Abstract
PURPOSE
To assess the knowledge and intention for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening within the Lebanese community before and after a guided tour through an inflatable colon model.
METHODS
The Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute at the American University of Beirut Medical Center in collaboration with AMALOUNA educational nongovernmental organization launched awareness campaigns during which a walk-through inflatable colon was displayed. Pre- and post-surveys related to the age of screening, risk factors, symptoms, and CRC prevention were collected anonymously before and after touring the inflatable colon to assess the effectiveness of this educational tool.
RESULTS
Compiled data collected from 782 participants revealed that older age and higher education were predictors of favorable CRC screening knowledge and behaviors before entering the inflatable colon. Interestingly, touring the inflatable colon model significantly improved participants’ awareness and knowledge about CRC. Most importantly, it increased their willingness for screening and social engagement and comfort discussing and promoting CRC screening.
CONCLUSION
Overall, these results indicate that the interactive colon is an effective educational tool that can make a positive impact by improving the community CRC awareness and interest in CRC screening. They also highlight the importance of such educational efforts conducted in the community to create more awareness about CRC and emphasize the importance of its prevention.
INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a global health threat charting among the top worldwide causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Statistics in Lebanon show that the cancer incidence rate has dramatically increased over the past decades. Specifically, colorectal cancer (CRC) currently ranks fourth in males and second in females as the most commonly reported cancer in Lebanon1 and is among the three main causes of mortality and morbidity.2 It is estimated that the age-standardized incidence and mortality of CRC in Lebanon is 20 and 10.5 per 100,000, respectively, and these numbers are expected to increase.3 Moreover, it is expected that the shift to Western diet, sedentary lifestyle, smoking habits, as well as the increase in life expectancies will further expand CRC incidence rate and burden.4 This necessitates the development and implementation of effective strategies to combat cancer generally and CRC specifically not only by therapeutics but also through primary and secondary prevention.
From a clinical point of view, early detection by screening significantly increases chances of survival and reduces the medical and financial burdens of treatment.5 This has been shown by several published studies correlating significant reduction of CRC incidences, mortality, and economic burden to early detection by screening. The recommended CRC screening tests in Lebanon and similarly to the West for people > 50 years of age with no family history are the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and fecal immunochemical test (FIT) screening at yearly intervals and colonoscopy at 10-year intervals.6 Importantly, although CRC screening with any of these recommended tests is reported to reduce CRC mortality6,7 and incidence, none of these tests is generally available at the public primary health care centers in Lebanon,8 and there is currently no implementation of a national CRC screening plan in Lebanon. Moreover, although CRC is common in Lebanon, public awareness of it was estimated to be marginal.9 In addition, there are only scarce data about CRC screening knowledge and attitudes of CRC screening. A recent survey performed on 371 participants in Lebanon revealed that 44% were unaware of routine screening and 57% were unwilling to get screened. These results were related to participants’ own/personal evaluation of the screening technique and misconceptions about CRC.10
CONTEXT
Key Objective
Is the giant inflatable colon model an effective educational tool that increases knowledge as well as willingness to undergo and discuss colorectal cancer (CRC) screening?
Knowledge Generated
Two major gaps in knowledge among the participants were identified regarding the absence of symptoms in CRC (48.9%) and importance of polyp excision in terminating it (59.2%). After colon intervention, the target population for CRC screening (age ≥ 50 years) was significantly more comfortable discussing CRC screening.
Relevance
The giant inflatable colon model increased awareness about CRC screening and changed attitudes by encouraging more people to comply with CRC screening testing.
To address these issues, the Cancer Prevention and Control Program at Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute (NKBCI), American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC) in collaboration with AMALOUNA, an AUB-affiliated educational nongovernmental organization (NGO) that aims to raise awareness about cancer, cancer prevention, and cancer research, launched a series of outreach events using a giant inflatable colon model. The overall objective was to evaluate the use of this interactive educational tool in improving knowledge and behaviors of the community toward CRC prevention.
METHODS
Setting
The Cancer Prevention and Control Program NKBCI, AUBMC, in collaboration with AMALOUNA, an AUB-affiliated educational NGO that aims to raise awareness about cancer, cancer prevention, and cancer research, designed an awareness campaign with educational activities tailored for CRC. This campaign was launched in the international CRC month of March 2017 and ran for more than 12 months. Target demographics were people of diverse age groups, educational backgrounds, and geographic areas. We toured around Lebanon with the inflatable colon to several areas, including Beirut, Mount Lebanon, and the North and South governorates. These events were publicized via social media, including television. Moreover, in rural areas where they had certain authority figures, we relied on word of mouth in addition to social media. Furthermore, Sanchez et al11 showed that after inflatable colon intervention young adults reported an increased intention to promote CRC education among their relatives and community members. This mode of knowledge dissemination is effective, because social influence has been reported to cause health behavior changes in individuals.12 As such, we aimed to include all age groups, including the young so they propagate the message to their parents.
Inflatable Colon Educational Tool
During the awareness campaign, an inflatable colon model was constructed for participants to tour. The model is 2.5 m in height, 3 m in width, and 6 m in length completed, with a built-in electrical air blower. When inflated, it has an arch shape, which creates a double-layer walk-through tunnel laid out with digital printings and pictures explaining and detailing the different stages of CRC in the following progressive order: normal colon tissue, inflamed colon tissue (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis), benign polyps, malignant polyps, invasive CRC, and advanced cancer with metastasis. In addition, recommendations for the routine screening tests (FOBT, FIT, and colonoscopy), CRC risk factors, and preventative information were attached on the inner wall of the model. Languages used were English and Arabic in full text.
Groups of up to 10 participants were ushered through by a trained member of AMALOUNA. Tours were prerehearsed to ensure uniformity of data dissemination and were approximately 15 minutes long. In addition to the inflatable colon and distribution of educational material, free CRC screening tests were distributed to eligible participants in some venues to promote additional screening.
Data Collection
A survey questionnaire was developed based on the results published by Redwood et al,13 who was the first to publish a study that showed the inflatable colon as an effective teaching model to increase CRC awareness. It included four knowledge questions about CRC: (1) at what age should one be screened for CRC (correct answer = 50 years), (2) whether polyp excision influences CRC progression (correct answer = yes), (3) whether CRC always presents with symptoms (correct answer = no), and (4) whether CRC can be hereditary (correct answer = yes). They were also asked two attitude questions on how likely they are to get screened for CRC and how comfortable they feel talking about early detection screening tests for CRC using a 5-point Likert scale (very unlikely, somewhat unlikely, neutral, somewhat likely, and very likely). Participants ≥ 50 years of age were asked if they previously underwent screening for CRC.
The survey was administered in Arabic only. The surveys were filled out individually, although AMALOUNA members were available to help read the questionnaire if the participant needed assistance. To test for the benefit of the inflatable colon educational tool, participants were asked to answer the survey questions before they entered (presurvey) and right after they exited (postsurvey) the inflatable colon model. Anonymized forms were then placed into a drop box after being completed by the participants. There were no identifiers, but demographic information including sex, age, and education level was collected.
Data Analysis
Data generated from the survey questions were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0 for Windows (Chicago, IL). Data are presented as No. (%). For the two attitude questions, “somewhat likely” and “very likely” were lumped into a high-likelihood category.
Descriptive analysis was performed followed by an association analysis between demographics (age and education level) and knowledge and attitudes before and after the entry to the inflatable colon using χ2 test. A paired analysis was then performed to compare knowledge and attitude before (pre) and after (post) visiting the inflatable colon using McNemar’s test. A P value < .05 is considered statistically significant.
RESULTS
A total of 782 visitors of various age groups and educational backgrounds completed the survey (Table 1). The majority of participants were females (67.1% females and 32.9% males); more than half of the sample had obtained a university degree, and a few participants (8.1%) had less than a high school education.
TABLE 1.
Demographic Characteristics of Participants
Before visiting the inflatable colon, only a few participants (20.3%) knew the recommended age for CRC screening (Table 2). However, 40.8% and 51.1% recognized that polyp excision may prevent CRC and that CRC does not always present with symptoms, respectively. CRC being potentially hereditary was common knowledge among the majority of the participants (70.1%). There was no significant difference between most of the general questions between sexes. The only two statistically significant findings were that women were more knowledgeable than men that CRC does not always present with symptoms and that risk to develop CRC increases when a family member has it. As expected, those who had higher education levels had significantly more knowledge before the inflatable colon visit regarding the screening age for CRC and its asymptomatic and genetic characteristic but not with respect to the importance of polyp excision for CRC termination. Interestingly, a significantly higher frequency of the older participants > 50 years of age (50%) knew that polyp excision may prevent CRC, whereas more of the younger participants < 50 years of age (53.1%) recognized that CRC is not always symptomatic. More importantly, knowledge significantly improved for all four knowledge questions after visiting the inflatable colon in both groups of different educational backgrounds (Table 3).
TABLE 2.
Sex, Age, and Education Level as Potential Predictors for Correct Knowledge and High-Likelihood Attitude Concerning Colorectal Cancer Before Inflatable Colon Visit
TABLE 3.
Pre Versus Post Visit to the Inflatable Colon: Comparison of Correct Knowledge and High-Likelihood Attitude Concerning Colorectal Cancer
As for the attitude questions, most participants felt likely to get screened for CRC and to talk about CRC screening, and significantly more so for the latter question among those who were > 50 years of age (83.3%; Table 2). Similarly to the knowledge questions, after visiting the inflatable colon, participants showed a significant increase in the likelihood of getting screened and in discussing CRC screening (Table 3). Importantly, after touring the colon, the likeliness to get screened was more significant in the highly educated group (Table 3).
DISCUSSION
Community cancer awareness is an important factor in driving cancer prevention and early detection. Prior studies have evaluated outreach educational activities and reported that, although they provided insufficient evidence about their effectiveness in increasing screening rates, they led to improvement in CRC knowledge, attitudes, and intentions to secure CRC screening.14 The results of this CRC educational campaign, which incorporated the use of a giant inflatable colon and focused on raising awareness about CRC and its screening and prevention, would certainly add to the extensive research examining the importance of community educational campaigns as a potential strategy for CRC prevention.
The inflatable colon, with its huge size when it was installed in the cancer awareness events, attracted the participants and increased their interest in learning more about CRC. Data collected from > 700 participants demonstrated that the inflatable colon increased participants’ knowledge about CRC and its screening. It also improved their attitude toward discussing and undergoing CRC screening, indicating that the colon is an effective educational tool and could potentially make a positive impact. This is in accordance with previous studies using this educational colon model along with the pre/post-test design, which also reported increase in community knowledge and interest in CRC screening.13,15-17
When assessing prior knowledge of participants about CRC, we surprisingly found that only 20% of participants knew the correct age to start CRC screening. An overall high percentage of participants responded correctly (70.1%) and knew that the risk for developing CRC increases if they have a family member with CRC. This prior increased awareness of the impact of family history may be due to the wrong belief among the community that most cases of cancer are hereditary. When the participants were asked about their willingness to undergo screening, a high percentage were willing even before the colon visit (69.5%). These results are consistent with what was previously reported in the region by Almadi et al18 in 2015 and Qumseya et al19 in 2014.
Differential effects on the prior CRC knowledge and intention to get screening were assessed among demographic groups, specifically age and education level. An important finding was that age and education level were potential predictors for familiarity with CRC. Similar results have been reproduced in other regions of the world. In some studies, both age and higher education were reported to be associated with knowledge and perception toward CRC.20,21 Moreover, Qumseya et al19 reported an association between a higher educational level and increased acceptance of CRC screening. In our study, being older (≥ 50 years of age) was associated with increased knowledge and likelihood to talk about CRC screening. The reasons for this might be that older people either have undergone or are due to undergo a screening test, and they are at risk for comorbidities leading them to seek more medical advice and get more knowledge from their primary physician.22-24 Surprisingly, high education level was associated with increased knowledge but not with increased intention and social behavior about CRC screening. This is in agreement with findings reported in the region showing that educational level did not indeed impact willingness to undergo CRC screening,18 and this might be partially explained by the fact that likelihood to get screened and to discuss CRC screening with others was found to be high across both strata of education in our samples. Importantly, after the colon visit, the frequency of correct CRC knowledge improved significantly (P < .001), and participants were more motivated to seek and discuss CRC screening.
Notably, although the majority of the participants > 50 years of age and eligible for CRC screening were willing to get screened (74.2%), we found that only 14.2% reported having undergone CRC screening test in the previous years. In this campaign, we sought to change the attitude of eligible individuals not willing to undergo CRC screening toward a more favorable one. This extremely low compliance could be due to several barriers, including lack of knowledge, lack of availability, and lack of health insurance covering the cost of the screening tests. Accordingly, these participants may certainly benefit from more awareness campaigns about CRC and the availability of different screening tests. To address some of these challenges and to promote and facilitate CRC screening, during the colon tour we introduced the public to different recommended CRC screening tests during our campaign. Both the FOBT and FIT are inexpensive, noninvasive tests, a concept that was regarded as new information to the majority of the public. Furthermore, we secured and distributed as many of these tests as possible free of charge all over Lebanon. In total, more than 700 free CRC screening tests were secured and distributed to eligible people, especially those from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds in different locations in Lebanon (Saida, Tripoli, Beirut, Akkar, El Shouf). Importantly, one center followed with the appropriate steps when the screening test was positive, and colonoscopy was provided for free to participants who had positive FOBT/FIT tests.
This study entails some limitations. There may have been selection bias; the sample may not be representative of the Lebanese population, because much of the data were collected in urban areas (83%). Nevertheless, it is worth noting that some rural areas were represented as well. Furthermore, the questionnaires were anonymous, and the study was not designed in a way to follow up with the participants, a fact that limited our ability to determine who obtained screening after the campaign. This is particularly important for the 170 participants > 50 years of age who were due for screening at the time they participated in the campaign. This would be an outcome of interest in our future awareness campaigns. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that print material (ie, brochures) as a single untailored intervention, such as the case in cancer awareness campaigns, is not effective in promoting colorectal cancer screening.25 They are only effective in combination with other interventions, such as an educational video, brochures, calendars, or booklets.26 Moreover, studies have shown that associating written or audio text with visual tools improves attention and recall of health education when compared with text-only material.27 Nevertheless, a comparator would be helpful in future studies.
Despite the limitations of our study, our results provide strong evidence for a gap of CRC knowledge, highlight an unmet need in addressing CRC screening by the Lebanese health system, and show that such educational efforts using the inflatable colon conducted in the community could increase CRC knowledge, promote its screening, and accordingly result in important implications for CRC prevention and control. Because this initiative is educational at its core, it can be implemented in virtually any setting or community. Implementing a national screening strategy is a priority, and it should start first with development of effective campaigns directed to the general public to raise awareness about CRC and the importance of screening and early detection.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank the Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute of the American University of Beirut Medical Center for purchasing the inflatable colon, all the visitors who toured the inflatable colon and agreed to participate in this study, the community partners Sanabel El Nour and Al Hamidy Hospital who supported fecal immunochemical tests and colonoscopies in the North, and all other partners such as high schools, nongovernmental organizations, and health centers from all over Lebanon. We also thank AMALOUNA volunteers for participating in the colorectal cancer awareness campaign, inflatable colon visits, and survey distribution and collection.
Footnotes
Presented at the World Cancer Congress, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, October 1-2, 2018.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conception and design: Amro Baassiri, Mohammad El-Harakeh, Abdulrahman Itani, Maya Romani, Nathalie Zgheib, Rihab Nasr
Administrative support: Mohammad El-Harakeh, Rihab Nasr
Collection and assembly of data: Amro Baassiri, Mohammad El-Harakeh, Abdulrahman Itani, Farah J. Nassar, Remi Safi, Zeina Dassouki, Nathalie Zgheib, Rihab Nasr
Data analysis and interpretation: Amro Baassiri, Nathalie Zgheib, Rihab Nasr
Manuscript writing: All authors
Final approval of manuscript: All authors
Accountable for all aspects of the work: All authors
AUTHORS' DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The following represents disclosure information provided by authors of this manuscript. All relationships are considered compensated unless otherwise noted. Relationships are self-held unless noted. I = Immediate Family Member, Inst = My Institution. Relationships may not relate to the subject matter of this manuscript. For more information about ASCO's conflict of interest policy, please refer to www.asco.org/rwc or ascopubs.org/go/site/misc/authors.html.
Open Payments is a public database containing information reported by companies about payments made to US-licensed physicians (Open Payments).
Nathalie Zgheib
Honoraria: Sanofi
Research Funding: Pfizer
No other potential conflicts of interest were reported.
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