. 2020 Feb 1;6(2):e03330. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03330

Table 3.

Effects of royal jelly on hepatic, renal, gastric and intestinal tissue concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in diclofenac-induced hepato-renal damage and gastrointestinal ulcerations in rats.

Groups	PGE2 (ng/g tissue)
Groups	Hepatic	Renal	Gastric	Intestinal
Normal control	10.59 ± 0.33	11.27 ± 0.05	9.62 ± 0.05	10.78 ± 0.06
Diclofenac-control (50 mg/kg, I.P.)	8.17^a ± 0.02	9.23^a ± 0.05	6.95^a ± 0.12	8.05^a ± 0.08
Diclofenac + RJ (150 mg/kg, P.O.)	9.06^a,b ± 0.02	9.96^a,b ± 0.62	9.00^a,b ± 0.01	9.37^a,b ± 0.04
Diclofenac + RJ (300 mg/kg, P.O.)	9.32^a,b ± 0.18	10.20^a,b ± 0.01	9.13^a,b ± 0.10	9.73^a,b ± 0.05

Rats of the normal control group received I.P. injections of saline. Hepato-renal damage and gastrointestinal ulcerations were induced in the remaining 3 groups by single intraperitoneal injection of diclofenac (50 mg/kg) for 7 days. Group 2 received only distilled water orally for 30 days and served as diclofenac-control group. Groups 3 & 4 received royal jelly (150 & 300 mg/kg/day, P.O.) respectively for 30 days. All animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last treatment after overnight fasting. The liver, kidneys, stomachs and intestines were removed, homogenized and the homogenate was obtained.

Data is presented as mean ± SEM (n = 10).

^aSignificantly different from Normal control groupat p < 0.05 (Tukey's post hoc test).

^bSignificantly different from Diclofenac-control group at p < 0.05 (Tukey's post hoc test).