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Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences logoLink to Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
. 2019 Dec 6;27(2):611–622. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.11.042

Investigating the antiangiogenic potential of Rumex vesicarius (humeidh), anticancer activity in cancer cell lines and assessment of developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos

Muhammad Farooq a,⁎, Nael Abutaha a, Shahid Mahboob b, Almohannad Baabbad a, Nawaf D Almoutiri a, Mohammad Ahmed AM Wadaan a
PMCID: PMC6997907  PMID: 32210679

Abstract

Recent trends in anticancer therapy is to use therapeutic agents which not only kill the cancer cell, but are less toxic to surrounding normal cells/tissue. One approach is to cut the nutrient supply to growing tumor cells, by blocking the formation of new blood vessels around the tumor. As the phytochemicals and botanical crude extracts have proven their efficacy as natural antiangiogenic agents with minimum toxicities, there is need to explore varieties of medicinal plants for novel antiangiogenic compounds.

Rumex vesicarius L. (Humeidh), is an annual herbal plant with proven medicinal values. The antiangiogenic potential, and developmental toxicity of humeidh in experimental animal models has never been studied before. The crude extracts were prepared from the roots, stems, leaves and flowers of Rumex vesicarius L. in methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. The developmental toxicity screening in zebrafish embryos, has revealed that Rumex vesicarius was not toxic to zebrafish embryos. The chloroform stem extract showed significant level of antiangiogenic activity in zebrafish angiogenic assay on a dose dependent manner. Thirty five (35) bioactive compounds were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GC–MS) analysis in the stem extract of Rumex vesicarius. Propanoic acid, 2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-, trimethylsilyl ester, Butane, 1,2,3-tris(trimethylsiloxy), and Butanedioic acid, bis(trimethylsilyl) ester were identified as major compound present in the stem of R. vasicarius.

The anticancer activity of roots, stem, leaves and flowers crude extract was evaluated in human breast cancer (MCF7), human colon carcinoma (Lovo, and Caco-2), human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines. Most of the crude extracts did not show significant level of cytotoxicity in tested cancer cells line, except, chloroform extract of stem which exhibited strong anticancer activity in all tested cancer cells with IC50 values in micro molar range.

Based on these results, it is recommended that formulation prepared from R. vesicarius can further be tested in clinical trials in order to explore its therapeutic potential as an effective and safe natural anticancer product.

Keywords: Rumex vasicarius L., Angiogenesis, Phytochemical screening, Developmental toxicity, Zebrafish embryos

1. Introduction

Solid tumors produce blood vessels to get nourish and to migrate to other organs, a process known as metastasis. The angiogenesis (formation of secondary blood vessels) is a normal process during embryonic development, and during wound healing and the menstrual cycle. However, angiogenesis get activated in pathological condition, such as in cancer. The activation of angiogenesis exclusively by cancer, and quiescence in normal cells makes regulation of angiogenesis as an attractive therapeutic target for anti-tumor drug discovery” (Al-Abd et al., 2017), and hence many small molecules have been synthesized and tried in tumor cells to suppress the angiogenesis (Khalid et al., 2016, Wang et al., 2015), however, majority of these compounds either failed in clinical trials, or discontinued due to having lot of side effects (Cao, 2016, Lu et al., 2019, Medina et al., 2007). One reason for the inefficacy of angiogenesis inhibitors could be due to the fact that, the majority of synthetic anti-angiogenic molecules target only single angiogenic pathway for example, interacting only to “ vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)” or its receptors, VEGF is a protein which is responsible for the proliferation of endothelial cells (Abdel-Qadir et al., 2017, Qin et al., 2019). Crude extract or pure compounds derived from traditional medicinal plants act on multiple targets and have shown good anti-angiogenic effects with least toxicities (Erices et al., 2018, Gezici and Sekeroglu, 2019, Song et al., 2019). Hence, there is a need to explore new antiangiogenic natural sources most likely from medicinal plants and herbs by suitable in vivo and in vitro angiogenic assays.

In order to find out novel natural antiangiogenic products, the Saudi medicinal plants were explored in this study. One hundred and fifty (150) medicinal plants were collected from various regions of Saudi Arabia and from folk medicine practitioners (aatar). The crude extracts were prepared in methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and hexane. The antiangiogenic activity was evaluated in zebrafish transgenic line which express green florescent protein constitutively in blood vessels (Lawson and Weinstein, 2002).

“Rumex vesicarius” bladder dock (Arabic; Humeidh) has been identified as one of the plant, which had showed significant level of antiangiogenic activity in our pilot study. R. vesicarius is a branched tender perennial herbal plant which belongs to Polygonaceae family and is widely distributed throughout Saudi Arabia (Harley, 1991). R. vesicarius has been used in traditional medicine as flatulence, tonic, digestion enhancer, laxative, Anti- nausea, spleen disorders, antiasthma, bronchitis, analgesic and in some hepatic diseases in Egypt, India, and Saudi Arabia (Vasas et al., 2015).

The antiangiogenic property of R. vesicarius has not been reported before, and hence, the antiangiogenic activity and developmental toxicity of R. vesicarius was explored in zebrafish embryos in this study. The bioactive compounds present in R. vesicarius were identified using Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In order to find out “target protein” for the major bioactive compounds present in the stem of R. vesicarius an online proteomic web tool “Swiss target prediction” was used. (Gfeller et al., 2013). The anti-cancer activity of the crude extracts of roots, stem, and flowers of R. vesicarius was checked in human breast cancer (MCF7), human colon carcinoma (Lovo, and Caco-2), and human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell lines.

2. Material and methods

2.1. Plant collection and preparation of crude extract

The plant was collected in flowering season (February- March) from Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. The plant was washed thoroughly with running tape water. Roots, stems, leaves and flower were separated and let to dry under shade for several days. The crude extract from the roots, stem, leaves and flower was prepared in methanol, chloroform, hexane, and ethyl acetate essentially same as reported previously (Nasr et al., 2018).

2.2. Cytotoxicity evaluation

The toxicity of roots, stem, leaves, and flowers of R. vesicarius was tested in human breast cancer cell line (MCF7), human colon cancer cell lines (Lovo, Caco-2), and human liver carcinoma cell lines (HepG2). MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) colorimetric cell proliferation assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of the extracts on cancer cell lines using Vybrant® MTT Cell Proliferation Assay Kit (Cat # V13154 lot # 1,129,031 Invitrogen) following the protocol provided by the manufacturer. The cell culture conditions were same as reported previously (Farooq et al., 2019)

2.3. Zebrafish developmental toxicity and angiogenic assays

The source of animals and maintenance was the same as described previously (Farooq et al., 2018). Thirty (30) embryos were exposed to extracts at gastrulation stage with serial dilution (10–500 µM) of each extract. The effect of extracts on embryonic survival, toxicity was monitored in wild type embryos. The treated embryos were examined at 24, 48, and 72 h post exposure. The developmental toxicity was evaluated based on, 1) Calculating the % lethality in response to serial dilution of the extracts, 2) embryonic abnormalities by observing the defects in otoliths, eyes, somite formation, tail detachment, heartbeat, blood circulation, hatching, and active swimming and % embryonic defects in each condition was calculated by equation

Numberofembryoswithdefects/totalnumberofembryos×100

The antiangiogenic activity was evaluated in transgenic zebrafish embryos. The experiments were repeated for three times. The percent antiangiogenic activity in transgenic zebrafish embryos was assessed by the equation as follow.

%antiangiogenicactivity=Average#ofisv+sivintreatedembryosAverage#ofisv+sivincontrolembryos×100

The blood vessels in control and treated live Tg (fli1:EGFP) were counted by observing the embryos using fluorescent microscope (Zeiss Observer D1; Zeiss, Germany) under FITC filter. At least five embryos in each condition were examined in order to calculate the mean % antiangiogenic activity of all the extracts.

3. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis

3.1. Extraction using ultra-sonication

Plant samples (1 g) was added to 25 mL of ethyl acetate: hexane solvent mixture (1:1) in a beaker. The ultrasonic probe was placed in the beaker and power was set to 60 W. Ultrasonic temperature was maintained at 45 °C by using a water bath without any external heating. After extraction, the sample was filtered using polypropylene sheet membrane (157 μm thickness and 0.2 μm pore size) was purchased from Membrana (Wuppertal, German). Extract contains both polar and non-polar analytes, hence the extract was derivatized using Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA). A ratio of extract and BSTFA (1:1) was added and then the 1 µL of extract was injected to GC–MS. Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan) QP2010 GC–MS instrument equipped with a Shimadzu AOC-20s auto sampler and AOC-20 auto injector and Rxi-5 Sil MS column with thickness of 0.25 μm, length of 30.0 m and diameter of 0.25 mm (Restek, Bellefonte, US). The high purity helium gas was employed as carrier gas at flow rate of 1.01 mL/min. All the samples were injected in spilt mode (1:100 ratio) and GC injection port temperature was kept 250 °C. The opening time of split vent was 1.0 min. The GC–MS interface temperature was 220 °C and ion source temperature was 200 °C. The oven temperature was programmed as follows: initial temperature was 40 °C and held for 1 min; then increased to 100 °C at 10 °C/min and held for 2 min; then increased to 165 °C at 10 °C/min and held for 0 min; then increased to 190 °C at 6 °C/min and held for 3 min; after that it was increased to 220 °C at 3 °C/min and held for 3 min; and finally increased to 240 °C at 2 °C/min and held for 1 min. For qualitative analysis, data acquisition was performed in scan mode to confirm the retention times of target compounds. The identification of the compounds was performed by similarity searches and mass spectra data in the NIST (National Institute for Standard and Technology) MS Library.

3.2. Statistical analysis and calculation of IC50 and LC50

The data of zebrafish mortalities to serial dilution of the extract was put in Excel sheet and mean values, standard deviation were calculated. Similarly the dose response to cancer cells to the extract was obtained. The IC50 values for the cytotoxicity in cancer cell liens, and LD50 values for zebrafish mortality were calculated by probit analysis (R.H.D, 1952).

4. Results

4.1. Developmental toxicity R. vesicarius in zebrafish embryos

The comparative developmental toxicity data at 24, 48 and 72 hpf of chloroform fraction of stem part is shown in Table 1. It is quite evident from these values that chloroform extract of stem part of part R. vesicarius did not induce any significant level of toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Similarly no developmental toxicity was observed in zebrafish embryos treated with crude extract prepared in hexane, methanol, chloroform and water from the stem part of R. vesicarius. Zebrafish embryos treated with crude extracts prepared from root, leaves, and flowers did not show any significant level of toxicity as well.

Table 1.

The developmental toxicioty of Rumex vesicarius in zebrafish embryos.

Rumex vesicarius stem Con. µg/mL Embryo lethality¥
 Otoliths
 Eyes
 Heart beat
 Blood circulation
 Hatching
 Active swimming
Mean* S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean S.D Mean* S.D Mean S.D
24hpf Control 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 – – – – – – – –
0.001 1 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 – – – – – – – –
0.01 1 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 – – – – – – – –
1 1 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 – – – – – – – –
10 2 ±0.57 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 – – – – – – – –
100 2 ±0.57 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 – – – – – – – –
300 5 ±0.47 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 – – – – – – – –



48hpf Control 0 ±0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0
0.001 0 ±0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0
0.01 0 ±0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0
1 0 ±0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0
10 0 ±0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 1 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0
100 0 ±0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 2 ±0.57 5 ±0.57 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0
300 0 ±0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 5 ±0.81 5 ±0.57 1 ±0.0 0 ±0.0



72hpf Control 0 ±0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 1 ±0.57 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0
0.001 0 ±0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0
0.01 0 ±0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ± 0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0
1 0 ±0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0
10 0 ±0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 2 ±0.57 11 ±0.75 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0
100 0 ±0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 5 ±0.57 20 ±0.12 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0
300 0 ±0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 20 ±0.62 50 ±0.0 0 ±0.0 0 ±0.0
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¥ Percentage of embryos with developmental defects.* mean values from three biological replicates. S.D; standard deviation.

4.2. Chloroform stem extract of R. vesicarius exhibited antiangiogenic activity in zebrafish embryos.

The percent antiangiogenic activity of crude extract in various solvent of rots, stem, leaves and flowers R. vesicarius is presented in Table 2. The antiangiogenic activity was observed with chloroform crude extract prepared from the stem part of R. vesicarius (Fig. 1). The stem CHCl3 extract obstructed ≥70% of inter-segmental blood vessels (isv) and 100% of sub-intestinal vein (siv) blood vessels formation in treated embryos at 30 µg/ml (Fig. 1B and C). The crude extracts from the stem part prepared in methanol, hexane, chloroform and water showed very weak (≤10%) level of antiangiogenic activity, which was statistically insignificant compared to untreated control embryos. Moreover, the crude extract prepared from other plants parts such as roots, leaves and flowers of R. vesicarius were completely in active in term of antiangiogenic activity in transgenic zebrafish embryos.

Table 2.

Cytotoxicity of various plant parts of Rumex Vesicarius represented as half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) in human cancer cell lines evaluated by MTT cell proliferation assay.

Cell line Part of the plants used Cytotoxicity* (IC 50) (µg/mL)
n-hexane Chloroform Ethyl acetate Methanol Water
MCF7 Roots N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
Stem ≥300 33.45 ± 0.24 64.26 ± 0.33 ≥300 N.A
Leaves ≥300 ≥500 ≥500 N.A N.A
flower N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A



Lovo Roots N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
Stem ≥300 35.90 ± 0.33 78.32 ± 0.21 ≥300 N.A
Leaves ≥300 164 ± 0.24 ≥300 ≥300 NA
flower N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A



Caco-2 Roots N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
Stem ≥300 45.22 ± 0.24 86.35 ± 0.01 N.A N.A
Leaves ≥300 ≥300 N.A N.A N.A
flower N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A



HepG2 Roots N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
Stem ≥500 235.56 ± 0.02 159 ± 0.32 ≥500 N.A
Leaves ≥500 ≥500 ≥500 N.A N.A
flower N.A N.A N.A N.A N.A
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*

The vales are average of triplicate experiments, N.A: Not active.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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Rumex vesicarius inhibited the angiogenic blood vessels formation in Tg (fli1:EGFP) embryos. Representative microphotograph of live zebrafish embryos at 48 and 72hpf of embryonic development. A) Wild type control embryos at 48hpf shows normal embryonic development and growth. B) Control embryos from transgenic zebrafish line Tg (fli1:EGFP) at 48hpf. The green color indicate the vasculature in live zebrafish embryos. The inter-segmental blood vessels (isv) in the trunk of control embryos are shown by thick white arrows, the dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessels (DLAV) which connect the “ isv” has been shown by thin white arrows. D) Zebrafish embryos treated with 30 µg/mL of the stem chloroform extract. The thick arrows point to the immature inter-segmental blood vessels, The “ isv” are either very thin, and did not grow to connect the DLAV. E) The control WT embryos at 72hpf, grow and developed normally. F) The blood vessels in control embryos also developed and second round of angiogenesis blood vessels which are sub-intestinal vein (siv) indicated by thin white arrow are present as basket of numerous vessels. G) WT zebrafish embryos treated with the chloroform extract of stem also developed to protruding mouth stage but exhibited cardiac edema due to defects in vasculature. H) The vasculature in Tg(fli1:EGFP) embryos treated with stem chloroform extract. It is evident that sub-intestinal vein did not form in these embryos, indicated by thin white arrow. I) WT zebrafish embryos treated with semaxanib (1 µM) at 72hp, exhibited severe malformation. The size of the embryos were much smaller as compared to control at the same developmental stage (E), tail degeneration is evident, severe cardiac edema. J) The vasculature of Tg(fli1:EGFP) embryos treated with semaxanib; inter-segmental blood vessels and sub intestinal vein did not form properly. Anterior is towards the left, scale bar with measurement is present in each image. Abbreviation: isv; (inter-segmental blood vessels), siv (sub-intestinal vein), DLAV (dorsal longitudinal anastomotic vessel), hpf; hours post fertilization.

Semaxanib (SU 5416) was used as positive control. As expected Semaxanib has shown potent antiangiogenic activity in zebrafish embryos. As shown in Fig. 1, the zebrafish embryos treated with Semaxanib (1 µM) exhibited malformation of the inter-segmental and sub-intestinal angiogenic blood vessels. However, Semaxanib treated embryos were smaller in size as compared to untreated control and also to embryos which were treated with various solvents extract of R. vesicarius, were unable to hatch, had blood pooling of blood in truck region, lacked pigmentation, and had abnormal craniofacial structure 1 µM concentration.

4.3. The stem crude extract of R. vesicarius affected the cell survival of human cancer cell lines

Four different human cancer cell lines were used in order to judge the anticancer activity of R. vesicarius. The cytotoxicity of roots, stem, leaves, and flowers of R. vesicarius is expressed by IC50 values which is presented in Table 2. It is quite apparent from the data in Table 2 that the crude extracts from roots, stem and leaves has shown cytotoxicity in tested cancer cells, but flower part was completely inactive. Among all the extracts, the chloroform extract of stem was most active with IC50 values of 33.45 ± 0.24, 35.90 ± 0.33, 45.22 ± 0.24, and 62.56 ± 0.02 µM in MCF7, Lovo, Caco-2 and HepG2 cells respectively. The second level of cytotoxicity was shown by ethyl acetate extract of stem with IC50 values of 64.26 ± 0.33, 78.32 ± 0.21, 86.35 ± 0.01, and 159 ± 0.32 µM in MCF7, Lovo, Caco-2 and HepG2 cells. The IC50 values of the crude extracts prepared from the roots, and leaves were above than 500 µM.

4.4. Identification of potential antiangiogenic molecule in the stem of R. vesicarius

Table 3 shows the GC–MS spectrum and the list of compounds with molecular weight, retention time, and percentage of the compound present in extract with molecule formula. The GC–MS spectrum showed thirty five peaks corresponding to different compounds. Most of the compounds are novel and were identified in the stem of R. vesicarius for the first time in this study. The “Propanoic acid, 2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-, trimethylsilyl ester, Butanedioic acid, bis(trimethylsilyl) ester and Butane, 1,2,3-tris(trimethylsiloxy) were identified as major compounds.

Table 3.

GC–MS analysis of the stem of Rumex vesicarius.

No Retention time PECENTAGE Compound name Formula structure
1 6.178 4.64 Nicotinaldehyde thiosemicarbazone tritms C16H32N4SSi3 graphic file with name fx1.gif
2 6.216 3.63 2-Oxovaleric acid, tert-butyldimethylsilyl ester C11H22O3Si graphic file with name fx2.gif
3 6.435 9.65 Propanoic acid, 2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-, trimethylsilyl ester C9H22O3Si2 graphic file with name fx3.gif
4 6.688 2.51 Acetic acid, [(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-, trimethylsilyl ester C8H20O3Si2 graphic file with name fx4.gif
5 6.78 1.05 Sulforidazine C21H26N2O2S2 graphic file with name fx5.gif
6 6.816 5.06 2-Cyclopenten-1-one, 2,3-dimethyl- C7H10O graphic file with name fx6.gif
7 6.866 3.6 D-Mannitol C12H22O6 graphic file with name fx7.gif
8 7.494 2.05 Trimethylsilyl ether of glycerol C12H32O3Si3 graphic file with name fx8.gif
9 7.68 0.69 3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid, ethyl ester, tri-TMS C19H36O5Si3 graphic file with name fx9.gif
10 7.737 2.17 Oxanilic acid, O,O'-bis(trimethylsilyl) C14H23NO3Si2 graphic file with name fx10.gif
11 8.16 1.15 Pentanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester C8H18O2Si graphic file with name fx11.gif
12 8.245 7.5 Butane, 1,2,3-tris(trimethylsiloxy)- C13H34O3Si3 graphic file with name fx12.gif
13 8.462 1.2 Propanoic acid, C10H24O3Si2 graphic file with name fx13.gif
14 8.874 2.47 Butanoic acid, C13H32O4Si3 graphic file with name fx14.gif
15 9.031 0.66 1H-Indole-2-carboxylic acid, 5-ethyl-1-(trimethylsilyl)-, trimethylsilyl ester C17H27NO2Si2 graphic file with name fx15.gif
16 9.541 4.59 Trimethylsilyl ether of glycerol Trimethylsilyl ether of glycerol graphic file with name fx16.gif
17 9.624 0.54 Monoamidomalonic acid, tris(trimethylsilyl) C12H29NO3Si3 graphic file with name fx17.gif
18 10.013 1.37 3-Octenoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester 3-Octenoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester graphic file with name fx18.gif
19 10.06 0.71 Isotridecanol- C13H28O graphic file with name fx19.gif
20 10.146 7.76 Butanedioic acid, bis(trimethylsilyl) ester C10H22O4Si2 graphic file with name fx20.gif
21 10.324 3.21 Propanoic acid, 2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-, trimethylsilyl ester C12H30O4Si3 graphic file with name fx21.gif
22 10.819 0.67 Nonanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester C12H26O2Si graphic file with name fx22.gif
23 10.927 0.7 2,3-Dimethyl-3-hydroxyglutaric acid, tris(trimethylsilyl) C16H36O5Si3 graphic file with name fx23.gif
24 11.417 0.92 Tetradecane C14H30 graphic file with name fx24.gif
25 12.429 4.13 Malic acid, O-(trimethylsilyl)-, bis(trimethylsilyl)ester C13H30O5Si3 graphic file with name fx25.gif
26 13.125 1.08 3-Octadecanone C18H36O graphic file with name fx26.gif
27 13.565 0.85 2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid, trimethylsilyl ester C9H20O3Si graphic file with name fx27.gif
28 14.133 1.34 D-Ribofuranose, 1,2,3,5-tetrakis-O-(trimethylsilyl)- C17H42O5Si4 graphic file with name fx28.gif
39 15.719 1.08 2-Deoxy-3,4,5-tris-O-(trimethylsilyl)pentose C14H34O4Si3 graphic file with name fx29.gif
30 18.194 5.68 D-Xylofuranose, C17H42O5Si4 graphic file with name fx30.gif
31 18.975 3.07 3,7,11,15-Tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol C20H40O graphic file with name fx31.gif
32 19.099 5.59 2-Monopalmitin trimethylsilyl ether C25H54O4Si2 graphic file with name fx32.gif
33 19.22 1.47 D-Galactose, 2,3,4,5,6-pentakis-O-(trimethylsilyl)- C21H52O6Si5 graphic file with name fx33.gif
34 23.974 4.69 Hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester C18H36O2 graphic file with name fx34.gif
35 29.919 2.52 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, ethyl ester C20H36O2 graphic file with name fx35.gif
graphic file with name fx36.gif
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In order to find out the proteins target to which these molecule will bind, “Swiss target prediction” was used. Supplementary Tables 1–3 contain the list of all the possible protein targets for major compounds identified in the stem of R. vesicarius. Among all the proteins, Leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine protein kinase 2 (LRRK2), Adenosine receptors (A1, A2a, A2b, and A3), FK506 binding protein 1A (FKBP1A), Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3, JAK1, and JAK2, Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta and alpha, Vascular Endothelial receptor 2 (KDR). Most of target proteins have role in angiogenesis which has been summarized in Table 4.

Table 4.

Angiogenesis related protein targets as identified by online Swiss target prediction tool for the major compounds from crude stem extract of Rumex vesicarius.

Identified compound Protein targets Common name Uniport ID Role in angiogenesis Reference
Propanoic acid, 2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-, trimethylsilyl ester Leucine-rich repeat serine/threonine protein kinase 2 LRRK2 Q5S007 LRRK2 inhibitor (BAY 43–9006) proved substantial activity against (VEGFR)-2, VEGFR-3 (Wilhelm et al., 2004)
Adenosine A receptors ADORA1
ADORA2A
ADORA2B		 P30542
P29274
P29275 		modulation of angiogenesis by all Adenosine receptors (Clark et al., 2007)
FK506-binding protein 1A FKBP1A P62942 antiangiogenic activity by FKBPL and its peptide Yakkundi et al., 2015)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4 CHRM4 P08173 “expressed by endothelial cells and are target fortherapeutic modulation of angiogenesis” (Cooke and Ghebremariam, 2008)
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 KDR P35968 Endothelial cell migration and proliferation. (Miettinen et al., 2012)



Butanedioic acid, bis(trimethylsilyl) ester c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK8, MAPK10, MAPK9 P45983
P53779 P45984 		activation of MAPK signaling by VEGF (Song and Finley, 2018)
Phosphodiesterase 5A PDE5A O76074 PDE5A inhibitors stimulates angiogenesis (Zhu et al., 2009)
Serine/threonine protein phosphatase PP1-alpha catalytic subunit PPP1CA P62136 Reverse Genetic Screen identify PP1CA as Novel Angiogenesis Targets (Kalen et al., 2009)



Butane, 1,2,3-tris(trimethylsiloxy) Presenilin 1
Presenilin 2		 PSEN1 PSEN2 P49768 P49810 Endothelial progenitor cells growth and differentiation (Boulton et al., 2008)
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 KDR P35968 Regulates endothelial migration and proliferation. (Miettinen et al., 2012)
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 FGFR1 P11362 Roles in metastasis and angiogenesis of breast cancer. (Chen et al., 2019)
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5. Discussion

Angiogenesis intervention is considered as one of the target for anticancer therapy due to the concept that the tumor growth can be control if oxygen and nutrients supply to the tumor site could be reduced (Viallard and Larrivee, 2017).

Saudi Arabian flora is composed of over two thousand species comprising of more than one hundred forty two families which contain not only quite big number of indigenous species, but also have mixture of Asian, African and Mediterranean regions (Rahman et al., 2004). However, the antiangiogenic potential of Saudi medicinal plants is least explored, and hence efforts are needed to screen these plants through suitable antiangiogenic assays to find out novel antiangiogenic phytochemicals.

A bioactivity guided identification of antiangiogenic medicinal plants strategy was adopted in this study. Zebrafish embryos were used as bioactivity guided experimental animal model. Zebrafish transgenic line Tg (fli1:EGFP) which expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in endothelial cells (blood vessels) provides an excellent in vivo animal model to screen angiogenic compounds (Butler et al., 2017, Raghunath et al., 2009).

The chloroform extract of stem of R. vesicarius suppressed the formation of angiogenic blood vessels in zebrafish embryos. The stem CHCl3 extract obstructed ≥70% of inter-somatic blood vessels (isv) and 100% of sub-intestinal vein (siv) blood vessels formation in treated embryos at 30 µg/ml. the R. vesicarius did not produce any embryonic abnormities or toxicity at this concentration and even at very high tested concentration of 700 µM in zebrafish embryos. This mean that inhibition of blood vessels as seen in zebrafish embryos by R. vesicarius is the primary biological activity and it is not due to the secondary effect by toxicity.

Semaxanib (SU 5416) which is an inhibitor of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (Fong et al., 1999, Haspel et al., 2002, Mendel et al., 2000) was used as positive control. However, Semaxanib induced severe abnormalities and toxicity in zebrafish embryos besides inhibiting the angiogenic blood vessels. These abnormalities were shortened bodies, enlarge cardiac edema, cardiac hypertrophy, pooling of blood cells (hemorrhages), and craniofacial cartilage deformities, at ≤1 µM concentration and more than 70% mortalities at 5 µM or more concentration.

The herbs based antiangiogenic phytochemicals include, “Artemisinin“, Viscum album (Harmsma et al., 2004), Curcuma longa (Arbiser et al., 1998), Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese Skullcap) (Liu et al., 2003), Resveratrol and Proanthocyanidin (Grape Seed Extract) (Cao et al., 2005). As the phytochemicals and botanical crude extracts have proven their efficacy as natural antiangiogenic agents with minimum toxicities (Dhillon et al., 2008, Ishikawa et al., 2006), there is urgent need to explore new medicinal plants in order to identify and isolate novel antiangiogenic compounds.

The chloroform extract of stem part was subjected to phytochemical analysis using GC–MS in order to identify antiangiogenic compounds. The major compounds which were identified were 2-[(trimethylsilyl)oxy]-, trimethylsilyl ester, Butane, 1,2,3-tris(trimethylsiloxy), and Butanedioic acid, bis(trimethylsilyl) ester. The online Swiss target prediction tool was used to find out the protein target for these molecules. Interestingly, the target proteins were all angiogenesis regulator proteins and were reported to be involve in normal or pathological angiogenesis. The predicted proteins target for the major compounds and their relationship to angiogenesis are shown in Table 4. These bioactive molecules need to be isolated in pure form from R. vesicarius and then should be tested in suitable antiangiogenic assays, however, the antiangiogenic activity of stem of R. vesicarius as observed in this study, could be due to the synergetic effect of bioactive molecules which are present in the crude methanol extract of stem.

The MTT cell proliferation assays has revealed that the crude extracts from the roots, leaves, and flowers did not show cytotoxicity towards tested cancer cells lines. Similarly the methanol, hexane extract prepared from the stem part of the plant showed weaker cytotoxicity and with IC50 values were more than 300 µM. The chloroform and ethyl acetate extract from the stem part R. vesicarius has induced significant level of cytotoxicity in MCF7, HepG2, Lovo, and Caco-2 cell lines with IC50 values less than 50 µM. The anticancer activity of R. vesicarius in various human cancer cell lines has also been reported by other studies. The methanol extract prepared from the R. vesicarius inhibited the proliferation of CCRF-CEM (human T lymphoblastoid) cells, with IC50 value of 37.13 μg/mL (Kuete et al., 2013), whole plant methanol extract showed cytotoxicity against HepG2 cells (human hepatocellular carcinoma) with IC 50 values 563.33 ± 0.8. An Ethyl acetate extract of R. vesicarius prepared from leaves has shown cytotoxicity in HT-29 (human colorectal carcinoma cell line) and PC-3 (human prostate cancer) with IC50 values 54.81 ± 0.8405 70.90 ± 1.3080 respectively (Manure, 2017). The anticancer profile of various parts of R. vesicarius in” human breast carcinoma cell line (MDA-MB-231)” have been previously reported by us (Nasr et al., 2018). The IC 50 values of chloroform and ethyl acetate extract prepared from the stem of R. vesicarius in this study, greatly varies with published results. It could be due to the climatic differences from where the plant has been collected as the chemical nature of soil and nutrients greatly affect the biological activity of plants. Moreover, the anticancer activity of this plant has never been reported in MCF7, Caco-2 and lovo. The LC50 values in Caco-2 and Lovo which are derived from human colon cancer are closely related to anticancer activity of R. vesicarius in HT-29 cells which are also derived from human colon cancer. The polarity of the solvent used to prepare the extract also contribute a lot for the variation in biological activity.

Zebrafish screening assays also provided an insight into the development toxicity of R. vesicarius in animal system. The acute and chronic toxicities studies have reported that R. vesicarius was safe to be use in experimental animals (Ganaie et al., 2015, Subramaniyan et al., 2018). However, the effect of R. vesicarius on embryonic development has never been tested before in pregnant animals. The zebrafish screening assays done in this study has revealed that the crude extracts prepared from various parts of R. vesicarius did not induce teratogenicity or toxicity in developing zebrafish embryos even at very high concentration. The effect of R. vesicarius on fetus development need to be tested in mammalian animal models but the zebrafish developmental toxicity screening results from this study suggest, it could be a safer choice of antiangiogenic medication in pregnant cancer patients as well.

6. Conclusion

The crude methanol extract of stem of R. vesicarius has shown significant level of antiangiogenic activity, while being nontoxic to zebrafish embryos. Novel bioactive molecules, which target antiangiogenic regulating proteins have been identified in the stem of R. vesicarius. The chloroform extract of stem was also cytotoxic to human breast, colon and liver carcinoma cells lines.

Based on the results from this study, it is recommended that formulation prepared from Rumex vesicariusm L. could further be tested in clinical trials to evaluate its therapeutic potential as an effective and safe anticancer agent and remedy to treat diabetic retinopathy.

Funding

The authors would like to acknowledge the support of the National Plan for Science, Technology, and Innovation (MAARIFAH), King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia through Award number 11-BIO1871-02. This support is highly appreciated and acknowledged.

Declaration of Competing Interest

No conflict of interest to be declared.

Footnotes

Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University.

Appendix A

Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.11.042.

Appendix A. Supplementary material

The following are the Supplementary data to this article:

Supplementary data 1
mmc1.pdf (452.2KB, pdf)
Supplementary data 2
mmc2.pdf (437.6KB, pdf)
Supplementary data 3
mmc3.pdf (463.8KB, pdf)

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplementary data 1
mmc1.pdf (452.2KB, pdf)
Supplementary data 2
mmc2.pdf (437.6KB, pdf)
Supplementary data 3
mmc3.pdf (463.8KB, pdf)

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