂O₂ content decreased the most under the MT₂₀+NaCl treatment, and it was 27.67%, 52.98%, and 78.69% lower than that of the NaCl treatment at 2, 4, and 6 d, respectively, indicating that the effect of 20 μM melatonin most obviously inhibited H₂O₂ accumulation.

Fig 3 — The data are the means of three replicates (±SE), and treatments with different letters are significantly different at a p < 0.05 threshold.

Exogenous melatonin decreases MDA accumulation in cotton seeds under salt stress

As shown in Table 1, during the seed germination assay, MDA contents under the NaCl treatment were significantly higher than those under the Con treatment, which were 13.36%, 23.70%, and 34.19% higher than those under the Con treatment at 2, 4, and 6 d, respectively, indicating that salt stress led to membrane lipid oxidation and increased MDA content. The MDA content of cotton seeds under exogenous melatonin application was significantly lower than that under the NaCl treatment. Among treatments, the 20 μM melatonin-treated seeds at 2, 4, and 6 d had MDA contents 39.46%, 27.62%, and 34.42% lower, respectively, than those of NaCl seeds. As melatonin concentration increased, MDA content increased slightly under MT₅₀+NaCl and MT₁₀₀+NaCl treatments, indicating that an appropriate melatonin concentration can effectively reduce membrane oxidation injury and protect cell structure stability.

Table 1. MDA content (μmol g^-1) of melatonin-pretreated cotton seeds under salt stress.

Treatment	2 d	4 d	6 d
Control (Con)	1.861±0.049b	2.006±0.010b	2.066±0.059b
NaCl	2.110±0.152a	2.481±0.088a	2.772±0.104a
MT₁₀+NaCl	1.666±0.063c	2.001±0.118b	1.960±0.053bc
MT₂₀+NaCl	1.277±0.038d	1.796±0.119c	1.818±0.030d
MT₅₀+NaCl	1.812±0.014bc	1.870±0.104bc	1.867±0.061cd
MT₁₀₀+NaCl	1.868±0.064b	1.936±0.057bc	2.045±0.102b

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Cells followed by different letters within a column are significantly different at a p < 0.05 threshold.

Exogenous melatonin reduces cotton seed EL under salt stress

EL is an important index of cell membrane damage. During salt stress, membrane lipid peroxidation damages membranes and increases membrane permeability, resulting in solution extravasation and increased EL. As shown in Fig 4, EL was low under normal conditions (Con), which showed that the cell membranes of cotton seeds were relatively complete. Salt stress significantly increased EL in cotton seeds, which was 188.97% higher than that under the Con treatment. However, the EL of cotton seeds treated with exogenous melatonin was significantly lower. MT₁₀+NaCl, MT₂₀+NaCl, MT₅₀+NaCl, and MT₁₀₀+NaCl treatments had 40.69%, 60.46%, 58.44%, and 54.44% lower EL, respectively, compared with the NaCl treatment. The EL of cotton seeds under the MT₂₀+NaCl, treatment was the lowest of all treatments across different periods, indicating that the appropriate melatonin concentration could effectively alleviate cell membrane damage to cotton seeds caused by salt stress.

Fig 4 — The data are the means of three replicates (±SE), and treatments with different letters are significantly different at a p < 0.05 threshold.

Exogenous melatonin affects organic osmotic substance content during cotton seed germination under salt stress

Exogenous melatonin affects the proline content of cotton seeds under salt stress

Proline, an important osmotic regulator in plants, can improve the ability of plants to resist stress. As shown in Fig 5A, proline content decreased overall across the seed germination assay. Under salt stress (NaCl), proline content in cotton seeds decreased obviously, with concentrations of 473.39 μg g^-1, 154.35 μg g^-1, and 132.34 μg g^-1, respectively, 2, 4, and 6 d into the germination assay. The proline contents of NaCl seeds were 21.30% and 3.71% higher and 1.75% lower respectively, compared to Con seeds at 2, 4, and 6 d, respectively, indicating that proline decreased gradually in cells. At 2 d, the proline content was significantly lower under the NaCl treatment than under the MT₁₀+NaCl, MT₅₀+NaCl, and MT₁₀₀+NaCl treatments; however, proline contents were significantly higher under the MT₂₀+NaCl treatments, indicating that exogenous melatonin had less effect on proline content initially (i.e., 2 d), while it eventually promoted the accumulation of proline in cotton seeds under salt stress (i.e., 4 and 6 d), which was associated with tolerance to salt stress. Notably, the proline content under the MT₂₀+NaCl treatment was the highest across all treatments at different periods, being 3.76%, 63.24%, and 59.25% higher, respectively, at 2, 4, and 6 d compared with the NaCl seeds.

Exogenous melatonin affects the soluble sugar content of cotton seeds under salt stress

Soluble sugar is also an important osmotic regulator that provides energy for plant growth and development to ensure a well-functioning metabolism. As shown in Fig 5B, as the assay continues, the soluble sugar content overall decreased and then increased. Compared to Con seeds, the soluble sugar content in NaCl seeds was significantly higher, indicating that plant cells must accumulate some organic matter to cope with salt stress. However, the total accumulated sugar by itself was relatively limited, which may have been insufficient for germination. The soluble sugar content trends of cotton seeds differed among melatonin treatments. MT₁₀+NaCl and MT₁₀₀+NaCl seeds had lower sugar content than did NaCl seeds over the course of the assay, while that of MT₂₀+NaCl seeds was significantly higher throughout the assay, by 11.43%, 9.32%, and 21.57%, respectively, at 2, 4, and 6 d. Additionally, the soluble sugar content of cotton seeds under the MT₅₀+NaCl treatment was significantly higher than that of NaCl seeds at 4 and 6 d. This indicates that both low and high concentrations of melatonin (MT₁₀+NaCl and MT₁₀₀+NaCl, respectively) inhibited the accumulation of soluble sugar in cotton seeds, and intermediate concentrations of melatonin (MT₂₀+NaCl and MT₅₀+NaCl) were effective in promoting the accumulation of soluble sugar in cotton seeds.

Among treatments, the MT₂₀+NaCl treatment had the highest soluble sugar content, indicating it is a suitable concentration of melatonin for improving salt stress resistance in cotton seeds.

Exogenous melatonin affects soluble protein content of cotton seeds under salt stress

Soluble proteins are among the main metabolites that accumulate in various species of higher plants in response to salt stress. Fig 5C shows soluble protein content reductions for the NaCl-treated seeds of 16.13%, 26.78%, and 29.49%, respectively, compared with Con seeds at 2, 4, and 6 d. Under all melatonin treatments, except for MT₁₀+NaCl, the soluble protein contents were significantly higher than under the NaCl treatment. In particular, the soluble protein content under the MT₂₀+NaCl treatment was the highest across all stages. This suggests that melatonin supported macromolecular structure proteins and played a role in maintaining cell stability.

Exogenous melatonin affects inorganic osmotic regulators in cotton seeds under salt stress

Exogenous melatonin affects Na⁺ and Cl^- content of cotton seeds under salt stress

Na⁺ toxicity is one of the main components of salt stress in plants. As shown in Fig 6A, at 2, 4, and 6 d, the content of Na⁺ in NaCl seeds under salt stress was significantly higher, by 21.00%, 32.50%, and 62.11%, respectively, compared with Con seeds, resulting in an ion imbalance. After treatment with various concentrations of melatonin, Na⁺ content was significantly lower, demonstrating that melatonin slowed the rate of ions entering cells, thereby effectively protecting the cellular structure. Na⁺ contents under the MT₂₀+NaCl treatment were 14.72%, 22.89%, and 28.40% lower at 2, 4, and 6 d, respectively, relative to the NaCl treatment, showing the most obvious Na⁺ accumulation inhibition among melatonin treatments. Fig 6B shows that not only Na⁺ content but also Cl^- content increased significantly under salt stress. At 2, 4, and 6 d, the Cl^- content under the NaCl treatment was 152.06%, 54.52%, and 109.90% higher, respectively, compared with Con seeds. The Cl^- content decreased significantly under different concentrations of melatonin. In particular, the Cl^- contents under the MT₂₀+NaCl treatment were 46.86%, 31.04%, and 46.14% lower at 2, 4, and 6 d, respectively, relative to the NaCl treatment. The trend in Cl^- content was similar to that in Na⁺ content, indicating that melatonin may reduce damage caused by Cl^-, thus protecting cell membranes.

Exogenous melatonin affects K⁺ content and the K⁺/Na⁺ balance of cotton seeds under salt stress

K is an essential element in plants, and high K⁺/Na⁺ balance can improve salt tolerance. As shown in Fig 6C, the K⁺ content of cotton seeds decreased significantly throughout the germination assay. Among the different melatonin treatments, K⁺ content trends over time differed. When treated with 20 μM melatonin (MT₂₀+NaCl), K⁺ content increased by 21.20%, 33.72%, and 4.87% at 2, 4, and 6 d, respectively, compared with NaCl seeds, indicating that an appropriate concentration of melatonin can maintain ion homeostasis and relieve the toxicity of salt stress. As shown in Table 2, salt stress (i.e., NaCl treatment) resulted in significantly lower K⁺/Na⁺ balances, which were 49.19%, 43.30%, and 52.02% lower than those of Con seeds at 2, 4, and 6 d, respectively. However, the K⁺/Na⁺ balance increased significantly after the application of different melatonin concentrations. Notably, MT₂₀+NaCl treatment increased the K⁺/Na⁺ balance by 42.21%, 73.44%, and 46.46% compared with NaCl at 2, 4, and 6 d, respectively. Accordingly, appropriate concentrations of melatonin can effectively control the rate of K⁺/Na⁺ intake and maintain a relatively high K⁺/Na⁺ balance, as well as protect intracellular ion homeostasis in cotton seed cells under salt stress.

Table 2. Effects of melatonin treatment on K⁺/Na⁺ balance in cotton seeds under salt stress.

Treatment	2 d	4 d	6 d
Control (Con)	0.256±0.0036a	0.145±0.0042a	0.160±0.0082a
NaCl	0.130±0.0253d	0.082±0.0047d	0.077±0.0017c
MT₁₀+NaCl	0.127±0.0118d	0.104±0.0070c	0.084±0.0138c
MT₂₀+NaCl	0.185±0.0126b	0.143±0.0071a	0.113±0.0049b
MT₅₀+NaCl	0.155±0.0139c	0.089±0.0077d	0.058±0.0038d
MT₁₀₀+NaCl	0.165±0.0102c	0.119±0.0093b	0.055±0.0051d

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Cells followed by different letters within a column are significantly different at a p < 0.05 threshold.

Discussion

In recent years, abiotic stress has markedly impaired crop yields [33]. Salt is one of the main factors affecting ecological environments and inhibiting crop growth. With the expansion of saline-alkali land areas in China, crop yields and quality have decreased gradually [34]. The salt stress damage to plants is mainly manifested through osmotic stress, ion stress, and antioxidant system and hormone signal transduction, among other phenomena [35, 7]. Various osmotic regulatory substances can be actively accumulated in plants, allowing them to cope with damaged cells and maintain homeostasis between the internal and external environments of cells, thus enabling plants to slowly adapt to salt stress [23]. A similar pattern is observed in salt-stress seeds, but with reduced growth rates and germination rates, indicating salt stress affects germination of cotton seeds. Meanwhile, the contents of H₂O₂, EL, and MDA increased and the content of organic osmotic substances in cotton seeds increased, such as proline and soluble sugar, which changed in the seeds upon exposure to saline stress. Moreover, the content of inorganic osmotic regulatory substances increased, including Na⁺ and Cl^-, which changed in the seeds owing to a loss of control under saline stress; however, the content of soluble proteins and K⁺ as well as the K⁺/Na⁺ balance decreased. Together, these results indicate that salt stress led to membrane lipid peroxidation, which affected cotton seed germination, consistent with the results of Samea-Andabjadid et al. [5] and Castanares et al. [36].

Melatonin is a small molecular hormone found in plants and animals; it is a broad-spectrum growth regulator and antioxidant that resists peroxidation damage to plants caused by stresses such as salt and drought stresses [23]. Abiotic stress can induce changes in the melatonin content of plants [37]. The present study showed that melatonin levels decreased with time in the control (Fig 2), consistent with their consumption by antioxidant action. Salt stress can reduce melatonin levels in cotton seeds (Fig 2); as there are lower reactive oxygen species levels under higher melatonin treatments, it is more likely that it is consumed by antioxidant action of the melatonin, which is consistent with previous findings [17]. However melatonin content significantly increased after the application of exogenous melatonin, indicating that exogenous melatonin could induce endogenous melatonin accumulation [17]. Melatonin content reached its minimum on day 6, while the germination rate peaked at day 6 of the seed germination trial, indicating a relationship between melatonin content and seed germination. During germination, melatonin content decreased while alleviating the inhibitory effects of high salinity. However, melatonin content was not positively correlated with seed germination rate under salt stress. Low melatonin concentrations (i.e., MT₁₀+NaCl and MT₂₀+NaCl treatments) effectively promoted seed germination at all times, but not up to the control level, suggesting that melatonin alleviates some of the damage caused by salt stress, not completely eliminates it. Meanwhile, the effect of high concentrations of melatonin (i.e., MT₅₀+NaCl and MT₁₀₀+NaCl treatments) on seed germination was not obvious, demonstrating that 20 μM melatonin was the optimum concentration for promoting cotton seed germination under salt stress (Fig 1), which indicates that the effect of exogenous melatonin is closely related to its concentration. A higher concentration of melatonin is not conductive to the mitigation of salt stress, and it is necessary to select an appropriate concentration of melatonin based on the specific situation. Similar results have been reported in rice and rapeseed [38, 39].

It has been suggested that melatonin improves the redox state of cells, thereby decreasing levels of ROS and reactive nitrogen species and stabilizing biological membranes in plant cells. Previous studies have shown that cold stress induced a considerable accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in cucumber and watermelon seeds, and exogenous melatonin can effectively inhibit the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide [40, 41]. Exogenous melatonin reduced MDA content in Avena nuda under salt stress and increased tolerance to salt stress [42], and an appropriate concentration of melatonin was able reduce electrolyte exudation and effectively protect cell membranes in bermudagrass [43]. Additionally, melatonin-treated seedlings exhibited reduced oxidative damage through the inhibited overproduction of these ROS and MDA as well as EL. This may be owing to the role of melatonin in plants under abiotic stress, as it acts as an antioxidant that upregulates the expression of antioxidant enzymes, thereby reducing ROS levels [44]. In the present study, H₂O₂ was quite high in the control at 2 d, dropped drastically by 4 d, and rose again by 6 d. The amount of H₂O₂ in the salinity treatment at day 6 was less than that of the Control treatment at day 2, but the germination rate was significantly less than the control at all time points. The MT₅₀+NaCl and MT₁₀₀+NaCl treatments had substantially decreased H₂O₂ levels at 4 d and 6 d, but the germination rate was unimproved. Consequently, the amount of hydrogen peroxide may not be a particularly important variable, or the seed germination process may be quite tolerant to it (Fig 3). MDA and EL are important indicators of cell membrane stability. During the seed germination assay, salt stress led to membrane lipid oxidation and increased MDA and EL contents. However, the content of MDA and EL in cotton seeds decreased in response to melatonin treatment. The MDA and EL content of the 20 μM melatonin-treated seeds were significantly lower than those of NaCl-treated seeds, confirming that the effect of melatonin was dose dependent and that a suitable concentration of melatonin could reduce peroxidation damage to membrane lipids (Fig 4, Table 1). Based on these observations, an optimal melatonin concentration appears to mitigate the accumulation of H₂O₂, defending against oxidative stress, and too much melatonin disrupts ROS accumulation in germinating seeds, consistent with previous research [45].

The accumulation of osmotic regulators plays an important role in maintaining intracellular stability and protecting cells from salt stress and toxicity. Melatonin can promote the accumulation of proline in tomato seedlings under salt stress and also accelerates cucumber seed germination [44, 46]. In the present study, proline content dropped in the control over time, but increased under saline treatment by 2 d and then dropped to a similar level as the control by days 4 and 6, which indicates salt stress led to the accumulation of proline in the early stages of cotton seed germination. Proline content was increased by melatonin pretreatment, perhaps though melatonin regulating the related metabolism of osmotic substances and enhancing salt tolerance. Notably, MT₂₀+NaCl increases proline levels at all times, contributing to more normal osmotic balance in seeds. Notably, increased melatonin concentration does not lead to more proline (Fig 5A), indicating that excessive supplemental melatonin inhibits the accumulation of proline in germination seeds.

In the present experiment, the soluble sugar content overall decreased first and then increased in saline treatments, indicating that salt stress led to the accumulation of soluble sugar in cotton seeds. The sugar content was increased by intermediate concentrations of melatonin pretreatment (MT₂₀+NaCl and MT₅₀+NaCl) or decreased by low and high concentrations of melatonin pretreatment (MT₁₀+NaCl and MT₁₀₀+NaCl, respectively), which indicates that melatonin regulated the observed change in osmotic substances to improve salt tolerance (Fig 5B). The soluble protein content of cotton seeds decreased as caused by the degradation of proteins under salt stress, and the soluble protein content increased obviously after melatonin treatment, likely as a consequence of melatonin inducing protein synthesis and inhibiting the degradation process, thus maintaining the physiological activity and stability of cells (Fig 5C). In this study, exogenous application of 20 μM melatonin is most efficient in increasing the concentration of proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein and these substances need to be greater in the experimental treatments than in the control to improve osmotic balance in salt stress seeds (Fig 5). However, even in the control, these substances vary with time, indicating that the germination of cotton seeds is a complex process, which is similar to previous results [38].

The dynamic balance of ions in plant cells plays an important role in plant growth and development, which can protect enzyme activity, and maintains membrane potential and osmotic pressure, thus maintaining cell volumes. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential of exogenous melatonin application in mediating K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis and relative uptake rates of K⁺ and Na⁺ under salt stress in sweet potato [47]. Under salt stress, Na⁺ and Cl^- ions rush into the cells of seeds, causing the accumulation of Na⁺, affecting the absorption of K⁺ by plants, and causing ionic toxicity [48]. Maintaining a high K⁺/Na⁺ balance is essential to maintaining cell metabolism. Excessive salt ions disturb ion homeostasis and inhibit plant growth and development [49, 50]. Castanares et al. [36] concluded that salt stress leads to K⁺/Na⁺ imbalance, destroys cell membrane integrity, and reduces potassium retention, while exogenous melatonin effectively relieved this effect, which might be related to the activity of related enzymes in cells. Similarly, melatonin could significantly reduce Na⁺ accumulation and increase K⁺ content in maize seeds under salt stress [34]. Yu et al. [51] proposed a novel mechanism for melatonin-mediated salt tolerance, i.e., melatonin supplementation decreased the oxidative damage induced by salinity, perhaps by directly scavenging H₂O₂ or enhancing the activities of antioxidative enzymes. In addition, melatonin might control the expression of ion-channel genes (MdNHX1 and MdAKT1) under salinity and maintain ion homeostasis and thus improve salinity resistance in plants exposed to exogenous melatonin [52]. As the germination time continued in the present experiment, the Na⁺ content of cotton seeds increased continually, and the K⁺ content of cotton seeds decreased and then increased in the Con and NaCl treatments. The Na⁺ content of cotton seeds decreased obviously while K⁺ content of cotton seeds increased obviously under salt stress. Na⁺ content was significantly lower and K⁺ content and K⁺/Na⁺ balance were significantly higher after melatonin treatments compared to Con seeds across different stages (Fig 6A–6C, Table 2). This demonstrated that the application of melatonin alleviated the accumulation of Na⁺ by increasing K⁺ absorption to maintain K⁺/Na⁺ balance and enhance salt tolerance. The present study also confirms the beneficial effect of 20 μM melatonin treatment on maintaining ion balance under salt stress.

Conclusions

Exogenous melatonin was able to effectively alleviate salt stress damage and promote cotton seed germination by improving the physiological activity of cotton seeds by maintaining the K⁺/Na⁺ balance in vivo and promoting the content of melatonin and osmotic regulation substances. The 20 μM melatonin treatment was particularly effective in reducing the physiological damage caused by salt stress to cotton seeds and internally stabilizing cells, which was the most effective treatment in promoting seed germination under salt stress.

Supporting information

S1 File

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(358.1KB, pdf)}

S1 Data

(XLSX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(62.1KB, xlsx)}

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions. We also thank our laboratory members for their help and efforts. Li Chen and Liantao Liu contributed equally to this research.

Abbreviations

MT: melatonin
GR: germination rate
H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide
MDA: malondialdehyde
EL: electrolyte leakage
ROS: reactive oxygen species
IAA: indole-3-acetic acid

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

Funding Statement

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (No. 31871569 and 31571610).

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Exogenous Melatonin Promotes Seed Germination and Osmotic Regulation under Salt Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

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4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

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5. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Reviewer #1: The manuscript entitled ‘Exogenous Melatonin Promotes Seed Germination and Osmotic Regulation under Salt Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)” investigated the effect of melatonin in protecting cotton seeds under salinity and tried to explain its effect from the aspect of membrane integrity, ROS status, ion homeostasis. Although the study is well conceived and designed, its quality still needs to be improved. Please find the below comments for more details.

Major comments:

1. According to the significance letters on Figure 1, no significant difference of germination rate was found between salt stressed cotton plants with and without the melatonin treatment. Although it suggests a difference, an overlap of significance letters (for example, b and bc, or a and ab) between different groups indicates no significant difference at 0.05 level. Since only three replicates are conducted in this study, more replicates could help to improve the data accuracy. Or authors may redo the statistical analysis.

2. More in depth discussion will improve the quality of the current manuscript. For example, how melatonin reduced ROS content and maintained better K+/Na+ ratio in cotton seeds under salinity? Is it a direct response or indirect regulation? Does melatonin direct modulate the activity of ion channels and transporters? Or through reduce ROS content, melatonin indirectly affects ion transport.

3. Three replicates are the minimum requirement of biological studies. More replicates could improve the accuracy of data.

Minor comments:

Ln35. “the first evidence” is a bit over claim. For me, “evidence” is more related to something are clearly understood. Consider to revise it.

Ln 80-81. Cite (Mattuis 2014 J Exp Bot; Wu 2018, Crop J).

Ln330-331. Consider to rewrite it.

Ln 350. Consider to revise it. I would say “Na+ toxicity is one of the main component of salt stress in plants.”

Ln396. I would use “impaired” rather than “restricted”.

Ln396-397. Remove “Furthermore”.

Ln410. “affected” was repeated.

Ln427-428. “internal and external balance of cells”. It is not clear. Consider to revise or remove it.

Ln429. Over claim. No direct evidence showed in the current manuscript to support the claim that melatonin can directly scavenge ROS.

Ln459. “high K+ and low Na+” is not accurate. Under salt stress, Na+ accumulation and K+ loss happened. Maybe “to maintain K+/Na+ ratio” will be more accurate.

Figures. For better reading experience, according to the real setting of treatments described in the current manuscript, I would suggest to change “CK1” to “Con” or “Ctrl”, “CK2” to “NaCl”, “MT10” to “MT10 + NaCl”, “MT20” to “MT20 + NaCl”, “MT50” to “MT50 + NaCl”, and “MT100” to “MT100 + NaCl”.

Figure 2. The orders of significance labels are not appropriately presented. For example, in day2, “CK2” is the highest and is labelled with significance letter a, then the significance letter d should be assigned to the lowest one which is the “MT20” group. Also, please double check the assigned letters. Given the small error bar, “MT20” and “MT50” seem to have a significant difference.

Figure 5a. Why Na+ content in “CK2” group (150 mM NaCl) is decreased overtime? Also, in day6, “MT50” showed no protective role in preventing Na+ accumulation in cotton seeds under salinity.

Figure 5c. Please recheck the statistical analysis. Given the big error bars, most of the treatment showed no significant difference of K+ content. Another way is to increase sample replicates since only three replicates are conducted in the current manuscript.

Reviewer #2: The paper describes dose-dependent effect of exogenous melatonin on cotton seed germination under saline stress. The findings are interesting, but several aspects of the study need attention.

Introduction: Lines 57 – 59: there are relevant melatonin data and references, which should be included. Melatonin was introduced through cyanobacteria that became chloroplasts and mitochondria and is found in most plants and animals (Tan D-X et al. 2013, Mitochondria and chloroplasts as the original sites of melatonin synthesis: a hypothesis related to melatonin's primary function and evolution in eukaryotes. J Pineal Res 54: 127 – 138). So, there is likely to be endogenous melatonin in the cotton seed. Melatonin is extremely efficient antioxidant (Tan DX, Manchester LC, Terron MP, Flores LJ, Reiter RJ. One molecule, many derivatives: a never-ending interaction of melatonin with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species? J Pineal Res 2007; 42: 28 – 42; reference 90).

Line 64: Melatonin is closely related to IAA (indole -3-acetic acid) by structure and so are their metabolic pathways (see, for instance, Chapter 2, Auxin Biosynthesis and Catabolism, Yangbin Gao and Yunde Zhao, in Auxin and its Role in Plant Development, 2014, Eds. Zazimalova E, Petrasek J, Benkova E, Springer or Arnao MB and Hernandez-Ruiz J, 2018, Melatonin and its relationship to plant hormones, Annals of Botany 121: 195–207).

Methods: How was the salt stress level of 150 mM chosen? While the difference between salt stressed and control germination rates show clear significance, the effects of different melatonin concentration are very similar (especially comparing 10 and 20 μM data) in Fig. 1. Could greater saline stress give more distinct results?

I am also puzzled by the assignment of the significant difference (or lack there of) in some of the figures: for instance, in Fig. 2, at 6 d, MT50 and MT100 are surely not significantly different (but assigned letters “b” and “d”), while MT10 and MT20 are significantly different (but both assigned same letter “e”). There seem to be significance assignment problems in most of the figures (I am assuming that decreasing averages are assigned consecutive letters of the alphabet, if they are significantly different, depending on their standard deviations).

The units in some of the figures are not clear. Fig. 2: what does “mmol/g prot” mean? Fig. 3: microSiemens/cm? Fig. 4B: why not use microg? Fig. 4C: why is “fresh weight” added here – what about the Fig. 4A and B? Fig. 5A, B and C: why different units in A? Same type of units should be used for measurement of various substances, so the amounts can be compared (for instance amounts of proline and soluble sugars or Na, Cl and K).

It would be informative to measure endogenous melatonin content of the germinating seeds in control and under saline stress.

Results: While there are problems with the significance of the differences, the consistent trend of MT20 data does suggest, that this melatonin concentration is the most supportive one for germination in the face of saline stress.

Discussion: The authors should comment on: (1) The changes of the measured substances in the control and salt stressed seeds with time, which makes evaluating the role of melatonin more difficult, (2) Why is MT20 the most beneficial medium – the endogenous melatonin concentration might be helpful there.

Reference 20 and 32 seem to be the same paper.

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Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: Yes: Mary Jane Beilby

[NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission site. Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and check for the action link "View Attachments". If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files to be viewed.]

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PLoS One. 2020 Jan 31;15(1):e0228241. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228241.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

27 Aug 2019

Responds to the Reviewer’s comments:

Reviewer #1

Major comments

1. According to the significance letters on Figure 1

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228241.r003

Decision Letter 1

Sergey Shabala

23 Sep 2019

PONE-D-19-18506R1

Exogenous Melatonin Promotes Seed Germination and Osmotic Regulation under Salt Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

PLOS ONE

Dear Bai,

The revised version of your MS has been reviewed again by the same set of reviewers. As you can see from their comments, several substantial concerns remain to be dealt with. I am willing to give you one more chance to address these. Please ensure that your review comprehensively deals with all reviewers' concerns as the number of iterations between reviewers and authors is limited.

We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by Nov 07 2019 11:59PM. When you are ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter.

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). This letter should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.
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An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Manuscript'.

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Sergey Shabala

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

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Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: (No Response)

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: No

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: No

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #1: Authors have addressed most of my comments.

Few more comments

1. Please double check the English of the newly added text.

2. Add a vertical dash line between the dataset of different germination time points to indicate that the statistical analysis was separately done in each germination time point group.

3. Maathuis, 2014, Sodium in plants: perception, signalling, and regulation of sodium fluxes. Journal of Experimental Botany.

Reviewer #2: The manuscript is improved, but still marginal. The assignment of significance in many of the figures is still a problem: for instance in Fig. 1 the control at 2 days is surely significantly different from the control at 6 days, yet they are both assigned letter “a”! The “c” and “d” are not significantly different! You do want to compare amounts at different germination times.

The measurement of the melatonin content in the control and in the seeds under different treatments would make it easier to formulate the mechanism of action.

The germination rate increased over 6 days in the control. However, the various measured substances changed over this time. These trends need to be compared and discussed for different treatments in detail. For instance: hydrogen peroxide is quite high in the control at day 2, drops drastically in day 4 and rises again in day 6. In the salinity treatment the amount at day 6 is less than the control at day 2, but the germination rate is significantly less than the control at any time. The MT+50, MT+100 treatments decreased the hydrogen peroxide substantially at day 4 and 6, but have not improved the germination rate. Consequently, the amount of hydrogen peroxide may not be particularly important variable, or the seed germination process may be quite tolerant to it. The proline content drops in the control over time, but increases in saline treatment on day 2, but then drops to similar level as in control on days 4 and 6. MT+20 increases proline levels at all times, contributing to better osmotic state of the seed. It is interesting that increased melatonin concentration does not lead to more proline.

Discussion: All measured substances should be considered and compared to the time variation in the control and the saline stressed plants. So, the results need to be discussed in much greater detail with references to relevant tables and figures (e.g. lines 426 – 433). The general problems with salinity (lines 418 – 421) and the properties of melatonin (lines 435 – 439) were already described in the Introduction. The authors do not speculate why there is an optimal melatonin concentration. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also involved in signalling sequences. It is possible that too much melatonin disrupts these sequences in the germinating seed (however, this is not the case with hydrogen peroxide, which is higher at MT+50 and MT+100).

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

PLoS One. 2020 Jan 31;15(1):e0228241. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228241.r004

Author response to Decision Letter 1

25 Oct 2019

Dear Sergey Shabala

On behalf of my co-authors, we thank you very much for giving us an opportunity to revise our manuscript again, we appreciate editor and Reviewers very much for their positive and constructive comments and suggestions on our manuscript entitled “Exogenous melatonin promotes seed germination and osmotic regulation under salt stress in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (submitted as PONE-D-19-18506)”. Those comments are all valuable and very helpful for revising and improving our paper, as well as the important guiding significance to us researches. We have studied comments carefully and have made correction which we hope meet with approval. Revised portion are marked in red in the paper.

The main corrections in the paper and the responds to the Reviewer’s comments are as flowing:

Responds to the Reviewer’s comments:

Reviewer #1

Few more comments

1. Please double check the English of the newly added text.

Response: We have made correction according to the Reviewer’s comments. Our manuscript has been carefully edited by a native English-speaking editor of MogoEdit, and the grammar, spelling, and punctuation have been verified and corrected where needed.

2. Add a vertical dash line between the dataset of different germination time points to indicate that the statistical analysis was separately done in each germination time point group

Response: We have made correction according to the Reviewer’s comments. We have added a vertical dash line between the data at of different germination time points. Thank you for your suggestion.

3. Maathuis, 2014, Sodium in plants: perception, signaling, and regulation of sodium fluxes. Journal of experimental Botany.

Response: We have made correction according to the Reviewer’s comments. We have added reference.

Reviewer #2

1. The manuscript is improved, but still marginal. The assignment of significance in many of the figures is still a problem: for instance in Fig. 1 the control at 2 days is surely significantly different from the control at 6 days, yet they are both assigned letter “a”! The “c” and “d” are not significantly different! You do want to compare amounts at different germination times.

Response: We have compared amounts at different treatments according to the Reviewer’s comments.

As for the assignment of significance in many of the figures, the meaning of the letter (a, b, c, d) is explained as follows:

In Fig. 1, firstly, we used SPSS software to conduct variance analysis on the data of different treatments (Control; NaCl; MT10+NaCl; MT20+NaCl; MT50+NaCl; MT100+NaCl) at 2 d, different letters (a, b, c, d) appeared in 2 d group. Then we used SPSS software to conduct variance analysis on the data of different treatments (Control; NaCl; MT10+NaCl; MT20+NaCl; MT50+NaCl; MT100+NaCl) on 4 d or 6 d respectively, different letters (a, b, c, d) also appeared in 4 d or 6 d group. So the control at 2 days is significantly different from the control at 6 days, yet they are both assigned letter “a”.

In addition, data from other figures and tables are analyzed in the same way.

2. The measurement of the melatonin content in the control and in the seeds under different treatments would make it easier to formulate the mechanism of action

Response: We have made correction according to the Reviewer’s comments. We have supplemented the measurement of the melatonin content in the control and in the seeds under different treatments

3. The germination rate increased over 6 days in the control. However, the various measured substances changed over this time. These trends need to be compared and discussed for different treatments in detail. For instance: hydrogen peroxide is quite high in the control at day 2, drops drastically in day 4 and rises again in day 6. In the salinity treatment the amount at day 6 is less than the control at day 2, but the germination rate is significantly less than the control at any time. The MT+50, MT+100 treatments decreased the hydrogen peroxide substantically at day 4 and 6, but have not improved the germination rate. Consequently, the amount of hydrogen peroxide may not be particularly important variable, or the seed germination process may be quite tolerance to it. The proline content drops in the control over time, but increases in saline treatment on day 2, but then drops to similar level as in control on day 4 and 6. MT+20 increases proline levels at all time, contributing to better osmotic state of the seed. It is interesting that increased melatonin concentration does not lead to more proline.

Response: We have made correction according to the Reviewer’s comments. The detailed changes can be seen in lines 474-499 of the discussion.

4. Discussion: All measured substances should be considered and compared to the time variation in the control and the saline stressed plants. So, the results need to be discussed in much greater detail with referances to revelant tables and figures (e.g. lines 426-433). The general problems with salinity (lines 418-421) and the properties of melatonin (lines 435-439) were already described in the introduction. The authors do not speculate why there is an optimal melatonin concentration. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are also involved in signalling sequences. It is possible that too much melatonin disrupts these sequences in the germination seed (however, this is not the case with hydrogen peroxide, which is higher at MT+50 and MT+100).

Response: We have made correction according to the Reviewer’s comments.The detailed changes can be seen in 502-525 of the discussion.

Special thanks to you for your good comments.

Sincerely yours,

Zhiying Bai

Email: zhiyingbai@126.com

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Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(26.6KB, docx)}

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228241.r005

Decision Letter 2

Sergey Shabala

22 Nov 2019

PONE-D-19-18506R2

Exogenous Melatonin Promotes Seed Germination and Osmotic Regulation under Salt Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

PLOS ONE

Dear Bai,

We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by Jan 06 2020 11:59PM. When you are ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter.

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). This letter should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.
A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.
An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Manuscript'.

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Sergey Shabala

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

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Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #2: (No Response)

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: Partly

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #1: Authors have addressed my comments properly. The English of this manuscript is polished. Overall, the quality of the manuscript is improved.

Reviewer #2: The measurements of melatonin content add to the information on the melatonin effect on the germination seeds – important increase of the dataset.

However, the results are still not discussed clearly and logically.

For instance: The germination rate increases with time. Similar pattern is observed in salt-stressed seeds, but with reduced rates. MT20 improves the rates at all times, but not up to control level. MT50 and 100 essentially leave the salt-stressed rate unchanged (Fig. 1). Melatonin levels decrease in the control (Fig.2). There is not sufficient data to decide if the seeds make less melatonin or equal (or greater) amounts, which get consumed by the antioxidant action. Lines 253-255: therefore it is not clear whether salinity stress “inhibits” melatonin synthesis. As there is less reactive oxygen species with more added melatonin, it is more likely that it is consumed by antioxidant action of the melatonin.

It is good to know that increased external melatonin translates to increased internal melatonin (Fig. 2). However, this increase in internal melatonin does not help to keep the germination rates up in case of MT50 and 100.

The M20 medium is most efficient in increasing the concentration of proline, soluble sugar and soluble protein and these substances need to be greater than in the control to improve osmotic balance in salt stressed seeds (Fig. 5). However, even in the control these substances vary with time.

In the Discussion, the authors need to distinguish between regulatory changes in the seed upon exposure to saline stress (such as increase in proline) or a change due to loss of control (such as increase in Na+).

So, the data still needs to be discussed in more consistent and logical manner.

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

PLoS One. 2020 Jan 31;15(1):e0228241. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228241.r006

Author response to Decision Letter 2

11 Dec 2019

Dear Sergey Shabala

On behalf of my co-authors, we thank you very much for your feedback and the opportunity to revise our manuscript again. We also thank the Reviewers very much for their positive and constructive comments and suggestions on our manuscript entitled “Exogenous melatonin promotes seed germination and osmotic regulation under salt stress in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) (submitted as PONE-D-19-18506).” These comments were all valuable and very helpful in our efforts to improve our paper and also provided significant guidance in our research. We have considered the comments carefully and have made correction that we hope will meet with approval. The revised portions are marked in red in the paper.

Below, the main corrections to the paper and responses to the Reviewer’s comments are provided.

Responses to the Reviewer’s comments:

Reviewer #2: The measurements of melatonin content add to the information on the melatonin effect on the germination seeds-important increased of the dataset.

However, the results are still not discussed clearly and logically.

For instance: The germination rate increases with time. Similar pattern is observed in salt-stressed seeds, but with reduced rates. MT20 improves the rates at all times, but not up to control level. MT50 and 100 essentially leave the salt-stressed rate unchanged (Fig. 1). Melatonin levels decrease in the control (Fig. 2). There is not sufficient data to decide if the seeds make less melatonin or equal (or greater) amounts, which get consumed by the antioxidant action. Lines 253-255: therefore it is not clear whether salinity stress “inhibits” melatonin synthesis. As there is less reactive oxygen species with more added melatonin, it is more likely that it is consumed by antioxidant action of the melatonin.

So, the data still needs to be discussed in more consistent and logical manner.

Response: We have made corrections according to the Reviewer’s comments. The detailed changes can be seen in lines 440-451, 453-459, 475-477, 48-484, and 535-540 in the Discussion. Additionally, two new references have been added as support.

Special thanks to you for your good comments.

Sincerely yours,

Zhiying Bai

Email: zhiyingbai@126.com

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Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(20.9KB, docx)}

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228241.r007

Decision Letter 3

Sergey Shabala

13 Jan 2020

Exogenous Melatonin Promotes Seed Germination and Osmotic Regulation under Salt Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

PONE-D-19-18506R3

Dear Dr. Bai,

We are pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it complies with all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you will receive an e-mail containing information on the amendments required prior to publication. When all required modifications have been addressed, you will receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will proceed to our production department and be scheduled for publication.

Shortly after the formal acceptance letter is sent, an invoice for payment will follow. To ensure an efficient production and billing process, please log into Editorial Manager at https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/, click the "Update My Information" link at the top of the page, and update your user information. If you have any billing related questions, please contact our Author Billing department directly at authorbilling@plos.org.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, you must inform our press team as soon as possible and no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact onepress@plos.org.

With kind regards,

Sergey Shabala

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Reviewers' comments:

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228241.r008

Acceptance letter

Sergey Shabala

15 Jan 2020

PONE-D-19-18506R3

Exogenous Melatonin Promotes Seed Germination and Osmotic Regulation under Salt Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Dear Dr. Bai:

I am pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper at this point, to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

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With kind regards,

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on behalf of

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All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.

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PERMALINK

Exogenous melatonin promotes seed germination and osmotic regulation under salt stress in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Li Chen

Liantao Liu

Bin Lu

Tongtong Ma

Dan Jiang

Jin Li

Ke Zhang

Hongchun Sun

Yongjiang Zhang

Zhiying Bai

Cundong Li

Roles

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and methods

Reagents

Plant material

Seed germination

Determination of cotton seed germination rate

Determination of melatonin content

Determination of H2O2, MDA, and EL

Determination of osmotic regulators proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein

Determination of ion content

Statistical analysis

Results

Exogenous melatonin promotes cotton seed germination under salt stress

Fig 1. Effects of exogenous melatonin on GR in cotton seeds under salt stress.

Melatonin content of seed germinating under different treatments

Fig 2. Melatonin content of seeds germinating under different treatments.

Exogenous melatonin mitigates membrane permeability during cotton seed germination under salt stress

Exogenous melatonin reduces H2O2 content in cotton seeds under salt stress

Fig 3. Effects of exogenous melatonin on H2O2 content in cotton seeds under salt stress.

Exogenous melatonin decreases MDA accumulation in cotton seeds under salt stress

Table 1. MDA content (μmol g-1) of melatonin-pretreated cotton seeds under salt stress.

Exogenous melatonin reduces cotton seed EL under salt stress

Fig 4. Effects of exogenous melatonin on EL content in cotton seeds under salt stress.

Exogenous melatonin affects organic osmotic substance content during cotton seed germination under salt stress

Exogenous melatonin affects the proline content of cotton seeds under salt stress

Fig 5.

Exogenous melatonin affects the soluble sugar content of cotton seeds under salt stress

Exogenous melatonin affects soluble protein content of cotton seeds under salt stress

Exogenous melatonin affects inorganic osmotic regulators in cotton seeds under salt stress

Exogenous melatonin affects Na+ and Cl- content of cotton seeds under salt stress

Fig 6.

Exogenous melatonin affects K+ content and the K+/Na+ balance of cotton seeds under salt stress

Table 2. Effects of melatonin treatment on K+/Na+ balance in cotton seeds under salt stress.

Discussion

Conclusions

Supporting information

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

Sergey Shabala

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

Sergey Shabala

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 1

Decision Letter 2

Sergey Shabala

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 2

Decision Letter 3

Sergey Shabala

Roles

Acceptance letter

Sergey Shabala

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Determination of H₂O₂, MDA, and EL

Exogenous melatonin reduces H₂O₂ content in cotton seeds under salt stress

Fig 3. Effects of exogenous melatonin on H₂O₂ content in cotton seeds under salt stress.

Table 1. MDA content (μmol g^-1) of melatonin-pretreated cotton seeds under salt stress.

Exogenous melatonin affects Na⁺ and Cl^- content of cotton seeds under salt stress

Exogenous melatonin affects K⁺ content and the K⁺/Na⁺ balance of cotton seeds under salt stress

Table 2. Effects of melatonin treatment on K⁺/Na⁺ balance in cotton seeds under salt stress.