Downregulated miR-524-5p Participates in the Tumor Microenvironment of Ameloblastoma by Targeting the Interleukin-33 (IL-33)/Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) Axis

Abstract

Background

Ameloblastoma (AB) is a common odontogenic epithelial tumor, with locally invasive behavior and high recurrence. In this study, we hypothesized that miR-524-5p could be involved in the tumor microenvironment by targeting interleukin-33 (IL-33)/suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) in AB.

Material/Methods

The microRNA (miRNA) expression profile of AB tissues and normal oral mucosa tissues (NOM; 6 paired samples) was analyzed. The miRNAs with fold change ≥2 and P<0.05 were considered to be differentially expressed. Among them, downregulated miR-524-5p was verified by real-time qPCR. Potential targets of miR-524-5p were predicted by bioinformatics analysis. The expression levels of target genes were detected using real-time qPCR and Western blot, respectively. Immunohistochemistry analysis of target genes was performed, and we also assessed the correlation between miR-524-5p and its target.

Results

Microarray analysis results first indicated miR-524-5p is a downregulated miRNA in AB tissues. Real-time qPCR results confirmed the expression pattern of miR-524-5p in AB tissues. Moreover, IL-33 and its receptor ST2 were significantly overexpressed. As shown in immunohistochemistry results, IL-33 was positively expressed in lymphocytes and plasma cells, suggesting that IL-33/ST2 participates in tumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. Correlation analysis suggested that miR-524-5p expression was negatively correlated with IL-33/ST2.

Conclusions

Our findings reveal that downregulated miR-524-5p can participate in the tumor microenvironment of AB by targeting the IL-33/ST2 axis.

Background

AB is a common odontogenic epithelial neoplasm, characterized by locally invasive behavior and high recurrence (90%) [1,2]. AB accounts for around 1% of oral tumors and 11–18% of odontogenic tumors [3]. In 2005, the WHO classified AB into 4 types: solid/multicystic AB, peripheral AB, desmoplastic AB, and unicystic AB [4]. At present, the classification has been revised to AB, unicystic, and extraosseous/peripheral types [5,6]. To date, most molecular studies on AB have focused on exploring markers and genetic variation, which help to ensure diagnosis and better predict their prognosis [7–9]. Increasing evidence demonstrates that abnormal expression of multiple genes contributes to the development and progression of AB [10–12]. For example, a recent study found that FOXP1/SOX10 can distinguish AB from basaloid salivary gland tumors [13]. Furthermore, research at the molecular level helps advance precision medicine for AB. One study reported the successful treatment of patients with metastatic AB carrying the BRAF V600E mutation through BRAF-targeted therapies [14]. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore the pathogenesis of AB at the molecular level.

miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that are 19–24 nucleotides in length [15]. They can mediate gene expression by binding the 3′-untranslated region of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), leading to translational repression or degradation of the target mRNAs [16,17]. It has been reported that miRNAs participate in biological processes, and their abnormal expression plays an important role in the development of cancers as oncogenes and suppressors [18]. Abnormally expressed miRNAs in cancer tissues compared with healthy tissues have been shown to be valuable biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancers [19]. However, there is a lack of research analyzing the functions of altered miRNAs in AB tissues. Only 1 study analyzed miRNA expression profiles in solid and unicystic AB [20].

It has been confirmed that inflammation contributes to tumorigenesis [21]. The tumor microenvironment consists of immune cells, endothelial cells, pericytes, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells [22,23]. In the tumor microenvironment, inflammatory mediators are involved in promoting or inhibiting tumor immune responses. IL-33, a member of the IL-1 family, is secreted by necrotic epithelial cells and affects innate and adaptive immunity [24]. IL-33 mainly participates in the induction of type 2 immune responses through its receptor, ST2 [25]. IL-33/ST2 contributes to breast cancer [26], colorectal cancer [27], and gastric cancer [28]. However, the role of IL-33/ST2 has been not reported in AB and its underlying mechanism remains unclear.

Here, we analyzed miRNA profiles between AB and NOM tissues and identified underexpressed miR-524-5p in AB. We hypothesized that miR-524-5p is involved in the tumor microenvironment of AB by targeting IL-33/ST2 in AB.

Material and Methods

Tissue specimens

From 2014 to 2017, 29 cases of AB and 21 cases of NOM fresh tissues were randomly harvested from the oral and maxillofacial surgery of School of Stomatology, China Medical University. From 2015 to 2016, a total of 90 cases of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) AB tissues were randomly retrieved from the Department of Oral Histopathology, School of Stomatology, China Medical University (Table 1). Furthermore, 20 cases of NOM were obtained from the oral and maxillofacial surgery. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Stomatology, China Medical University (2016-12). All patients signed informed consent.

Table 1.

Patient demographics and clinical characteristics.

Clinicopathological characteristics	Number of case (n=90)
Age (years)
<50	0
≥50	26
Gender
Male	50
Female	40
Location
Maxilla	8
Mandible	76
Pathological type
Solid/multicystic	70
Peripheral	6
Desmoplastic	1
Unicystic	13
Recurrence
Yes	9
No	81

Microarray analysis

Six cases of AB tissues and the corresponding NOM tissues were used for miRNA microarray analysis. The clinical information of the 6 patients with AB is shown in Table 2. Total RNA was extracted from tissues using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen). RNA concentration and integrity were detected using a NanoDrop 1000 spectrophotometer.

Table 2.

The clinical information of six patients with AB for microarray analysis.

Number	Age	Sex	Location	Pathological type	Recurrence or not
1	57	Male	Mandible	Solid/multicystic	Yes
2	47	Male	Mandible	Solid/multicystic	Yes
3	49	Female	Mandible	Solid/multicystic	No
4	45	Male	Mandible	Solid/multicystic	Yes
5	63	Female	Maxilla	Solid/multicystic	No
6	82	Male	Lip	Peripheral	No

Real-time qPCR

Total RNA was extracted from tissues using TRIzol reagent. Then, all RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using TaqMan real-time. For miR-524-5p detection, we used a stem-loop primer binding to the 3′ portion of miR-524-5p. For mRNA detection, first-strand cDNA was synthesized by M-MLV reverse transcriptase using random primers. Then, the cDNA was mixed with primers for the real-time qPCR. The primer sequences of miR-524-5p, U6, IL-33, ST2, and β-actin are listed in Table 3. The relative expression level was calculated using 2^−ΔΔCT method. U6 was used as an internal control for miR-524-5p, while β-actin was used as an internal control for IL-33 and ST2.

Table 3.

The primer sequences for Real-time qPCR.

Target	Primer sequences
miR-524-5p	5′-GTGCTCACTCCAGAGGGATG-3′ (forward)
	5′-TATGGTTGTTCACGACTCCTTCAC-3′ (reverse)
U6	5′-ATTGGAACGATACAGAGAAGATT-3′ (forward)
	5′-GGAACGCTTCACGAATTTG-3′ (reverse)
IL-33	5′-GTTGCATGCCAACAACAAGGA-3′ (forward)
	5′-GCATTCAAATGAAACACAGTTGGAG-3′ (reverse)
ST2	5′-GAGTTGTGAAACTGTGGGCAGAA-3′ (forward)
	5′-CACACATGAGGCAGTTGGTGATA-3′ (reverse)
β-actin	5′-TGGCACCCAGCACAATGAA-3′ (forward)
	5′-CTAAGTCATAGTCCGCCTAGAAGCA-3′ (reverse)

Bioinformatics prediction

The target gene of miR-524-5p was predicted using the TargetScanHuman 7.1 database.

Western blot analysis

We lysed 0.1 g tissues using 300 μl RIPA buffer supplemented with 3 μl 1% PMSF, and then centrifuged (12 000×g) samples for 5 min at 4°C. The protein in the supernatant was used for Western blot analysis. After separating SDS-PAGE by electrophoresis, the protein samples were transferred onto membranes. Then, the membrane was blocked using 5% skimmed milk for 1 h. After incubation with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight, the membrane was incubated with secondary antibodies (1: 5000) for 50 min. The primary antibodies were rabbit anti-human IL-33 polyclonal antibody (Abcam, UK), and rabbit anti-human ST2 polyclonal antibody (Proteintech, USA). Finally, the protein was visualized using an infrared fluorescence scanning imaging system.

Immunohistochemistry

Paraffin-embedded tissue sections (thickness, 5 μm) were cut, dried, deparaffinized, and rehydrated following standard protocols [8]. Endogenous peroxidase was blocked with hydrogen peroxide (0.5% in methanol) for 15 min. Sections were incubated overnight with the primary antibodies goat anti-human IL-33 antibody (1: 100) and goat anti-human ST2 antibody (1: 100) at 4°C. Sections were incubated with the biotinylated secondary antibody for 10 min at 37°C. Then, sections were washed 3 times with PBS between each step, and DAB (Diarninobenzidin) substrate was used for visualization of immunoreactivity. Hematoxylin staining was then performed. For negative control, sections were treated as above but without the primary antibody. Isotype-matched mouse monoclonal IgG (Abcam) at appropriate concentrations (1: 1000 and 1: 50) was used in isotype controls. All control sections were negative.

Immunohistochemical assessment

The semiquantitative score standard of IL-33/ST2 expression was based on staining intensity and the percentage of positive cells. In a 200× field of view, each slice was randomly taken from 3 fields of view, and the staining intensity score and the percentage of positive tumor cells were scored: 0 was negative (−), and 1–4 was divided into weak positive (+), 5–8 is moderately positive (++), and 9–12 is strongly positive (+++). The indicators that judge positive were jointly judged by 3 experts. Quantitative score standards were as follows: in the 200× field of view, each slice was randomly taken from 3 fields of view, with score 1=negative, score 2=low positive, score 3=positive, and score 4=high positive.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad prism 7.0. Each experiment was independently repeated at least 3 times. The data are expressed as mean±standard deviation (SD). Two-group comparisons were determined using the t test, while multiple-group comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA. P-value<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

miRNA expression profile in AB tissues

The miRNA expression profile in 6 pairs of AB tissues and NOM tissues was analyzed. The scatter plot shows the variation in miRNAs expression level between AB tissues and NOM tissues (Figure 1A). Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified with the threshold of fold change ≥2 and P<0.05. The volcano plot shows 2076 differentially expressed miRNAs between AB tissues and NOM tissues (Figure 1B). Hierarchical clustering demonstrates the differences of miRNA expression profiling between the 2 groups (Figure 1C). Among them, we found that downregulated miR-524-5p had the most significant difference between AB and NOM (fold change=0.11161652105589 and p-value=0.00091511012). Therefore, miR-524-5p was selected for further study.

Figure 1.

Differentially expressed miRNAs between AB and NOM tissues by microarray analysis. (A) The scatter plot shows the changes in the miRNA expression between the 2 groups. (B) The miRNA expression profile between the 2 groups is shown in the volcano plot. The vertical green lines suggest a 2-fold change in upregulated and downregulated miRNAs, respectively. The red points stand for differentially expressed miRNAs with fold change ≥2 and P<0.05. (C) Hierarchical clustering demonstrates the differences in miRNA expression profiling between the 2 groups.

miR-524-5p is downregulated in AB tissues

To validate the expression pattern of miR-524-5p, the cDNA of miR-524-5p in AB and NOM tissues was amplified by real-time qPCR (14 pairs). The results showed the expression of miR-524-5p in AB was significantly lower than that in NOM (P<0.05) (Figure 2). Therefore, miR-524-5p is downregulated in AB tissues compared with NOM tissues.

Figure 2.

Real-time qPCR results show that miR-524-5p is downregulated in AB tissues compared to NOM tissues. **** p<0.0001.

The high expression of IL-33 and its receptor ST2 in AB tissues

Bioinformatics predicted that IL-33 might become a target of miR-524-5p. The real-time qPCR was performed based on 15 AB specimens and 7 NOM specimens. The results showed that the expression of IL-33 in AB was 1.39 times higher than that in NOM (P<0.05; Figure 3A), while the expression of ST2 in AB was 2.76 times higher than that in NOM (P<0.05; Figure 3B).Western blot results showed that the expression of IL-33 in AB was 2.75 times higher than that in NOM (P<0.0001; Figure 4A), while the expression of ST2 in AB was 2.16 times higher than that in NOM (P<0.0001; Figure 4B).

Figure 3.

The real-time qPCR results show that IL-33 and its receptor ST2 are highly expressed in AB tissues compared to NOM tissues at the mRNA level. (A) IL-33; (B) ST2. * p<0.05; **** p<0.0001.

Figure 4.

Western blot analysis results show that IL-33 and its receptor ST2 are highly expressed in AB tissues compared to NOM tissues at the protein level. (A) IL-33; (B) ST2. ***p<0.001.

The correlation between miR-524-5p and IL-33/ST2

We found that expression of IL-33 was the opposite of the expression of miR-524-5p. Bioinformatics analysis showed that miR-524-5p has a binding site with IL-33. Therefore, Spearman correlation analysis was performed on the real-time qPCR results of 6 pairs of AB and NOM tissues. The results showed that there was a strong negative correlation between miR-524-5p and IL-33 expression in AB (r=−0.886, P<0.05).

The expression and distribution of IL-33/ST2 in AB tissues

Immunohistochemistry results showed that IL-33 and ST2 were negatively expressed in NOM (Figure 5A, 5B). IL-33 was mainly expressed in the nucleus of neoplastic epithelial cells. In addition, IL-33 was positively expressed in inflammatory lymphocytes and plasma cells in the stroma. Occasionally, IL-33 was found in monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and peripheral bones that are broken. In bone cells, IL-33 was positively expressed (Figure 6). ST2 was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of neoplastic epithelial cells. Furthermore, ST2 was expressed in interstitial inflammatory lymphocytes and plasma cells. We also found that ST2 was present in monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and pericardial osteoclasts (Figure 7). Combined with semiquantitative score, IL-33/ST2 were differentially expressed in AB and NOM (P<0.05). Moreover, IL-33/ST2 was significantly upregulated in AB (Table 4).

Figure 5.

Immunohistochemistry results show the expression of (A) IL-33 and (B) ST2 in NOM.

Figure 6.

Immunohistochemistry results show the expression of IL-33 in AB. (A) Solid/multicystic AB (200×); (B) peripheral AB (200×); (C) desmoplastic AB (200×); (D) unicystic AB (200×); (E) monocyte (400×); (F) plasmocyte and lymphocyte (400×); (G) osteoclast (400×); (H) negative control (100×).

Figure 7.

Immunohistochemistry results show the expression of ST2 in AB. (A) Solid/multicystic AB (200×); (B) peripheral AB (200×); (C) desmoplastic AB (200×); (D) unicystic AB (200×); (E) monocyte (400×); (F) plasmocyte and lymphocyte (400×); (G) osteoclast (400×); (H) negative control (200×).

Table 4.

The difference of IL-33 and ST2 expression between AB and NOM tissues.

Group	IL-33 expression				P	ST2 expression				P
	+++	++	+	−		+++	++	+	−
AB	12	41	34	3	<0.0001	11	28	47	4	<0.0001
NOM	0	2	12	6		1	3	11	5

Discussion

In this study, we analyzed the miRNA expression profile of AB, and our findings revealed that miR-524-5p is involved in the tumor microenvironment of AB by the IL-33/ST2 axis, which provides a new insight into the mechanisms of AB.

We first analyzed the miRNA expression profile for AB tissues and NOM tissues. Among all differentially expressed miRNAs, we found the downregulated miR-524-5p in AB tissues. Consistent with microarray analysis results, real-time qPCR results confirmed that miR-524-5p was downregulated in AB tissues. Increasing evidence confirmed that miRNA-524 is involved in many human cancers. For example, Xu T et al. reported that miRNA-524 is downregulated in glioma and is associated with recurrence [29]. Furthermore, miRNA-524 can suppress the progression of glioma by directly targeting NCF2. Zhuang et al. found that miRNA-524 is upregulated in osteosarcoma, and its high expression promotes cell proliferation via inhibiting PTEN expression in osteosarcoma [30]. Downregulated miRNA-524 is identified in thyroid cancer, which can induce cell proliferation and suppresses cell apoptosis [31]. These studies suggest that the expression patterns of miRNA-524 are different in different cancers. In this study, our findings showed that miR-524-5p was downregulated in AB tissues, indicating that low miR-524-5p expression might be involved in the development of AB.

As predicted by bioinformatics analysis, IL-33 could be considered as a potential target of miR-524-5p. Our real-time qPCR and Western blot analyses results showed that IL-33 and its receptor ST2 were upregulated in AB tissues, which is the opposite to miR-524-5p expression. These findings revealed that miR-524-5p is associated with the expression of IL-33 in AB tissues. It has been reported that high IL-33 expression is involved in the development of several cancers, such as pulmonary metastatic cancer and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [32,33]. IL-33 is a major component in the tumor microenvironment. IL-33 can activate macrophages [34], dendritic cells [35], eosinophils [36], and neutrophils [36], all of which can enhance the tumor inflammatory microenvironment. Consistent with previous studies, our immunohistochemistry results showed that IL-33 was positively expressed in lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. These results indicate that IL-33 is involved in immune responses in the tumor microenvironment of AB. AB is triggered by mutations in key regulatory genes [37–39]. The tumor microenvironment, consisting of non-tumor cells and molecules, also contributes to the progression of AB [40,41]. Studies have shown that when tissue damage, necrosis, or injury occur, IL-33 is rapidly released into the extracellular space and binds to ST2 on the target cell membrane, thereby activating T Helper 2 [42]. By recruiting immune cells, the IL-33/ST2 axis can reshape the tumor microenvironment to promote or resolve AB. Therefore, the IL-33/ST2 axis may be an effective regulator of the tumor microenvironment. In addition, IL-33 induces NF-κB and MAPK activation by binding its receptor ST2 [25,43]. It has been found that NF-κB and MAPK were abnormally expressed in AB [44,45], indicating that IL-33 can mediate the expression of NF-κB and MAPK in AB. Our study indicated that downregulated miR-524-5p participates in the tumor microenvironment of AB by targeting the IL-33/ST2 axis.

Conclusions

Our study assessed the miRNA expression profiles of AB tissues. We found that miR-524-5p was downregulated in AB tissues compared to NOM tissues. Moreover, IL-33 and its receptor ST2 were highly expressed in AB tissues. According to immunohistochemistry results, IL-33/ST2 is involved in tumor immune responses in the tumor microenvironment. Further analysis of results showed that IL-33 was a potential target of miR-524-5p in AB. Therefore, our study reveals that downregulated miR-524-5p can participate in the tumor microenvironment of AB by targeting the IL-33/ST2 axis, which provides a novel insight into the mechanisms of AB.

Abbreviations

AB

ameloblastoma

microRNA

miRNA

IL-33

interleukin-33

ST2

suppression of tumorigenicity 2

miRNA

microRNA

mRNAs

messenger RNAs

NOM

normal oral mucosa

IL-8

interleukin-8