Changes in inflammatory and vasoactive mediator profiles during valvular surgery with or without infective endocarditis: A case control pilot study

Mahmoud Diab; Raphael Tasar; Christoph Sponholz; Thomas Lehmann; Mathias W Pletz; Michael Bauer; Frank M Brunkhorst; Torsten Doenst

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228286

. 2020 Feb 3;15(2):e0228286. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228286

Changes in inflammatory and vasoactive mediator profiles during valvular surgery with or without infective endocarditis: A case control pilot study

Mahmoud Diab ^1,², Raphael Tasar ¹, Christoph Sponholz ³, Thomas Lehmann ⁴, Mathias W Pletz ^2,⁵, Michael Bauer ^2,³, Frank M Brunkhorst ^2,⁴, Torsten Doenst ^1,^*

Editor: Andrea Ballotta⁶

PMCID: PMC6996967 PMID: 32015566

Abstract

Background

More than 50% of patients with infective endocarditis (IE) develop an indication for surgery. Despite its benefit, surgery is associated with a high incidence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and mortality, which may be linked to increased release of inflammatory mediators during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). We therefore assessed plasma cytokine profiles in patients undergoing valve surgery with or without IE.

Methods

We performed a prospective case-control pilot study comparing patients undergoing cardiac valve surgery with or without IE. Plasma profiles of inflammatory mediators were measured at 7 defined time points and reported as median (interquartile). The degree of MODS was measured using sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score.

Results

Between May and December 2016 we included 40 patients (20 in each group). Both groups showed similar distribution of age and gender. Patients with IE had higher preoperative SOFA (6.9± 2.6 vs 3.8 ± 1.1, p<0.001) and operative risk scores (EuroSCORE II 18.6±17.4 vs. 1.8±1.3, p<0.001). In-hospital mortality was higher in IE patients (35% vs. 5%; p<0.001). Multiple organ failure was the cause of death in all non-survivors. At the end of CPB, median levels of following inflammatory mediators were higher in IE compared to control group: IL-6 (119.73 (226.49) vs. 24.48 (40.09) pg/ml, p = 0.001); IL-18 (104.82 (105.99) vs. 57.30 (49.53) pg/ml, p<0.001); Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM) (2.06 (1.58) vs. 1.11 (0.53) nmol/L, p = 0.003); MR- pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MR-proANP) (479.49 (224.74) vs. 266.55 (308.26) pmol/l, p = 0.028). IL-1β and TNF- α were only detectable in IE patients and first after starting CPB. Plasma levels of IL-6, IL-18, MRproADM, and MRproANP during CPB were significantly lower in survivors than in those who died.

Conclusion

The presence of infective endocarditis during cardiac valve surgery is associated with increased inflammatory response as evident by higher plasma cytokine levels and other inflammatory mediators. Actively reducing inflammatory response appears to be a plausible therapeutic concept.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, ID: NCT02727413.

Introduction

Infective endocarditis (IE) affects 1-10/100,000 persons per year and is associated with up to 40% in-hospital mortality [1–3]. Surgical treatment is necessary in about 50% of patients and is associated with in-hospital mortality as high as 15–25% and 1-year mortality of 40% [1, 4]. The postoperative course of patients with IE is often complicated with a varying degree of circulatory failure i.e. hypotension, decreased systemic vascular resistance, despite high cardiac output, adequate fluid resuscitation, and adrenergic vasopressor administration which can progress to septic shock in up to 10–28% of cases [5–7].

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is an essential part of cardiac surgery for IE and has been shown to cause a systemic inflammatory response which may result in severe organ dysfunction and increased postoperative mortality [19] [8]. In addition to CPB, contact of blood with the operative bed induce inflammatory response and the release of cytokines [9]. Because the operative bed is infected in IE, this may induce a stronger inflammatory reaction and subsequent cytokine release than in non-infected. Unfortunately, available information on profiles of cytokines in IE is scarce. [10, 11], and, according to our knowledge, there are no data available that compare peri-operative cytokines profile between patients undergoing cardiac surgery for IE and non-infectious valve disease.

Such data may provide valuable knowledge and may assist to develop measures aiming at perioperative reduction of cytokines and, thereby, may improve survival of endocarditis patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Methods

Study design and patients

We performed a case-control observational prospective pilot study on patients undergoing cardiac valvular surgery for either definite infective endocarditis according to the modified Duke criteria (20 patients)[12], or VHD without endocarditis. Exclusion criteria were glucocorticoid or any other immunosuppressive therapy, severe neutropenia <1000/mm³, patients younger than 18 years-old, or pregnancy. Fig 1 shows the flowchart of the study.

Ethics approval

The study was approved by the ethics committee of the Jena University Hospital, Germany (reference number 4700-02/16).

Obtaining the informed consent

A written informed consent was obtained from each patient before inclusion in the study according to § 28 of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Endpoints

Plasma profiles of inflammatory biomarkers: Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, C-terminal proendothelin-1(CT-peoET-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18.
Plasma profiles of inflammation-related vasoactive mediators: midregional pro-Adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), copeptin pro-Arginine Vasopressin (CT-proAVP), midregional pro-Atrial natriuretic Peptide (MR-proANP).
Changes in organ dysfunction during the 1^st and 2^nd post-operative days, disclosed by Δ SOFA score as compared to pre-surgery status.
Use and duration of renal replacement therapy.
Cumulative doses of concomitant medications (vasopressors, corticoids, prostaglandins) applied during the surgery and over 48 h thereafter.
In-hospital mortality within 30 days post-surgery.

Data and samples collection

Pre-operative data including assessment of surgical risk (EuroScore), pre-surgical co-morbidity (Charlson score) and acute organ dysfunction (SOFA score), operative data, and postoperative data including SOFA score, cumulative doses of concomitant medications, and use of renal replacement therapy were recorded in a computerized clinical research form (eCRF). Data acquisition was done via web application into the study management software OpenClinica®.

Samples were collected at the following time points:

12 to 24 hours before transfer to the operating theatre
At connection to the CPB
60 minutes after connection to the CPB,
disconnection of the CPB
6, 24 and 48 hours after the end of the operation

All proteins were measured in EDTA plasma. The biomarkers MR-proADM (nmol/L), MR-proANP (pmol/L), CT-proET-1 (pmol/L), CRP (μg/mL), PCT (μg/L) and CT-proAVP (pmol/L) were measured using the B·R·A·H·M·S^™ MR-proADM KRYPTOR^™, B·R·A·H·M·S^™ MR-proANP KRYPTOR^™, B·R·A·H·M·S^™, CT-proET-1 KRYPTOR^™, B·R·A·H·M·S^™ CRPus KRYPTOR^™, B·R·A·H·M·S^™ PCT sensitive KRYPTOR^™ and B·R·A·H·M·S^™ CT- proAVP KRYPTOR^™ (B·R·A·H·M·S GmbH, part of Thermo Fisher Scientific), respectively. The biomarkers IL-6, IL-1ß, IL-10, IL-18 and TNF-α (pg/mL) were measured using the IL-6 Human ProcartaPlex^™ Simplex Kit, IL-1ß Human ProcartaPlex^™ Simplex Kit, IL-10 Human ProcartaPlex^™ Simplex Kit, IL-18 Human ProcartaPlex^™ Simplex Kit, TNF-α Human ProcartaPlex^™ Simplex Kit (Bender MedSystems GmbH, part of Thermo Fisher Scientific), in multiplex

Information on in-hospital mortality over 30 days was gathered from patient records or, in case of transfer to other facilities, through confidential inquiries conducted by the Principal Investigator.

Data processing employed the software OpenClinica, which fulfils the regulatory requirements (GCP, 21 CFR Part 11). Each subject was given an unambiguous patient identification number to ensure pseudonymized data analysis

Since there are no data from other trials for this patient population available a generic approach was used to estimate the required sample size. For the non-parametric sample size planning the effect size is given as relative treatment effect p [13]. The null hypothesis of the statistical test is H₀: p = 0.5 and the two-sided alternative is H₁: p ≠ 0.5. For a sample size of 2 x 20 patients, our study has a power of ≥ 80% to detect p ≥ 0.75 (or p ≤ 0.25) at a two-sided significance level of 5% for the non-parametric test (Mann-Whitney U test, software: nQuery Advisor 7.0).

Statistical analysis

Baseline patient characteristics were reported as mean + standard deviation or median (25^th - 75^th percentile) for continuous variables. For categorical variables, data were reported as frequencies and percentages. Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to compare continuous variables between two groups. Fisher’s exact test was used to compare in-hospital mortality rates of endocarditis and VHD patients. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to assess the association of cytokines and vasopressors. All analyses are exploratory and no adjustment for multiplicity was applied, the level of significance was set at 5% for each test. All statistical analyses were done using SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary NC)).

Results

Between June and December 2016 we prospectively included 40 patients who underwent valvular surgery either for infective endocarditis (n = 20) or non-infectious valvular heart disease (n = 20).

Table 1 shows pre-operative patient characteristics of the study population divided into patients with IE and those with non-infectious VHD. Both groups were similar in the distribution of age and gender. However, patients in the IE group had higher operative risk (EuroSCORE II 18.6±17.4 vs. 1.8±1.3, p <0.001), higher Charlson comorbidity index (5.75±3.46vs. 3.65±1.98, p = 0.039), and higher SOFA score (7 (IQR 5–7) vs. 4 (IQR 3–4.5), p< 0.001).

Table 1. Pre-operative patients’ characteristics.

	Endocarditis N = 20	VHD N = 20	P
Age (yrs)	63.6±9.5	66.5±10.3	0.464
Sex (m/f)	13/7	13/7	1.000
BMI (kg/m2)	27.3±5.2	27.1±5.5	0.482
EuroSCORE II	18.6±17.4	1.8±1.3	< 0.001
Charlson Morbidity Index	5.75±3.46	3.65±1.98	0.039
Neurological disorders	6 (30%)	1 (5%)	0.091
SOFA score median (IQR)	7 (5–7)	4 (3–4.5)	< 0.001
Diabetes mellitus	17 (85)	16 (80)	1.000
Hypertension	16 (80)	17 (85)	1.000
COPD	4 (20)	2 (10)	0.661
PAVD	4 (20)	2 (10)	0.661
Myocardial infarct	1 (5)	2 (10)	1.000
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%)	62.2±8.7	56.6±12.8	0.206
Pulmonary artery pressure (mmHg)	27.0±2.2	32.7±11	0.172
NYHA III/IV	11 (55%)	7 (35%)	0.341
Type of admission			<0.001
• Elective	0	20 (100.0)
• Urgent	15 (75.0)	0
• emergency	5 (25.0)	0
Poor mobility	10 (50.0)	1 (5.0)	0.003
Critical Preoperative State	12 (60.0)	1 (5.0)	<0.001
Anti-coagulation	5 (25%)	5 (25%)	1.000
Antiplatelet	6 (30%)	5 (25%)	1.000
Hemodialysis	2 (10.0)	1 (5.0)	1.000
Re-operation	6 (30.0)	1 (5.0)	0.091
Coronary artery disease	1 (5.0)	0	1.000
Administration of
• Norepinephrine	2 (10.0)	0	0.487
• Epinephrine	0	0	1.000
• Vasopressin	1 (5.0)	0	1.000

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Data are presented as mean± Standard deviation (SD) or n (%); VHD: valvular heart disease; BMI: body mass index; EuroSCORE: European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; SOFA: sequential organ failure assessment; IQR: interquartile; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; PAVD: peripheral arterial vascular disease; NYHA: New York Heart Association

Table 2 shows operative procedures as well as outcome of the study population divided into patients with IE and those with non-infectious VHD. Operative procedures were similar in both groups. The mean duration of CPB was longer in IE group compared to the control group (118.7± 57 minutes vs. 99.6 ± 35.2 minutes, p = 0.002). More than half of patients in VHD were operated using minimally invasive approach compared to only 15% in the IE group. The mean length of stay in the intensive care unit was longer in the IE group, however, the difference was not statistically significant (10.6 ± 9.0 days vs. 4.7±2.9 days, p = 0.052). The in-hospital mortality was significantly higher in IE group (35% versus 5%, p = 0.044).

Table 2. Operative data and outcome.

	Infective endocarditis N = 20	Valvular heart disease N = 20	P
Valvular surgery
Mitral valve	13 (65)	7 (35)	0.113
Aortic valve	10 (50)	12 (60)	0.751
Tricuspid	5 (25)	5 (25)	1.000
Concomitant surgery			1.000
CABG	1(5)	1 (5)
Replacement of ascending aorta	1(5)	0
Minimally invasive approach	3 (15)	11 (55)	0.019
Bypass-time (min)	118.7±57	99.6±35.2	0.002
Duration of X calmp	62.10±35.96	64.80±24.65	0.783
ICU-length of stay (days)	10.6±9.0	4.7±3.0	0.052
In-hospital mortality	7 (35%)	1(5%)	0.044
Post-op. Hemodialysis	1(5)	1 (5)	1.000

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Data are presented as mean± Standard deviation (SD) or n (%); ICU: intensive care unit; X clamp: aortic cross clamp; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting

Fig 2A shows SOFA scores of endocarditis and VHD patients within 24h pre-operative, on the 1st post-operative day, and on the 2nd post-operative day. Post-operative SOFA score was significantly higher in endocarditis patients compared to the control group (1^st post-operative day: 12 (9–13) vs. 6.5 (5.5–8.5), p<0.001; 2nd postoperative day: 10.5 (6–12) vs. 6 (6–7), p = 0.014). Changes between postoperative and pre-operative SOFA scores (ΔSOFA) within the same group were non-significantly different in both groups on the 1^st post-operative day (5 (3–10) in the IE vs. 3 (3.5–10) in VHD, p = 0.173) as well as on the 2^nd post-operative (3 (3–12) in IE vs. 3 (1.5–8) in VHD, p = 0.577).

Fig 2B shows SOFA subscores within 24 h pre-operative in IE patients compared to control group. The liver was the most common organ affected in patients with IE (84% of IE patients had hepatic failure compared to 16% in VHD patients). Respiratory failure was the 2^nd most common organ failure in patients with IE (40%), followed by cardiovascular failure (25%).

Fig 3 shows the cumulative doses of norepinephrine administered during the 24 hours pre-operative (-24) as well as during the 1st post-operative day (24) and the 2nd post-operative (48) days in patients with IE compared to VHD patients.

There was no difference pre-operatively in norepinephrine doses between the two groups. The cumulative dose of norepinephrine during the 1^st post-operative day in IE patients was substantially higher in IE patients compared to patients with VHD; however, the difference was not statistically significant. During the 2^nd postoperative day, the cumulative dose of norepinephrine in IE patients was almost 5 times that in the patients with VHD (p = 0.009).

Measurement of cytokines and vasoactive peptides

Acute phase regulation

Fig 4A shows that in the control group IL-6 was very low preoperatively and remained stationary during the 1st 60 minutes of CPB. At the end of CPB its level increased to median (IQR) 24.48 pg/ml (40.09). In contrast to IE patients, the median IL-6 was already elevated preoperatively (IE group: 25.0 (12.2–35.4), Control group: all below detection limit< = 9.2) and increased during CPB to duplicate after 60 minutes of CPB and reach five-fold its preoperative level at the end of CPB. IL-6 level at the end of CPB in the IE group was five-fold its level in the control group (119.73 pg/ml (226.49) vs. 24.48 pg/ml (40.09), p = 0.001)

In Fig 4B, the pre-operative level of CRP was significantly elevated preoperatively in IE patients (82.8 (24.1–118.7) vs. 3.1 (1.4–7.2), p<0.001) compared to control group. During CPB, the level of CRP fell slightly in both groups. Post-operatively, CRP increased steadily to reach maximal levels at 48 h.

In Fig 4C in both groups plasma level of PCT was low (<1 μg/l) before and during CPB and started to rise postoperatively. PCT was significantly higher in the IE group to the following time points: preoperatively (p = 0.017), during CPB (60min) (0.012) and after CPB (0.003).

Biomarkers of cardiovascular dysfunction

Fig 5A shows that to all time points, MR-proADM was significantly higher in IE patients compared to control group. After starting CPB MR-proADM level increased in both groups to reach highest levels 6 hours postoperative and started to decrease thereafter. Patients with IE had significantly higher levels of MR-proADM at each time point except at 24 and 48 h post-operative.

Fig 5B shows that pre-operative plasma level of CT-proAVP was slightly higher in IE group than the control group. After starting CPB, CT-proAVP levels in both groups increased to reach their maximum 6 h post- operatively (slightly higher in the VHD than the IE group). In the IE group its level decreased slower than in the VHD group (at 24 h and 48 h postoperative CT-proAVP was higher in IE group). To all time-point the differences in CT-proAVP levels between both groups were not statistically significant.

Fig 5C shows that plasma levels of CT-proET-1 to all time points were higher in IE patients. In both groups CT-proET-1 levels during CPB decreased to about 2/3 their preoperative levels and increased postoperatively to reach their maximum at 6 h post-operative. Plasma levels of CT-proET-1 in IE patients were significantly higher p 24 h preoperative, at the beginning of CPB and 60 minutes thereafter.

Fig 5D shows that median MR-proANP before surgery was significantly higher in the IE group compared to the control group. After starting CPB the level of MR-proANP increased to reach its maximal level at the end of CPB in both groups and decreased thereafter. To all time-points except for at 24h and 48h post-operative, MR-proANP was significantly higher in the IE group.

Inflammasome activation

Fig 6A shows that in both groups, pre-operative median plasma levels of IL-1β were below detection limit (< 2 pg/ml). In IE group after starting CPB median plasma level of IL-1β rapidly increased to reach a maximal level of 25.8 pg/ml and rapidly declined to approximately normal levels at the end of CPB. In the control group, IL-1β could not be detected at any time-point.

Fig 6B shows that in both groups, Plasma levels of IL-18 steadily increased during CPB and continued to increase until 24 h postoperatively in the control group, while in the IE group it continued to increase until 48 h postoperatively. At all time-points, the plasma levels of IL-18 were significantly higher in IE group.

Regulation of the inflammatory response

Fig 7A shows that in both groups TNF-α was not detectable preoperatively. In the IE group its level increased immediately after starting CPB while in the control group it remained undetected at each time point.

Fig 7B shows that plasma levels of IL-10 in both groups increased immediately after starting CPB to reach its maximum at its end. Postoperatively, the decrease in the level of IL-10 was faster in the control group and its levels fell to the preoperative level 24 hours postoperatively. In contrast, IL-10 in the IE group did not fall to the preoperative level even 48 h postoperatively.

Table in S1 Table shows the pre-operative details of the endocarditis patients.

Table in S2 Table shows the Spearman correlation analysis between the post-operative cumulative doses of vsopressor or catecholamine doses within 6 and 24h for the whole study population.

We found that MR-proANP correlated well with the post-operative cumulative doses of norepinephrine within 6h (rs 0.595, p<0.001) and within 24 hours (rs 0.602, p<0.001). MR-proADM correlated well with the post-operative cumulative doses of norepinephrine at 6h (rs 0.719, p<0.001) and 24h (rs 0.743, p<0.001). CT-proET1 correlated with the post-operative cumulative doses of epinephrine within 24h (rs 0.532, p = 0.0005).

Table 3 shows the microbiological profile of patients with IE. S. aureus was the most common pathogen (35%), followed by E. faecalis (15%). In 3 patients (15%), no pathogen could be identified.

Table 3. Shows the microbiological profile of patients with infective endocarditis.

	Number (%) of patients
No findings	3 (15.0%)
Staphylococcus aureus, MSSA	7 (35.0%)
coagulase-negative Staphylococci CoNS	3 (15.0%)
Enterococci (E. faecalis, E. faecium)	3 (15.0%)
Streptococci	3 (15.0%)
other gram-positive Cocci	1 (5.0%)
Candida albicans	1 (5.0%)

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MSSA: methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus; coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS).

Marker level in survivors vs non-survivors

S1–S11 Figs Line charts of cytokines and vasoactive peptides at defined time points in non-survivors compared to survivors.

Non-survivors had significantly stronger acute phase reaction to CPB (higher IL-6 and CRP, and PCT levels (S1–S3 Figs) after starting CPB. Plasma levels of MR-proADM (S4 Fig) were also higher in non-survivors to almost all time points compared to survivors. The difference was statistically significant from the beginning of CPB until 6 hours post-operative. MR-proANP plasma levels (S7 Fig) were higher to all time points in non-survivors compared to survivors. The differences were statistically significant at 60 minutes after starting CPB until the 6 hours post-operative. IL-18 plasma levels (S9 Fig) to all time points were substantially higher in non-survivors compared to survivors and differences became statistically significant 60 minutes after starting CPB until 6 hours post-operative. Plasm levels of IL-10 increased similarly in non-survivors and survivors after starting CPB, however, it remained significantly higher to all post-operative time points in non-survivors compared to survivors (S11 Fig).

Correlation of cytokines and vasoactive peptides (maximal level during CPB) and SOFA score on the 1^st or 2^nd postoperative day only for patients with IE

Table 4 shows the Spearman correlation analysis between the maximal level of cytokines and vasoactive peptides during CPB and SOFA score on the 1^st and 2^nd post-operative days for patients with IE. The maximal level of IL-6 during CPB correlated well with the SOFA score on the 1^st and 2^nd postoperative days (correlation coefficients (rs) 0.533, p = 0.019 and rs 0.574, p = 0.0127, respectively). The maximal level of PCT and MR-proADM correlated well with SOFA score on the 2nd postoperative day (rs 0.640, p = 0.005 and rs 0.630, p = 0.005, respectively).

Table 4. Spearman correlation analysis between the maximal level of cytokines and vasoactive peptides during cardiopulmonary bypass and SOFA score on the 1^st and 2^nd post-operative days for patients with IE.

Maximal level on CPB	SOFA 1^st post-op. day (n = 19)	SOFA 2nd post-op. day (n = 18)
IL-6 rs	0.533	0.574
p	0.019	0.0127
C-reactive protein rs	-0.182	0.305
p	0.459	0.219
Procalcitonin rs	0.232	0.640
p	0.339	0.005
MR-proANP rs	0.235	0.212
p	0.333	0.398
CT-proAVP rs	-0.026	-0.040
p	0.916	0.875
CT-proET1 rs	0.232	0.439
p	0.339	0.068
MR-proADM rs	0.363	0.630
p	0.127	0.005
IL-1β rs	0.300	-0.141
p	0.199	0.576
IL-18 rs	-0.039	-0.160
p	0.8756	0.528
TNF-α rs	-0.113	-0.026
p	0.646	0.918
IL-10 rs	0.274	0.330
p	0.256	0.181

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CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score; rs: Spearman´s Rank Correlation Coefficient IL: inteleukin; MR-proANP: midregional pro adrenomedullin; MR-proANP: midregional pro atrial natriuretic peptide; CT-proAVP: copeptin midregional pro vasopressin; CT-proET1: C-terminal pro endothelin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor

We investigated the influence of surgical timing on mortality and on inflammatory markers. The mean time form diagnosis to operation was similar in survivors compared to non-survivors (6.62±12.78 vs 6.16±6.62 days, respectively). Table in S3 Table shows the influence of surgical timing on cytokines and vasoactive peptide. There is a negative correlation between the time from diagnosis to surgery and IL-1 at 60 minutes CPB (rs -0.536, p = 0324), TNF-α at 24h post-operatively (rs -0.550, p = 0.0147), and IL-18 24h (rs -0.598, p = 0.007) and 48h postoperatively (rs -0.591, p = 0.010), which means the longer the time from the diagnosis to operation, the lower the level of aforementioned markers.

We also investigated the correlation between the duration of antibiotic therapy and the level of different cytokines and vasoactive peptides. There is no correlation between the duration of antibiotic therapy and inflammatory markers as shown in S4 Table

Discussion

Our results show that the presence of infective endocarditis during cardiac valve surgery is associated with increased inflammatory response as evident by higher plasma cytokine levels and other inflammatory mediators. Actively reducing inflammatory response appears to be a plausible therapeutic concept.

In our study, IE patients undergoing valvular surgery had significantly higher mortality and higher multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) than patients with non-infectious valvular heart disease (VHD). IE patients required more post-operative norepinephrine therapy compared to the control group. In addition, the intensity of the acute phase response (IL-6, CRP, and PCT) and inflammmasome activation (IL-1β) and the release of vasoactive peptides (MR-proADM and CT-proET-1) after starting the CPB were stronger in IE patients compared to the VHD patients. Plasma levels of certain cytokines; CRP, PCT, IL-6, IL-10, or IL-18 or vasoactive peptides; MR-proADM or MR-proANP were significantly higher in non-survivors compared to survivors. Among IE patients, during CPB there was a correlation between maximal levels of IL-6, MR-proANP, or PCT and the post-operative SOFA score. Thus, we conclude that the stronger inflammatory reaction observed in IE patients during CPB may be responsible for the higher MOD and higher in-hospital mortality observed in this group of patients undergoing cardiac surgery.

Surgical treatment is necessary in about 50% of IE patients and is associated with in-hospital mortality as high as 15–25% and 1-year mortality of 40% [1, 4]. The postoperative course of patients with IE is often complicated with a varying degree of circulatory failure i.e. hypotension, decreased systemic vascular resistance, despite high cardiac output, adequate fluid resuscitation, and adrenergic vasopressor administration which can progress to septic shock in up to 10–28% of cases [5–7]. The mechanism of development of circulatory failure after cardiac surgery in IE patients is still not well elucidated. CPB is known to induce systemic inflammation, which might lead to circulatory failure and MOD [14]. However, the incidences of MOD and mortality after cardiac surgery in IE patients are higher than in non-infectious VHD. A plausible explanation may be the difference in severity of inflammatory response to surgery between IE patients and VHD patients. Cytokines are regulators of the immune response to infection and play a key role in regulating inflammation and trauma. They can be used to measure the degree of inflammation [15]. To date, our study is the first study to investigate not only the pre-operative, but also the intra-, and post-operative levels of cytokines and vasoactive peptides in IE patients and in comparison to non-infectious VHD patients.

Bustamante et al., measured pre-operative levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IFN-γ in patients with prosthetic vale endocarditis and found that they were linked to mortality [16]. However, they did not measure intra- or post-operative cytokines levels. Several other studies have shown elevation of cytokines in the serum of IE patients compared to healthy individuals [11, 17, 18].

In our study, we found that preoperative levels of IL-6, CRP, PCT, IL-18, IL10, MRproADM, and CTproET1 were higher in the IE patients compared to the control group.

CPB initiates a systemic inflammatory response. Bernardi et al., reported that in their control group (patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with CPB) the IL-6 was not detectable preoperatively and that median IL-6 (first quartile, third quartile) increased to 63.6 pg/ml (41.2, 154.9) at the end of CPB [19]. In our study, in the control group IL-6 was very low preoperatively and remained stationary during the first 60 minutes of CPB. At the end of CPB its level increased to median (IQR) 24.48 pg/ml (40.09). In contrast to IE patients, median IL-6 was already elevated preoperatively and increased during CPB to duplicate after 60 minutes of CPB and reach five-fold its preoperative level at the end of CPB. IL-6 level at the end of CPB in the IE group was five-fold its level in the control group, this confirms that the acute phase response to CPB was stronger in IE patients compared to patients with non-infectious VHD.

Kellum et al., have shown that in patients with sepsis, mortality was higher in patients with high level IL-6 [15]. In our study, the maximal level of IL-6 during CPB correlated well with the post- operative SOFA score. In addition, the median level of IL-6 in non-survivors was significantly higher than in survivors.

In our study, IL-18 could be detected pre-operatively in both groups, however, its level was higher in IE patients compared to the control group. Venkatachalam et al., have shown that IL-18 is a key pro-inflammatory mediator in the pathogenesis and deterioration of patients with heart and vascular disease [20]. This may explain the presence of IL-18 in the pre-operative measurements in both groups in our study. At the end of CPB, IL-18 level was higher than pre-operative level in the IE group, while in the control group its level was lower than pre-operative level. This may be explained by the inflammasome activation in the IE group. In our patients, IL-18 was significantly higher in non-survivors compared to survivors.

IL-1β is a cytokine that plays critical roles in inflammation and cardiac dysfunction during severe sepsis [21]. In our study, plasma level of IL-1β was not detectable before cardiac surgery in both groups. After starting CPB its level increased only in the IE group which suggests that inflammasome activation occurred only in IE patients.

Vasoactive peptides

Elke et al., reported that high or increasing MR-proADM concentrations may help identify patients with a high risk of progression towards sepsis-related MOD[22]. Our results are in consistence with their results. In our study, plasma level of MR-proADM during CPB correlated well with Δ SOFA score. In addition, its level was significantly higher in non-survivors compared to survivors.

In both groups, plasma level of MR-proADM increased after starting CPB to reach its maximal level at 6 hours post-operative. Patients with IE had significantly higher levels of MR-proADM at each time point except at 24 and 48 h post-operative.

Increased CT-proAVP concentration is described in several studies as a strong predictor of mortality in patients with chronic as well as acute heart failure [23, 24]. CT-proAVP is the precursor peptide of proAVP and consequently AVP. The most important stimulus for AVP release is a change in plasma osmolality, a small change, of even 1%, in plasma osmolality is sufficient to change AVP concentration AVP is an important factor of the response and adaptation to stress[25]. In our study, preoperative level of CT-proAVP was slightly higher in IE group compared to control group. During CPB, CT-proAVP levels increased similarly in both groups. The stimulus for this increase may be the change of osmolality due to CPB. CT-proAVP reached its maximal level 6 hours post-operative in both groups.

Natriuretic peptides (NPs) include atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type NP[26]. ANP and BNP plasma levels are correlated with the degree of heart failure. MR-proANP has a significant diagnostic and prognostic utility in patients with heart failure [27]. MR-proANP has been shown as a predictor for mortality in patients with septic shock [28]. In our study, MR-proANP before surgery was significantly higher in the IE group compared to the control group. This was clinically reflected by the higher frequency of severe heart failure (NYHA ≥ III) in the IE group. After starting CPB the level of MR-proANP increased to reach its maximal level at the end of CPB in both groups and decreased thereafter. At almost each time point the level of MR-proANP in IE group was double that in the control group. The maximal level of MR-proANP during HLM correlated well with the post-operative SOFA score in IE patients. In addition, plasma levels of MR-proANP were significantly higher in non-survivors compared to survivors.

Endothelin-1 is a very potent vasoconstrictor which has inotropic and pro-inflammatory properties. Plasma ET-1 are increased in patients with CHF [29] and in patients with septic shock [30] [31]. ET-1 itself, however, is difficult to measure due to its limited half-life. The precursor peptide C-terminal proendothelin-1 (CT-proET-1) is far more stable and allows a stoichiometric measurement of ET-1 [32]. Buendgens et al., showed that plasma levels of CT-proET-1 were higher in patients with sepsis compared to control group and that CT-proET-1 was an independent predictor of mortality [33]. In our study, CT-proET-1 was higher pre-operatively in IE patients. During CPB plasma levels of, CT-proET-1 decreased in both groups to about 2/3 their preoperative level. This could be explained with dilution caused by CPB. At 6 hours post-operative, its plasma levels reached their highest levels in both groups. The median CT-proET-1 in non-survivors was double that in survivors, however the difference was not statistically significant.

TNF-α is an essential component of the host immune response to infection and is responsible for the release of other pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. TNF-α serum levels correlate with the severity of sepsis [34]. TNF-α plays a key role in the inflammatory response after CPB [35]. Excessive production of TNF-α may lead to organ dysfunction or death [36]. In our study, TNF-α was not detectable pre-operatively in both groups. After starting CPB, TNF-α plasma level increased only in the IE group and diminished rapidly after surgery.

IL-10 is one of the key anti-inflammatory cytokines as it decreases the production of inflammatory molecules, such as TNF-α and IL-6[37].

In our study, IL-10 in both groups increased after starting CPB to reach its maximum at its end. Postoperatively, the decrease in the level of IL-10 was faster in the control group and its levels fell to the pre-operative level 24 hours post-operatively. While in the IE group, IL-10 did not fall to the preo-perative level even 48 h post-operatively. Currently, there is a consensus that imbalance between anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines e.g. IL-6 and IL-10 is one of the cause of mortality in sepsis [38]. Our results failed to confirm this theory, as in our patients IL-10 increased similary in survivors and non-survivors after starting CPB to reach its peak at the end of it. Plasma level of IL-10 in survivors decreased rapidly to reach almost its pre-operative level at 6 h post-operative. In non-survivors, on the contrary, IL-10 remained significantly higher and diminished slower than in survivors. IL-6 was significantly higher in non-survivors at the end of CPB; however the difference declined gradually post-operative. Our results are consistent with those from a recently published study conducted on sepsis patients which showed that although IL-6 and IL-10 were associated with mortality, the balance between these two cytokines did not impact mortality[37].

In our study, patients with IE had higher operative risk, measured by EuroSCORE II, compared to patients with VHD. The expected mortalityin IE patients, based on EuroSCORE II, was 19% and the observed mortality was 35%. EuroSCORE II does not include liver dysfunction or failure in its calculation[39]. However, we and others showed that pre-operative liver failure is the strongest independent predictor of mortality in patients with IE [40, 41]. In addition, other factors such as the size of vegetation, abscess formation, S. aureus as causative pathogen, and the severity of preoperative neurological complications are independent predictors of mortality[42]. All these factors are not considered in EuroSCORE II.

Limitations of the study

Cytokines secretion can be influenced by several factors (e.g., differences in techniques of surgery and anesthesia) which may lead to bias in comparing different patients groups. Although operative procedures were similar in both IE and in VHD group and despite standardized operative and anesthetic techniques in our department, there might be some variations in techniques among surgeons and anesthetists. In addition, the limited number of patients is a partial limitation of this study.

Conclusion

We could show in this pilot study that the inflammatory reaction to CPB, measured by different cytokines and vasoactive peptides, was stronger in patients with IE compared to patients with non-infectious VHD. We could also show that the magnitude of the inflammatory reaction correlated well with the degree of post-operative organ dysfunction. The results also showed that patients who died within 30 days of surgery had stronger inflammatory response than those who survived.

Supporting information

S1 Checklist. TREND statement checklist.

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(1MB, pdf)}

S1 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of IL-6 between survivors and non-survivors.

This is the S1 Fig legend: Bright line: non-survivors; dark line survivors; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; IL: interleukin; *: p<0.05.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(103.2KB, tif)}

S2 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of C-reactive protein between survivors and non-survivors.

Bright line: non-survivors; dark line survivors; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; CRP: C—reactive protein; *: p<0.05.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(129.1KB, tif)}

S3 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of procalcitonin between survivors and non-survivors.

Bright line: non-survivors; dark line survivors; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; PCT: procalcitonin; *: p<0.05.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(102KB, tif)}

S4 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of MR-proADM between survivors and non-survivors.

Bright line: non-survivors; dark line survivors; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; MR-proADM: midregional pro adrenomedullin; *: p<0.05.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(114.6KB, tif)}

S5 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of copeptin pro vasopressin between survivors and non-survivors.

Bright line: non-survivors; dark line survivors; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; proAVP: copeptin pro vasopressin; *: p<0.05.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(120.1KB, tif)}

S6 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of CT-proET-1 between survivors and non-survivors.

Bright line: non-survivors; dark line survivors; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; CT-proET-1: C-terminal pro endothelin-1.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(120.3KB, tif)}

S7 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of MR-proANP between survivors and non-survivors.

Bright line: non-survivors; dark line survivors;0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; MR-proANP: midregional pro atrial natriuretic peptide; *: p<0.05.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(123.7KB, tif)}

S8 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of IL-1β between survivors and non-survivors.

Bright line: non-survivors; dark line survivors; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; IL: interleukin.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(90.1KB, tif)}

S9 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of IL-18 between survivors and non-survivors.

Bright line: non-survivors; dark line survivors; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; IL: interleukin;*: p<0.05.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(110.8KB, tif)}

S10 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of TNF-alpha between survivors and non-survivors.

Bright line: non-survivors; dark line survivors;0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; TNF: tumour necrosis factor;*: p<0.05.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(91.4KB, tif)}

S11 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of IL-10 between survivors and non-survivors.

Bright line: non-survivors; dark line survivors; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; IL: interleukin;*: p<0.05.

(TIF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(107.4KB, tif)}

S1 File. Study protocol.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(417.6KB, docx)}

S1 Table. Pre-operative characteristics of patients with infective endocarditis.

(RTF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(77.2KB, rtf)}

S2 Table. Spearman correlation analysis between the maximal level of inflammatory markers during CPB and cumulative doses of vasopressor or catecholamine doses at 6 and 24h postoperatively.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(17.7KB, docx)}

S3 Table. Spearman correlation analysis between the time from diagnosis of infective endocarditis to operation and the levels of cytokines and vasoactive peptides at defined time points.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(17KB, docx)}

S4 Table. Spearman correlation analysis between the duration of antibiotic therapy and the levels of cytokines and vasoactive peptides.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(18.1KB, docx)}

S5 Table. Comparison of cytokines and vasoactive peptides between patients operated in minimally invasive technique compared to those operated in sternotomy within the VHD group.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(23.1KB, docx)}

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Mr. Ingo Curdt and Mr. Manne Krop for their technical support on the measurement of Cytokines and vasoactive peptides. We also wish to thank Mr. Vladimir Patchev and Mrs. Cornelia Eichhorn for project and data management.

Data Availability

Some of patient´s data cannot be shared publicly because of the patient´s data protection policy of our institution. However, all research data will be available to be used by the Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC) and its international partners. In addition, study protocol, anonymized demographic data of the patients, and statistical analysis can be provided to researchers outside CSCC, who provide a study protocol which is approved by the Data Steering Committee (DSC), located at the Center for Clinical Studies (CCS), Jena University Hospital (https://www.uniklinikum-jena.de/zks/en/). Members of the DSC consist of the responsible data manager, biostatical, project manager and the scientific director of the CCS This data is sufficient to replicate the study. Requests should be sent to the head of the DSC: frank.brunkhorst@med.uni-jena.de. Data from this study will be archived for 10 years on the servers of the Center for Clinical Studies, Jena University Hospital to be available for further use by other investigators, as long as there is no conflict with the copyrights of the publisher. After 10 years the data will be archived; however can still be accessed after approval from the aforementioned DSC.

Funding Statement

Laboratory analyses were funded by B.R.A.H.M.S. GmbH, part of Thermo Fischer Scientific. In addition, B.R.A.H.M.S. GmbH took over the costs for data and project management in the Center of clinical studies, University hospital of Jena

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228286.r001

Decision Letter 0

Andrea Ballotta

8 Oct 2019

PONE-D-19-17603

Changes in Inflammatory and Vasoactive Mediator Profiles During Valvular Surgery With or Without Infective Endocarditis: A Case Control Pilot Study

PLOS ONE

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Reviewer #1: This is a nice and interesting study about a tricky pathophysiological condition.

Studying and profiling the "systemic scenario" of infective endocarditis and its potential operative and clinical consequenses is very challenging.

In this specific investiagion, authors state that in presence of infective endocarditis during cardiac valve surgery, inflammatory response is much stronger than the one experienced by patients with non-infectious valvular heart disease.

Even if cofounding factors can be numerous with such a background (some of them properly listed in limitations), this study could represent a meaningful trigger for further investigations, which are needed.

Methodological process is well written and results are clearly presented.

I would just suggest to provide some considerations about the potential role of surgical timing, combined with the use of antibiotics in limiting (or worsening) the inflammatory response.

Secondly, I would better underline the impact of the use of vasopressors in perpetuating cytokines release involved in microcirculatory dysfunction.

Finally, the limited amount of patients shoudl be mentioned as partial limitation as well.

Reviewer #2: The article presents a prospective case-control analysis of 20 patients with endocarditis vs 20 pts with VHD without endocarditis having undergone CPB for cardiac valve surgery from May to December 2016 either isolated or combined.

Endpoints:

1. Plasma profiles of inflammatory biomarkers at pre-defined time points during the surgical intervention were measured: Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, C-terminal proendothelin-1(CT-peoET-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18.

2. Plasma profiles of inflammation-related vasoactive mediators at pre- defined time points the course of the surgical intervention were: midregional pro-Adrenomedullin (MR6 proADM), copeptin pro-Arginine Vasopressin (CT-117 proAVP), midregional pro-Atrial natriuretic Peptide (MR-proANP).

3. Changes in organ dysfunction during the 1st and 2nd post-operative days, disclosed by ΔSOFA score as compared to pre-surgery status.

4. Use and duration of renal replacement therapy.

5. Cumulative doses of concomitant medications (vasopressors, corticoids, prostaglandins) applied during the surgery and over 48 h thereafter.

6. In-hospital mortality within 30 days post-surgery.

For the study the authors collected preoperative, operative and postoperative data and blood samples for biomarkers at predefined times: - 12 to 24 hours before transfer to the operating theatre; - At connection to the CPB, - 60 minutes after connection to the CPB, - disconnection of the CPB - 6, 24 and 48 hours after the end of the operation.

The two groups were significantly different for EuroSCORE II, SOFA score, COPD, PAVD, Admission type (all VHD were ordinary, endocarditis were urgent (75%) or emergency (25%).

The results showed a lower time of CPB in VHD group (no X clamp time is reported). Mortality was significantly higher in endocarditis group (35 vs 5%). Postoperative hemodialysis was similar.

After that the authors reported all the figure legends and their results about the infiammatory results in a quite mechanical and confused way, please reorganize it and try to give us a more clear section.

Also in the discussion section a lot of information about each cytokines and inflammatory markers in my opinion can be cut to make the speech lighter and more fluent.

In the conclusions the authors state the inflammatory reaction to CPB was stronger in patients with IE group and that the magnitude of the inflammatory reaction correlated well with the degree of post-operative organ dysfunction.

Some comments.

Comment 1: the first two endpoints seem to be more a method more than an outcomes.

Comment 2: is not very clear how the patients with endocarditis have a so high Euroscore. The authors has to better explain the patients preoperative status, surgical indication (emergency operation at least) and their preparation to operation in term of ABT weeks, blood cultures, time from diagnosis and embolic stroke (?) (30% neurological disorders (!)). Moreover ther is a very high SD for the ES II of endocarditis group, in my opinion at least a comment of this findings is mandatory.

Comment 3: In the operative data is not very clear the type of surgery for each patients. I suggest to divide the pts for the primary indication (mitral or aortic surgery and to add the concomitant surgery). No one patients needed a Bentall operation? Which prosthesis were used? All pts underwent full sternotomy? Please add Xclamp time.

Comment 4: the mortality is quite high, probably a more specific explanation on the final cause of death can help us to understand the postoperative course; in my opinion is not very clear.

Comment 5: In my opinion the conclusions are not very clear because is not well explained the correlation between clinical deterioration and inflammatory markers. I mean is not very clear which is the authors indication after their findings and what can we clinical improve in terms of indication and timing. Or at least just add a comment.

**********

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PLoS One. 2020 Feb 3;15(2):e0228286. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228286.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

9 Dec 2019

Manuscript PONE-D-19-17603 Diab et al.

Response to the Reviewers' Comments

We would like to thank all reviewers for the constructive and helpful comments. We have taken care to revise the manuscript according to the critiques. We addressed below each comment point by point:

We deposited our protocol in protocols.io with the following DOI:

dx.doi.org/10.17504/protocols.io.9esh3ee

Journal Requirements:

When submitting your revision, we need you to address these additional requirements

Response: we checked that our manuscript meets PLOS ONE´s style requirement

Please provide additional details regarding participant consent. In the ethics statement in the Methods and online submission information, please ensure that you have specified what type you obtained (for instance, written or verbal, and if verbal, how it was documented and witnessed).

Response:

We clarified that in page 5 in the manuscript with track changes

Obtaining the informed consent:

A written informed consent was obtained from each patient before inclusion in the study according to § 28 of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Reviewer #1

We wish to thank the reviewer for the kind and favorable comments

This is a nice and interesting study about a tricky pathophysiological condition.

Studying and profiling the "systemic scenario" of infective endocarditis and its potential operative and clinical consequences is very challenging.

In this specific investigation, authors state that in presence of infective endocarditis during cardiac valve surgery, inflammatory response is much stronger than the one experienced by patients with non-infectious valvular heart disease.

Methodological process is well written and results are clearly presented.

Comment 1: I would just suggest to provide some considerations about the potential role of surgical timing, combined with the use of antibiotics in limiting (or worsening) the inflammatory response.

Response: We investigated the influence of surgical timing on survival and on inflammatory response.

The mean time form diagnosis to operation was similar in survivors compared to non-survivors (6.62±12.78 vs 6.16±6.62 days, respectively). There is a negative correlation between the time from diagnosis to surgery and IL-1 at 60 minutes CPB (Spearman´s Rank Correlation Coefficient (rs) -0.536, p=0324), TNF-α at 24h post-operatively (rs -0.550, p= 0.0147), and IL-18 24h (rs -0.598, p= 0.007) and 48h postoperatively (rs -0.591, p=0.010), which means the longer the time from the diagnosis to operation, the lower the level of aforementioned markers.

We added this information to the results section of the manuscript page 20 of the track changes manuscript and provided 2 tables S3 Table and S4 Table with the details of the Spearman correlation analyses for timing of surgery and for duration of antibiotic therapy as supporting information.

Secondly, I would better underline the impact of the use of vasopressors in perpetuating cytokines release involved in microcirculatory dysfunction.

Response: To clarify this point, we performed Spearman correlation analyses between the cumulative doses of vasopressor or catecholamine doses at 6 and 24h postoperatively.

We found that MR-proANP correlated well with the post-operative cumulative doses of norepinephrine within 6h (rs 0.595, p<0.001) and within 24 hours (rs 0.602, p<0.001). MR-proADM correlated well with the postoperative cumulative doses of norepinephrine at 6h (rs 0.719, p<0.001) and 24h (rs 0.743, p<0.001). CT-proET1 correlated with the post-operative cumulative doses of epinephrine within 24h (rs 0.532, p=0.0005). We added this text to page 17 of the manuscript with track changes and submitted S2 Table with details of this analysis.

Finally, the limited amount of patients should be mentioned as partial limitation as well.

Response: We added the limited number of patients as partial limitation in page 26 of the manuscript with track changes.

Reviewer #2:

We wish to thank the reviewer for the constructive comments

The article presents a prospective case-control analysis of 20 patients with endocarditis vs 20 pts with VHD without endocarditis having undergone CPB for cardiac valve surgery from May to December 2016 either isolated or combined.

Endpoints:

3. Changes in organ dysfunction during the 1st and 2nd post-operative days, disclosed by ΔSOFA score as compared to pre-surgery status.

4. Use and duration of renal replacement therapy.

5. Cumulative doses of concomitant medications (vasopressors, corticoids, prostaglandins) applied during the surgery and over 48 h thereafter.

6. In-hospital mortality within 30 days post-surgery.

The two groups were significantly different for EuroSCORE II, SOFA score, COPD, PAVD, Admission type (all VHD were ordinary, endocarditis were urgent (75%) or emergency (25%).

The results showed a lower time of CPB in VHD group (no X clamp time is reported). Mortality was significantly higher in endocarditis group (35 vs 5%). Postoperative hemodialysis was similar.

Response: We changed the figure titles and legends to meet the requirements of the PLOS ONE guidelines. Captions are not allowed to be included as part of the figure file or in a separate document.

Also in the discussion section a lot of information about each cytokines and inflammatory markers in my opinion can be cut to make the speech lighter and more fluent.

Response: We cut the unnecessary information in the discussion which does not serve our argument.

Some comments.

Comment 1: the first two endpoints seem to be more a method more than an outcomes.

Response: We changed the text to:

1. Plasma profiles of inflammatory biomarkers: Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, C-terminal proendothelin-1(CT-peoET-1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-18.

2. Plasma profiles of inflammation-related vasoactive mediators: midregional pro-Adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), copeptin pro-Arginine Vasopressin (CT-proAVP), midregional pro-Atrial natriuretic Peptide (MR-proANP)

please see page 5 Endpoints in the main manuscript with track changes.

Response: EuroSCORE II was high in the IE group because:

• 30% of IE patients had previous cardiac surgery compared to 5% in VHD group

• 75% of the IE patients underwent urgent operation and the rest underwent emergency operation, while all patients in VHD group were operated electively.

• 50% of patients with IE were poorly mobile preoperatively while only 5% of patients in VHD group were poorly mobile.

• 60% of IE patients had a critical pre-operative state compared to only one patient in the VHD group.

• In addition, the presence of IE per se increases the EuroSCORE II.

We added the factors we mentioned above to the pre-operative patient characteristics presented in Table 1 page 10 in the main manuscript with track changes.

In addition we added a table with more pre-operative details of the endocarditis patients:S1 Table.

We investigated the influence of surgical timing on survival and on inflammatory response.

The mean time form diagnosis to operation was similar in survivors compared to non-survivors (6.62±12.78 vs 6.16±6.62 days, respectively). There is a negative correlation between time from diagnosis to surgery and IL-1 at 60 minutes CPB (Spearman´s Rank Correlation Coefficient (rs) -0.536, p=0324), TNF-α at 24h post-operative (rs -0.550, p= 0.0147), and IL-18 24h (rs -0.598, p= 0.007) and 48h postoperative (rs -0.591, p=0.010), which means the longer the time from the diagnosis to operation, the lower the level of aforementioned markers.

We added this information to the results section of the manuscript and provided 2 tables S3 Table and S4 Table with the details of the Spearman correlation analyses for timing of surgery and for duration of antibiotic therapy as supporting information.

We agree that the SD of the EuroSCORE II is much higher in the endocarditis group than in the VHD group. However, in order to compare the dispersion of the groups the coefficient of variance (CV) should be used, which is a standardized measure (SD divided by the mean). Since the mean is larger in the Endocarditis group than in the VHD group, the CVs are not much different (CV Endocarditis=0.94, CV VHS=0.80). In addition, the greater standard deviation also reflects the expected greater heterogeneity of endocarditis patients compared to an elective patient population undergoing valve surgery.

Comment 3: In the operative data is not very clear the type of surgery for each patient. I suggest to divide the pts for the primary indication (mitral or aortic surgery and to add the concomitant surgery). No one patient needed a Bentall operation? Which prosthesis were used? All pts underwent full sternotomy? Please add Xclamp time.

Response: We added to Table 2 which shows Operative data and outcome in page 11 of the main manuscript with track changes information about the type of surgery in each group of patients, type of prostheses used, X-clamp time and the approach.

We found that 55% of patients in the VHD group underwent minimally invasive surgery compared to only 15% in the endocarditis. This difference might cause bias in comparing the inflammatory reaction between both groups. In order to investigate whether the minimally invasive approach influences the inflammatory reaction or not, we compared the cytokine release in patients who underwent minimally invasive surgery compared to those who underwent full sternotomy within the VHD group. We found that for all markers to all time points, there was no significant difference between patient operated via minimally invasive approach and those operated via sternotomy, except for the median IL-10 at 24h postoperative which was higher in the sternotomy group (3.7 (IQR 6.32) vs. 2.20 (IQR 0.27). We added S5 Table to the supporting information showing the median and IQR of all markers to the defined time points in patients who underwent full sternotomy compared to patients operated via minimally invasive approach within the VHD group.

In our study population no patient underwent a Bentall operation.

Comment 4: the mortality is quite high, probably a more specific explanation on the final cause of death can help us to understand the postoperative course; in my opinion is not very clear.

Response: In our study the cause of mortality in all non-survivors was post-operative multiple organ failure.

As we have shown in Table 1, patients with IE had high EuroSCORE II 18.6�17.4 and high pre-operative SOFA score 6.895�2.58 which reached 11.263�2.579 on the 1st postoperative day. It has been previously shown that critically ill patients with SOFA score between 7-9 had a mortality of around 20%, and in patients who reached SOFA score 10-12 the mortality rateincreased to 40- 50%(1, 2). Thus, in our high risk group of IE patients it was expected to have such a high mortality. Despite the expected high mortality, surgery is still recommended for such patients. We have previously shown that the in-hospital mortality in endocarditis patients who did not underwent cardiac surgery despite having an indication was 65%(3).

Response: We could show in this pilot study that the inflammatory reaction to CPB, measured by different cytokines and vasoactive peptides, was stronger in patients with IE compared to patients with non-infectious VHD. This conclusion was based on the following findings:

• We have illustrated this in Fig 4A that IL-6 level at the end of CPB in the IE group was five-fold its level in the VHD group (119.73 pg/ml (226.49) vs. 24.48 pg/ml (40.09), p= 0.001).

• I Fig 5A: Patients with IE had significantly higher levels of MR-proADM at each time point except at 24 and 48 h post-operative.

• In Fig 5C Plasma levels of CT-proET-1 in IE patients were significantly higher p 24 h preoperative, at the beginning of CPB and 60 minutes thereafter

• In Fig 5D: MR-proANP was significantly higher in the IE group during CPB and at 6h post-operatively

• In Fig 6A In IE group after starting CPB median plasma level of IL-1β rapidly increased to reach a maximal level of 25.8 pg/ml and rapidly declined to approximately normal levels at the end of CPB. In the control group, IL-1β could not be detected at any time-point.

• In Fig 7A: we showed that in both groups TNF-α was not detectable preoperatively. In the IE group its level increased immediately after starting CPB while in the control group it remained undetected at each time point.

We could also demonstrate in Table 4 that the increase of levels of IL-6, PCT, and MR-proADM during CPB was associated with high SOFA score post-operatively. Thus, we can conclude that the magnitude of the inflammatory reaction correlated well with the degree of post-operative organ dysfunction. As SOFA score is the best score to report organ dysfunctions in sepsis patients as recommended by the Task Force for sepsis (4), we consider SOFA score an accurate tool to measure and report clinical deterioration.

In addition, we also demonstrated in supporting information S1-11 Figs that Non-survivors had significantly stronger acute phase reaction to CPB (higher IL-6 and CRP, and PCT levels (S1-3 Fig) after starting CPB. Plasma levels of MR-proADM (S4 Fig) were also higher in non-survivors to almost all time points compared to survivors. The difference was statistically significant from the beginning of CPB until 6 hours post-operative. MR-proANP plasma levels (S7 Fig) were higher to all time points in non-survivors compared to survivors. The differences were statistically significant at 60 minutes after starting CPB until the 6 hours post-operative. IL-18 plasma levels (S9 Fig) to all time points were substantially higher in non-survivors compared to survivors and differences became statistically significant 60 minutes after starting CPB until 6 hours post-operative. Plasm levels of IL-10 increased similarly in non-survivors and survivors after starting CPB, however, it remained significantly higher to all post-operative time points in non-survivors compared to survivors (S11Fig).

Thus, we can conclude that patients who died within 30 days of surgery had stronger inflammatory response than those who survived.

The aim of this study was to compare, for the first time, the peri-operative cytokines profiles of patients undergoing cardiac surgery for IE with those of patients with non-infectious valve disease. Although we gathered information about the pre-operative neurological disorders and the timing of surgery in the CRF of the study, these were not the main objectives of this pilot study.

We hope that this revised version now meets your expectations and thank you and all the reviewers for your efforts that improved this manuscript.

References

1. Vincent JL, de Mendonca A, Cantraine F, Moreno R, Takala J, Suter PM, et al. Use of the SOFA score to assess the incidence of organ dysfunction/failure in intensive care units: Results of a multicenter, prospective study. Crit Care Med. 1998;26(11):1793-800.

2. Ferreira FL, Bota DP, Bross A, Melot C, Vincent JL. Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients. Jama-J Am Med Assoc. 2001;286(14):1754-8.

3. Diab M, Guenther A, Sponholz C, Lehmann T, Faerber G, Matz A, et al. Pre-operative stroke and neurological disability do not independently affect short- and long-term mortality in infective endocarditis patients. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society. 2016;105(10):847-57.

4. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, Shankar-Hari M, Annane D, Bauer M, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association. 2016;315(8):801-10.

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.doc

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228286.r003

Decision Letter 1

Andrea Ballotta

13 Jan 2020

Changes in Inflammatory and Vasoactive Mediator Profiles During Valvular Surgery With or Without Infective Endocarditis: A Case Control Pilot Study

PONE-D-19-17603R1

Dear Dr. Diab,

We are pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it complies with all outstanding technical requirements.

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With kind regards,

Andrea Ballotta

Academic Editor

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Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Thank you for the revised version of your manuscript. It sounds suitable for publication

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. If the authors have adequately addressed your comments raised in a previous round of review and you feel that this manuscript is now acceptable for publication, you may indicate that here to bypass the “Comments to the Author” section, enter your conflict of interest statement in the “Confidential to Editor” section, and submit your "Accept" recommendation.

Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Partly

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #1: (No Response)

Reviewer #2: (No Response)

**********

7. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: No

Reviewer #2: No

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228286.r004

Acceptance letter

Andrea Ballotta

21 Jan 2020

PONE-D-19-17603R1

Changes in Inflammatory and Vasoactive Mediator Profiles During Valvular Surgery With or Without Infective Endocarditis: A Case Control Pilot Study

Dear Dr. Diab:

I am pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper at this point, to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

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on behalf of

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

S1 Checklist. TREND statement checklist.

(PDF)

Click here for additional data file.^{(1MB, pdf)}

S1 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of IL-6 between survivors and non-survivors.

(TIF)

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S2 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of C-reactive protein between survivors and non-survivors.

(TIF)

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S3 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of procalcitonin between survivors and non-survivors.

Bright line: non-survivors; dark line survivors; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; PCT: procalcitonin; *: p<0.05.

(TIF)

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S4 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of MR-proADM between survivors and non-survivors.

(TIF)

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S5 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of copeptin pro vasopressin between survivors and non-survivors.

(TIF)

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S6 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of CT-proET-1 between survivors and non-survivors.

(TIF)

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S7 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of MR-proANP between survivors and non-survivors.

(TIF)

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S8 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of IL-1β between survivors and non-survivors.

Bright line: non-survivors; dark line survivors; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; IL: interleukin.

(TIF)

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S9 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of IL-18 between survivors and non-survivors.

Bright line: non-survivors; dark line survivors; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; IL: interleukin;*: p<0.05.

(TIF)

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S10 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of TNF-alpha between survivors and non-survivors.

(TIF)

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S11 Fig. Line chart comparing median plasma levels of IL-10 between survivors and non-survivors.

Bright line: non-survivors; dark line survivors; 0 on the x-axis represents the beginning of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); the shaded area represents the CPB time; IL: interleukin;*: p<0.05.

(TIF)

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S1 File. Study protocol.

(DOCX)

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S1 Table. Pre-operative characteristics of patients with infective endocarditis.

(RTF)

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S2 Table. Spearman correlation analysis between the maximal level of inflammatory markers during CPB and cumulative doses of vasopressor or catecholamine doses at 6 and 24h postoperatively.

(DOCX)

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S3 Table. Spearman correlation analysis between the time from diagnosis of infective endocarditis to operation and the levels of cytokines and vasoactive peptides at defined time points.

(DOCX)

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S4 Table. Spearman correlation analysis between the duration of antibiotic therapy and the levels of cytokines and vasoactive peptides.

(DOCX)

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S5 Table. Comparison of cytokines and vasoactive peptides between patients operated in minimally invasive technique compared to those operated in sternotomy within the VHD group.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(23.1KB, docx)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.doc

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Data Availability Statement

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PERMALINK

Changes in inflammatory and vasoactive mediator profiles during valvular surgery with or without infective endocarditis: A case control pilot study

Mahmoud Diab

Raphael Tasar

Christoph Sponholz

Thomas Lehmann

Mathias W Pletz

Michael Bauer

Frank M Brunkhorst

Torsten Doenst

Roles

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Trial registration

Introduction

Methods

Study design and patients

Fig 1. IE: Infective endocarditis; VHD: Valvular heart disease.

Ethics approval

Obtaining the informed consent

Endpoints

Data and samples collection

Statistical analysis

Results

Table 1. Pre-operative patients’ characteristics.

Table 2. Operative data and outcome.

Fig 2.

Fig 3. Cumulative doses of norepinephrine in IE and in VHD patients.

Measurement of cytokines and vasoactive peptides

Acute phase regulation

Fig 4.

Biomarkers of cardiovascular dysfunction

Fig 5.

Inflammasome activation

Fig 6.

Regulation of the inflammatory response

Fig 7.

Table 3. Shows the microbiological profile of patients with infective endocarditis.

Marker level in survivors vs non-survivors

Correlation of cytokines and vasoactive peptides (maximal level during CPB) and SOFA score on the 1st or 2nd postoperative day only for patients with IE

Table 4. Spearman correlation analysis between the maximal level of cytokines and vasoactive peptides during cardiopulmonary bypass and SOFA score on the 1st and 2nd post-operative days for patients with IE.

Discussion

Vasoactive peptides

Limitations of the study

Conclusion

Supporting information

Acknowledgments

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

Andrea Ballotta

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

Andrea Ballotta

Roles

Acceptance letter

Andrea Ballotta

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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Links to NCBI Databases

Correlation of cytokines and vasoactive peptides (maximal level during CPB) and SOFA score on the 1^st or 2^nd postoperative day only for patients with IE

Table 4. Spearman correlation analysis between the maximal level of cytokines and vasoactive peptides during cardiopulmonary bypass and SOFA score on the 1^st and 2^nd post-operative days for patients with IE.