Abstract
Thirty-eight lava and pyroclastic samples were collected from Mt. Erciyes and Mt. Hasan, the two largest stratovolcanic complexes of the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province in Turkey. More than 1000 zircon crystals were dated by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) applying U–Th disequilibrium and U–Pb methods. Model ages were calculated from zircon 230Th–238U–232Th isotopic compositions in combination with U–Th whole rock data of digested lava samples generated by Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS). Middle and Late Pleistocene ages dominate the dataset, but are complemented by both older (predominantly Early Pleistocene) and younger (Holocene) ages. U–Th disequilibrium and U–Pb zircon data provide maximum eruption ages that can be further specified by (U–Th)/He geochronology (zircon double dating). Additionally, these data are important to constrain the longevity and size of magmatic systems, and their potential for reactivation leading to potentially hazardous eruptions.
Keywords: U-series dating, Zircon, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS), Central Anatolian Volcanic Province (CAVP), Cappadocia, Turkey
Abbrevation: SIMS, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry; MC-ICP-MS, Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Specifications Table
| Subject | Geochemistry and Petrology |
| Specific subject area | Geochronology, Geochemistry |
| Type of data | Tables |
| How data were acquired | Multi-Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS); Nu Instruments Nu Plasma; Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS); CAMECA ims 1280-HR; Heidelberg University, Germany |
| Data format | MC-ICP-MS: U–Th whole rock isotope data in *.xlsx format (Supplementary Table 1) SIMS: U–Th–Pb zircon data in *.xlsx format (corrected for relative sensitivity and Th disequilibrium; Supplementary Tables 3 and 4) |
| Parameters for data collection | MC-ICP-MS: Lava bulk rock samples were powdered, spiked, and digested. U and Th were extracted by column separation. SIMS: Zircon crystals were separated from lava and composite pumice samples, rinsed in HF, and pressed in Indium (rim analyses). Selected crystals were re-mounted in epoxy resin and polished (interior analyses). |
| Description of data collection | MC-ICP-MS: U and Th concentrations and isotope ratios were determined by separate isotope dilution analyses. SIMS: 238U16O+, 232Th16O+, and 230Th16O+ were analysed simultaneously in multi-collection mode. 204Pb+, 206Pb+, 207Pb+, 208Pb+, 232Th+, 238U+, 238U16O+, and 238U16O2+ were analyzed sequentially in single-collection mode. |
| Data source location | Mt. Erciyes and Mt. Hasan stratovolcanic complexes (Central Anatolia) as plotted in Fig. 1 and reported in Table 1. |
| Data accessibility | With the article |
Value of the Data
|
1. Data
An overview map and sample locations plotted on a digital elevation model [1] are given in Fig. 1. Descriptions and coordinates for 38 andesitic to rhyolitic lava and pyroclastic samples of Mt. Erciyes and Mt. Hasan Quaternary stratovolcanic complexes are provided in Table 1. U–Th whole rock isotope data for six lava samples are reported in Supplementary Table 1. Equipoints employed for U–Th disequilibrium age calculations are stated in Supplementary Table 2. High spatial resolution U–Th and U–Pb zircon geochronological data for 1136 crystals are presented in Supplementary Table 3 (U–Th) and Supplementary Table 4 (U–Pb).
Fig. 2.
Schematic illustration of calculation of an equipoint (green star; Supplementary Table 2) based on a measured whole rock (238U)/(232Th) (red star; Supplementary Table 1) and the corresponding model melt (230Th)/(232Th) at the time of the youngest peak of the zircon age spectrum (Δt; white star); this peak was identified as the youngest maximum in the probability density function of individual zircon isochron slopes. The projection of the model melt to an equipoint on the equiline simulates identical melt compositions for each zircon at the time of its crystallization and precludes false isochrons (red dotted line). U–Th disequilibrium ages presented in Supplementary Table 3 are thus based on such equipoints.
Fig. 1.
Overview map with the Central Anatolian Volcanic Province (CAVP) in Turkey (A) and sample locations at Mt. Erciyes (B) and Mt. Hasan (C) on a digital elevation model [1] at similar scales.
Table 1.
Sample descriptions and locations in WGS84 coordinate system.
| Volcano | Sample | Sample Type | Type of Deposit | Location | Longitude [°E] | Latitude [°N] | Altitude [m] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-01 | Composite pumice | Pyroclastic flow | SE’ Hacılar | 35.48838 | 38.60710 | 1777 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-02 | Composite pumice | Fall-out (Perikartın) | NE’ Perikartın Dome | 35.47463 | 38.58301 | 2346 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-03 | Dacite lava | Lava dome | Lifos Hill summit | 35.47684 | 38.58928 | 2438 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-04 | Rhyolite lava | Lava dome | Perikartın Dome | 35.46033 | 38.58882 | 2165 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-06 | Composite pumice | Fall-out (Karagüllü) | NE’ Karagüllü Dome | 35.46366 | 38.62828 | 1518 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-07 | Composite pumice | Fall-out (Dikkartın) | Dikkartın quarry | 35.45111 | 38.47318 | 2186 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-08 | Rhyolite lava | Lava dome | Dikkartın Dome | 35.43597 | 38.49153 | 2561 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-10 | Dacite lava | Lava dome | Ali Dağ Dome | 35.54519 | 38.65537 | 1601 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-11 | Rhyolite lava | Lava dome | Karagüllü Dome | 35.42927 | 38.59659 | 1928 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-12 | Dacite lava | Lava flow | Şeyharslantepe | 35.36866 | 38.60228 | 1765 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-15 | Dacite lava | Lava dome | Gökdağ Dome | 35.31264 | 38.55700 | 1844 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-17 | Dacite lava | Lava dome | S′ Yılanlı Dağ Dome | 35.41218 | 38.69023 | 1306 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-18 | Dacite lava | Lava dome | Üç Tepeler | 35.48270 | 38.49808 | 2579 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-19 | Composite pumice | Ground surge (Valibabatepe ignimbrite) | E′ Zincidere | 35.60070 | 38.64144 | 1426 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-32 | Pumiceous xenolith | Scoria cone | W′ Kızılören (Karnıyarık) | 35.28968 | 38.60165 | 1320 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 15-KVG-34 | Pumiceous xenolith | Scoria cone | S′ Kızılören | 35.32088 | 38.59018 | 1545 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 17-BF-21 | Dacite lava | Lava flow | N′ Çarık Tepe | 35.45537 | 38.62165 | 1738 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 17-BF-22 | Dacite lava | Lava dome | NE’ Yılanlı Dağ Dome | 35.41285 | 38.70983 | 1335 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 17-BF-23 | Pumiceous xenolith | Scoria cone | W′ Kızılören (Karnıyarık) | 35.28948 | 38.60163 | 1284 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 17-ERC-20 | Dacite lava | Lava flow | E′ Mt. Erciyes summit | 35.46356 | 38.53804 | 3378 |
| Mt. Erciyes | 17-ERC-100 | Composite pumice | Fall-out (below paleosol) | Kayseri-Develi Road | 35.51860 | 38.50429 | 2175 |
| Mt. Hasan | 15-KVG-37 | Composite pumice | Pyroclastic flow (containing obsidian) | S′ Taşpınar | 34.03711 | 38.16354 | 1060 |
| Mt. Hasan | 15-KVG-38 | Bread crust bomb | Block-and-ash-flow | S′ Keçikalesi | 34.12447 | 38.03805 | 1296 |
| Mt. Hasan | 15-KVG-39 | Composite pumice | Pyroclastic flow (pumice-rich) | SE’ Karakapı | 34.19608 | 38.02654 | 1333 |
| Mt. Hasan | 15-KVG-40 | Bread crust bomb | Block-and-ash-flow | W′ Akçaören | 34.23717 | 38.01357 | 1312 |
| Mt. Hasan | 15-KVG-42 | Andesite lava | Lava flow | NE’ Keçikalesi | 34.14816 | 38.07016 | 1532 |
| Mt. Hasan | 15-KVG-43 | Obsidian lava | Lava flow | S′ Helvadere | 34.18281 | 38.15471 | 2004 |
| Mt. Hasan | 15-KVG-44 | Andesite lava | Lava flow | W′ Dikmen | 34.09197 | 38.15438 | 1326 |
| Mt. Hasan | 15-KVG-46 | Composite pumice | Pyroclastic flow | SW’ Kitreli | 34.32973 | 38.16339 | 1541 |
| Mt. Hasan | 15-KVG-49 | Andesite lava | Lava flow | Keçikalesi Plateau | 34.15616 | 38.11538 | 2521 |
| Mt. Hasan | 15-KVG-51 | Andesite lava | Lava flow | Keçikalesi Plateau | 34.15395 | 38.11063 | 2374 |
| Mt. Hasan | 17-BF-01 | Andesite lava | Lava flow | S′ Uluören | 34.18982 | 38.05828 | 1469 |
| Mt. Hasan | 17-BF-04 | Andesite lava | Lava flow | W′ Dikmen | 34.05520 | 38.16335 | 1131 |
| Mt. Hasan | 17-BF-06 | Andesite lava | Lava flow | N′ Karakapı | 34.17633 | 38.10400 | 2118 |
| Mt. Hasan | 17-BF-07 | Dacite block | Block-and-ash-flow | Keçikalesi Plateau | 34.15002 | 38.11452 | 2276 |
| Mt. Hasan | 17-BF-08 | Andesite lava | Lava flow | SW’ Yenipınar | 34.23360 | 38.15758 | 1825 |
| Mt. Hasan | 17-BF-19 | Andesite lava | Lava flow | N′ Mt. Hasan summit | 34.16737 | 38.13680 | 2730 |
| Mt. Hasan | HD [2] | Composite pumice | Fall-out | N′ Mt. Hasan summit | 34.16679 | 38.13065 | 3160 |
2. Experimental design, materials, and methods
Uranium and Th isotopic ratios on bulk rock powders were determined at the U-series Research Laboratory at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Approximately 0.2 g of powdered rocks were spiked with a 236U–229Th tracer solution and digested in a mixture of concentrated acids (HF–HNO3) in Teflon beakers at 190 °C for 66 hours. After digestion and dilution of the resultant solutions, U and Th were extracted from the rock matrixes using 4 ml columns of Biorad AG1-x8 anionic resin, introducing and eluting the samples in 7 N HNO3, and extracting the Th and U fractions in 6 N HCl and 0.2 N HNO3, respectively. Uranium and Th concentrations, determined by isotope dilution, and U–Th isotope ratios were measured separately on a Nu Instruments Nu Plasma MC-ICP-MS at Macquarie University. For U analyses, the New Brunswick Laboratory (NBL) synthetic standards U010 and U005a were used at regular intervals to assess the robustness of instrumental corrections and to monitor drift. For Th analyses, a standard-sample bracketing procedure for each sample analysed used the Th ‘U’ standard solution, and a linear tail correction for the 232Th tail on 230Th was applied. Sample 15-KVG-17 was duplicated as separate digestions that show good reproducibility in U and Th concentrations and activity ratios (see Supplementary Table 1 for data). One digestion of Table Mountain Latite (TML) was prepared and analysed with the samples, yielding data within error of reference values [3].
U–Th–Pb zircon analyses were performed at the HIP Laboratory at Heidelberg University. Samples were crushed and sieved (<125 μm) and zircon crystals were extracted by hydrodynamic separation and hand-picking. Adhering glass was dissolved by rinsing in cold 40% HF for ca. 3 minutes. Whole crystals were imbedded in indium (In) metal and their surfaces dated by U–Th disequilibrium methods (rim analyses) with a CAMECA ims 1280-HR SIMS at Heidelberg University. Crystals in equilibrium, within 1σ of (230Th)/(238U) = 1, were re-dated by U–Pb methods. Selected crystals were extracted from the In mounts, re-mounted in Epoxy resin, polished, and re-dated by U–Th disequilibrium and, if applicable, U–Pb methods (interior analyses). Analytical details are presented in Table 2, and data in Supplementary Table 3 (U–Th) and Supplementary Table 4 (U–Pb).
Table 2.
Zircon U–Th–Pb analytical details.
| Main categories | Specifications |
|---|---|
| Mounting types | Indium & Epoxy |
| Sample preparation and treatment before SIMS analysis | Work procedure (for Indium Mounts) 1. Standard imbedded, ground down & polished with SiC paper (FEPA# 800, 1200, 2400, 4000) & diamond paste (1 μm, 1/4 μm) 2. Samples imbedded, no grinding/polishing 3. Cleaned with EDTA + NH3, distilled water & methanol 4. Gold-coated (Quorum Q150T ES); Thickness of gold coating: 50 nm Work procedure (for Epoxy Mounts) 1. Ground down & polished to ∼20 μm depth with SiC paper (FEPA# 800, 1200, 2400, 4000) & diamond paste (1 μm, 1/4 μm) 2. Cleaned with EDTA + NH3, distilled water & methanol 3. Gold-coated (Quorum Q150T ES); Thickness of gold coating: 2 nm 4. Cathodoluminescence imaged at scanning electron microscope 5. Cleaned with EDTA + NH3, distilled water & methanol 6. Gold-coated (Quorum Q150T ES); Thickness of gold coating: 50 nm |
| Age calibration approach | Session-wise ThO+/UO+ relative sensitivity calibration using AS3 [4] & 91500 [5] reference zircons after [6]. For inter-session comparability, data presented in Supplementary Table 3 were re-calculated for secondary reference zircon AS3 to match unity. Session-wise UO2+/U+ vs. 206Pb+/U+ relative sensitivity calibration using AS3 [4] reference zircons. |
| Analytical conditions | U–Th conditions are described in [7]; U–Pb conditions in [8] Beam diameter: U–Th ∼40 μm (Köhler Ap.: 400 μm); U–Pb ∼20 μm (Köhler Ap.: 200 μm) Primary beam intensity: U–Th ∼10–70 nA; U–Pb ∼10–40 nA Mass resolution (M/ΔM): ∼4000 Raster conditions (during pre-sputtering): U–Th 10 μm, 10 s; U–Pb 15 μm, 20 s Note: U–Pb analysis spots were placed in U–Th analysis craters where both analyses were performed |
| Software to calculate ages | ZIPS 3.1.1 |
| Method to calculate ages | U–Th: two-point isochron using zircon and equipoint (Fig. 2, Supplementary Table 2) U–Pb: 207Pb-corrected 206Pb/238U ages, disequilibrium-corrected using melt with Th/U = 3.148 for Mt. Erciyes and Th/U = 3.473 for Mt. Hasan samples (Supplementary Table 2) |
| Primordial lead model | Surface contamination 207Pb/206Pb = 0.847 [9] |
| Standards | AS3 (U–Th calibration, equilibrium; U–Pb calibration, 1099.1 Ma [4]), 91500 (U–Th calibration, equilibrium; U concentration, 81.2 ppm [5]) |
| Secondary standards | U–Th: AS3; session-wise weighted mean values were: Session 2017_06: (230Th)/(238U) = 0.989; 1σ = 0.004; MSWD = 1.08; n = 73. Session 2017_09: (230Th)/(238U) = 1.018; 1σ = 0.004; MSWD = 1.07; n = 57. Session 2018_01: (230Th)/(238U) = 1.003; 1σ = 0.003; MSWD = 0.55; n = 78. Session 2018_07: (230Th)/(238U) = 1.025; 1σ = 0.005; MSWD = 0.51; n = 44. Session 2018_10: (230Th)/(238U) = 1.014; 1σ = 0.003; MSWD = 0.86; n = 119. Session 2019_07: (230Th)/(238U) = 1.001; 1σ = 0.007; MSWD = 0.95; n = 19. Session 2019_10: (230Th)/(238U) = 1.005; 1σ = 0.005; MSWD = 0.93; n = 49. U–Pb: 91500; session-wise (weighted mean) values were: Session 2017_06: 206Pb/238U Age = 1112 Ma; 1σ = 13 Ma; n = 1 (sample 15-KVG-19). Session 2017_06: 206Pb/238U Age = 1056 Ma; 1σ = 18 Ma; n = 1 (samples 15-KVG-32, 15-KVG-34). Session 2017_09: 206Pb/238U Age = 1060 Ma; 1σ = 36 Ma; MSWD = 0.01; n = 3. Session 2017_10: 206Pb/238U Age = 1274 Ma; 1σ = 91 Ma; n = 1 (unreliable). Session 2017_12: 206Pb/238U Age = 1086 Ma; 1σ = 47 Ma; n = 1 (sample 15-KVG-32). Session 2017_12: 206Pb/238U Age = 1101 Ma; 1σ = 19 Ma; MSWD = 0.05; n = 3 (samples 15-KVG-37, 15-KVG-39). Session 2018_01: 206Pb/238U Age = 1066 Ma; 1σ = 61 Ma; n = 1. Session 2019_01: 206Pb/238U Age = 1051 Ma; 1σ = 10 Ma; n = 1. |
| Decay constants | 9.1577 × 10−6 a−1 for 230Th [10], 4.9475 × 10−11 a−1 for 232Th [11], 9.8485 × 10−10 a−1 for 235U, and 1.55125 × 10−10 a−1 for 238U [12]. |
Acknowledgments
We thank Gokhan Atıcı, Esra Yurteri, and Mehmet Çobankaya for assistance in the field. This work was supported by DFG (German Research Foundation) grant SCHM2521/3-1.
Footnotes
Supplementary Tables 1–4 to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105113.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Appendix A. Supplementary Tables 1–4
The following XLSX file contains Supplementary data to this article:
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