A Systematic Review of Patient-reported Outcome Measures Used in Circular Frame Fixation

ABSTRACT

Introduction

Clinical studies in orthopedics are using patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) increasingly. PROMs are often being designed for a specific disease or an area of the body with the aim of being patient centered. As yet, none exists specifically for treatment with circular ring external fixation devices.

Aim

The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive systematic review of the published literature related to the use of PROMs in patients that underwent treatment with circular frames (Ilizarov or Hexapod Type Fixators).

Methods

An online literature search was conducted for English language articles using the Scopus.

Results

There were 534 published articles identified. After initial filtering for relevance and duplication, this figure reduced to 17, with no further articles identified through searching the bibliographies. Exclusion criteria removed two articles resulting in 15 articles included in the final review. Out of the 15 studies identified, a total of 10 different scoring measures where used. The majority of studies used a combination of joint/limb-specific and generic health PROMs with an average of 2.5 per study. No paper specifically discussed all eight PROMs criteria when justifying which PROMs they used.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that none of the PROMs analyzed in this systematic review are truly representative of the health outcomes specific to this patient group and, therefore, propose that a PROM specific to this patient group needs to be developed.

How to cite this article

Antonios T, Barker A, Ibrahim I, et al. A Systematic Review of Patient-reported Outcome Measures Used in Circular Frame Fixation. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr 2019;14(1):34–44.

INTRODUCTION

Circular external fixation devices are used in the treatment of complex fractures, to address bone defects and correct deformities. The frames are large, cumbersome, and are in place for a number of months, with patients experiencing unique health and quality of life (QoL) problems during this period. A PROM that records this impact and is specific to this patient group would be useful but none, as yet, exists.

PROMs measure the quality of health from a patient's perspective; a written questionnaire that the patient completes in their own time is the basis for a quantifiable and standardized score which can then be used to measure health quality.

The importance of this was highlighted as early as 1999 by a Symposium published in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.¹ The vital role of PROMs in delivering a patient-centered evaluation of the quality of care is being recognized increasingly and not least by the UK Department of Health (DoH) which made it a requirement for all NHS providers to collect PROMs data about certain interventions from April 2009. The aim of this is to support evaluations by clinicians, managers, regulators, commissioners, and patients of the relative clinical quality and performance of providers of relevant elective procedures.² The DoH has recognized that there is a need to roll out this type of evaluation to other health care services.³

There is a greater need for PROMs when circular frames are used for patients who are motivated to undertake a procedure for reasons that are not entirely clinical in nature; e.g., cosmesis and social functioning as in limb lengthening for stature increase. There may not be improved functional outcomes after limb lengthening but measurable improvements in the QoL are seen.⁴

Treatment using the Ilizarov device can be for several months.⁵ This can have profound short-term health and QoL issues; it has been shown that the fixator imposes unique impacts on daily functioning.⁶ The risk of a negative psychological impact is indicated by studies on pediatric patients where the importance of support from the health care team in reducing such psychological impact is highlighted.⁷ This suggests that outcomes in this group of patients encompass a broad range of unique health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) issues which are important measures of quality of care as well as patient outcome.

The choice of a suitable PROMs is challenging. The specific criteria⁸ to be considered when selecting a PROMs include the following:

• Appropriateness: Is the instrument content appropriate to the questions which the application seeks to address?

• Acceptability: Is the instrument acceptable to patients?

• Feasibility: Is the instrument easy to administer and process?

• Interpretability: How interpretable are the scores of the instrument?

• Precision: How precise are the scores of the instrument?

• Reliability: Does the instrument produce results that are reproducible and internally consistent?

• Validity: Does the instrument measure what it claims to measure?

• Responsiveness: Does the instrument detect changes over time that matter to patients?

The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic review of the published literature on the use of PROMs in patients treated with circular frames (Ilizarov or Taylor spatial frame).

METHODS

An online literature search was conducted for English language articles using the Scopus. The following search term was utilized: (TITLE-ABS-KEY (Ilizarov OR “External fixator” OR “Taylor spatial” OR “Taylor-spatial”) and TITLE-ABS-KEY (score OR prom OR “patient reported outcome”)). There was no set time period for the search so all articles up until 14/11/2013 were screened.

Inclusion criteria from the preliminary search:

• All original forms of study and trial design including descriptive studies such as case reports or case series, but not comments on established studies, letters to the editor, etc.

• Patient samples of only adults (16 years or older) treated with the Ilizarov or TSF external fixator in which a PROM had been used

Exclusion criteria were the following:

• Studies where all patients were uniformly treated by another procedure (e.g., Ilizarov treatment and nailing).

• Studies that did not use at least one PROM which could be applied.

Titles and abstracts of the articles produced from the search were examined for adherence to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The bibliography and citation lists of all relevant articles were examined for further articles to be considered for inclusion. Each article included in the study was then examined for the year of publication, country of origin, type of study, number of patients, age of patients, type of PROM used, outcome measures used, and level of evidence (with justification). The results of all included studies were entered into an evidence table (Table 1).

Table 1.

The results of included studies stating study type, patient sample size, and level of evidence

No	Ref.	Title	Type of study	Patient sample	Level of evidence
1	Barker et al. 200434	Functional recovery in patients with nonunion treated with the Ilizarov technique	Prospective case series	40 patients	Level 4
				32 men, 8 women
2	Brinker and O'Connor 200735	Outcomes of tibial nonunion in older adults following treatment using the Ilizarov method	Prospective case series	23 patients	Level 4
				6 lost to follow-up aged 61–92
3	Foster et al. 201232	The treatment of complex tibial shaft fractures by the Ilizarov method	Retrospective study	40 patients	Level 4
				Ages 19–81 (mean 43)
				28 men, 12 women
4	Ghoneem et al. 199636	The Ilizarov method for correction of complex deformities	Retrospective review	45 patients	Level 4
				26 boys, 19 girls
				Aged 3–18 (mean 12)
5	Gunes et al. 200837	Quality of life in patients with varus gonarthrosis treated with high tibial osteotomy using the circular external fixator	Retrospective case series	27 patients	Level 4
				Aged 45–65
				18 females, 9 male
6	Horn et al. 201138	Supramalleolar osteotomy using circular external fixation with six-axis eformity correction of the distal tibia	Retrospective review	52 patients	Level 4
				Aged 18–79 (mean 44)
				23 men, 29 women
7	Robinson et al. 201139	High tibial osteotomy in medial compartment osteoarthris and varus deformity using the Taylor spatial frame: early results	Prospective case series	9 patients	Level 4
				Aged 37–59 (mean 49)
				All men
8	Kim et al. 20124	Is bilateral lower limb lengthening appropriate for achondroplasia? midterm analysis of the complications and quality of life	Retrospective case control	22 patients	Level 4
				Aged 8–25
9	McKee et al. 199840	Health status after Ilizarov reconstruction of post-traumatic lower-limb deformity	Prospective case series	22 patients	Level 4
				Aged 18–72
				12 men, 10 women
10	Mekhail et al. 2004 41	Bone transport in the management of posttraumatic bone defects in the lower extremity	Retrospective study	19 patients	Level 4
				Mean age 36.4
				14 men, 5 women
11	Modin et al. 20096	Postoperative impact of daily life after primary treatment of proximal/distal tibiafracture with Ilizarov external fixation	Prospective descriptive research design	20 patients	Level 4
				Aged 34–76
12	Ramos et al. 201342	The Ilizarov external fixator—a useful alternative for the treatment of proximal tibial fractures a prospective observational study of 30 consecutive patients	Prospective observational study	30 patients	Level 4
				Aged 18–74 (mean 51)
				18 men, 12 women
13	Rozbruch et al. 200843	Repair of tibial nonunions and bone defects with the taylor spatial frame	Prospective case series	38 patients	Level 4
				Aged 8–72 (mean 43)
				30 men, 8 women
14	Spiegl et al. 201344	Clinical course, complication rate and outcome of segmental resection and distraction osteogenesis after chronic tibial osteitis	Prospective case series	25 patients	Level 4
				Aged 20–60 (mean 46)
				22 men, 3 women
15	Tellisi et al. 200945	Joint preservation of the osteoarthritic ankle using distraction arthroplasty	Prospective case series	25 patients	Level 4
				Aged 16–73 (mean 43)
				16 females, 7 males

RESULTS

Five hundred thirty-four published articles were identified. After initial filtering for relevance and duplication, this figure reduced to 17, with no further articles identified through searching the bibliographies. Exclusion criteria removed 2 articles (no availability of full article in English, n = 2) resulting in 15 articles included in the final review (summarized in Fig. 1: the PRISMA flow diagram). A summary of all 15 articles is shown in Table 2.

Fig. 1.

PRISMA flow diagram displaying the search criteria used to determine which studies to include

Table 2.

Summarizing study time points, PROMs used, and summary of findings for each paper

No	Key methodology	Summary of results
1	Outcomes taken Preoperatively 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 2.5 years after frame removal Outcome used Lower limb TESS, climbing stairs, walking rate, ability to stand from sitting position	Differences between scores were expressed as a ratio. Statistically significant differences were seen in: TESS Pre-op to 6 months (1.15), 6 months to 1 year (1.18), 1–2 years (1.08) Walking speed Pre-op to 6 months (1.18), 6 months to 1 year (1.08), 1–2 years (1.01) Sit to stand 6 months to 1 year (1.10), 1–2 years (1.02) Stair climbing 6 months to 1 year (1.08), 1–2 years (1.02) No statistically significant differences between femoral or tibial non-union
2	Outcomes taken Upon admission 18–61 months after discharge from care Outcome used AAOS lower limb, BPI, SF-12, Time trade-off	Statistically significant increases in scores from admission to discharge were seen for AAOS lower limb (39–78) SF-12 Physical component summary (26.5–35.3) and mental component summary (41.6–48.7) BPI Statistically significant decreases in scores from admission to discharge for intensity (10/10–0.9/10) and interference scores (5.5/10–2.2/10) Time trade-off suggested patients gained 5.3 QALYs
3	Outcomes taken Postoperatively at median of 55 months [mean 62, (26–99)] after date of injury Outcomes used Lysholm knee questionnaire Tegner activity scale Olerud and molander ankle score Short-Form (SF)-12.	Tegner activity scale 2.8 (p = 0.55) Lysholm 88 (p = 0.81) Olerud and Molander ankle score 75 (p = 0.69) SF-12 physical component 51 (p = 0.68) SF-12 mental component 53 (p = 0.73) SF-12: when compared with age-matched figures, the median scores (physical component 55, mental component 57) are above the normal age-matched population
4	Outcomes taken Postoperatively Outcomes used Children's health information rand acale	Physical function subscale functional score for the entire study population was 0.7 point (range, 0–5 points) 42 children (93%) having no limitations in daily activities 3 children (7%) had some limitation in activities
5	Outcomes taken Pre-operatively Pre frame removal (SF-36 only) 6 weeks after frame removal Outcome used Turkish SF-36, KS knee score, KS functional score, HSS knee score	SF-36 Statistically significant sequential increases in preoperative, pre frame removal and 6 weeks post frame removal scores were seen in bodily pain (18.9–62.1–81.7), general health (22.6–53.8–82.1), vitality (40.2–67.9–84.5), social function (34.3–52.8–92.1) and mental health (42.1–65.9–82.5) components Statistically significant increases between preoperative and 6 weeks post frame removal were seen in physical function (38.1–85.7), physical role (31.0–94.0) and emotional role (39.4–88.7). Physical role also showed a statistically significant decrease between preop and pre frame removal scores (31.0–16.7) The post frame removal scores for physical function, pain, general heath, vitality and mental health components of the SF-36 showed statistically significant correlation with duration of symptoms Statistically significant increases in preoperative and 6 weeks post frame removal were seen in KS Knee Score (51–89), KS functional score (43–85), HSS knee score (60–90). Non-significant correlation between patients with and without infection
6	Outcomes taken Preoperatively Postoperatively Outcomes used AOFAS	Preoperatively 40 (12–67) improved to 71 (34–97) postoperatively Improvement by 31 statistically significant (p < 0.001)
7	Outcomes taken Preoperatively 19 months postoperatively (range 15–35) Outcome used OKSSF-12, Visual analogue pain scores	Statistically significant improvement in preoperative to postoperative scores seen in: OKS from 28.7–35.4 SF-12 MSC from 42.2–53.5 SF-12 PCS from 42.8–44.6 VAS (pain)
8	Outcomes taken 5 years follow up Outcome used AAOS lower limb, SF-36, RSEM	AAOS lower limb No significant differences seen SF-36 Higher scores in the physical component summary for the non surgical group compared to the surgical group (55.63 vs 45.04) although this difference was not quite significant (p = 0.051) RSEM Statistically significantly higher scores for surgical group compared to the non-surgical group (22.1 vs 19)
9	Outcomes taken Preoperatively In frame 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after frame removal Outcome used SF-36, NHP	Statistically significant decrease in scores during time in frame compared to preoperative scores in SF-36 role-physical only. There was no statistically significant change in the roughly corresponding NHP physical mobility Statistically significant increase in 24 month postoperative scores compared to preoperative scores for: SF-36 General health (35–57), bodily pain (37–62), mental health (36–69), role emotional (39–75), social function (33–67), overall (36–58). NHP Physical mobility (34–65), sleep (31–69), average (39–67) NHP pain and social isolation components showed non-significant improvements (33–61) and (48–70) All components of SF-36 and NHP which gave statistically significant improvements at 24 months postoperatively showed non-significant sequential increases between preoperative, in frame, 12 month and 24 month post-op scores
10	Outcomes taken Postoperatively 68.7 months (range, 24–146 months Outcome used SF-36AAOS lower limb	Statistically significant lower scores for patients compared to control population seen in: SF-36 Physical functioning 63.33 (84.15) SF-36 Bodily pain 58.00 (80.96) SF-36 Role emotional 58.33 (81.26) Lower scores were also noted for all other elements of the SF-36 but with no significance Study noted that individual scores varied depending on perceived clinical recovery of patient
11	Outcomes taken 2 weeks postoperatively 4 weeks postoperatively Outcome used Semi structured questionnaire addressing household chores, hygiene, activities outside the home, recreational activities and social activities	Limitations divided into: Household chores Difficulties with cooking, washing up and carrying objects reported. Additionally problems associated with travelling around the home and up and down stairs. Fatigue, pain and swelling also limited activities in these areas Hygiene Some people experienced limitations with washing themselves and sitting on the toilet. Travel around the home was an additional factor making this difficult Limitations outside the home Mobility outside the home was reduced, especially by not being able to drive, walk long distances, travel on uneven surfaces, climb stairs or travel unsupported Limitations to social relations Most people had friends visit them in their own home, and people expressed that outside environments and activities were easily accessible Experience of having an Ilizarov fixation: There was a mix of feelings surrounding the fixator, with many people expressing embarrassment about being seen with the apparatus in public
12	Outcomes taken Postoperatively at 4, 12 and 52 weeks NB KOOS at 1–5 years follow up Outcomes used VAS European Qol (EQ-5D) NHP KOOS	Differences between the Pain (VAS), EQ-5D, NHP values at one year and the KOOS questionnaire were not significant The EQ-5D values and NHP total scores show that the overall function was severely affected at four weeks EQ-5D Group I (Schatzker I–IV): 4 weeks (0.66) → 1 year (0.89) Group II (Schatzker V–VI): 4 weeks (0.59) → 1 year (0.80)
13	Outcomes taken Preoperatively 37 months (15–63) post frame removal Outcome used SF-36, AAOS lower limb	Statistically significant improvement in preoperative to postoperative scores seen in: SF-36 physical function (19–51) SF-36 physical role (21–51) AAOS lower limb (56–82)
14	Outcomes taken Preopertively at main stages of treatment Postoperatively at 2 years follow up Outcomes used Physical component summary (PCS) score, the mental component summary (MCS) score and the body pain as a part of the SF 36 score Visual analogue scale (VAS)	PCS: Improvement from bacterial eradication (46) to bone transport (45) not significant (p = 0.17) Improvement at final examination (35.9) significant compared to stages of bone transport (p = 0.008) and the period after docking (p = 0.003) No further significant improvement at 2 year follow up (p = 0.67) MCS: Improvement from bacterial eradication (31) to bone transport (24) not significant (p = 0.68) Scores at final examination slightly higher compared to the stage of bone transport without being statistically significant (p = 0.13) No further significant improvement at 2 year follow up (p = 0.49) VAS: Significant correlation between VAS score and the clinical course of treatment (p = 0.022) After docking was performed, the VAS pain level remained at an average nearly 2 during the further course of treatment.
15	Outcomes taken Preoperatively 30.5 (12–60) months post frame removal Outcome used SF-36, AOFAS, AOFAS pain	SF-36 showed modest improvement between preoperative and postoperative scores, but this was not significant. AOFAS showed a significant improvement in of 19 overall AOFAS pain score also showed a significant improvement from 15–31

No studies evaluated the PROMs according to the widely accepted techniques set out by Fitzpatrick et al.⁸ or the more recent consensus-based standards for the selection of health measurement instruments (COSMIN) checklist;⁹ however, the appropriateness, validity, responsiveness, and precision as defined earlier can be considered.

Out of the 15 studies identified, a total of 10 different scoring measures were used. The majority of studies used a combination of joint or limb-specific and generic health PROMs with an average of 2.5 per study. No paper discussed all eight PROMs criteria specifically when justifying which PROMs had been chosen. The PROM scores are discussed further below.

HRQoL Measures

SF-36/SF-12

SF-36 was the PROMs scoring system that was most commonly used in all the studies identified (studies 5, 8, 9, 10, and 15) (Table 2). Studies 5, 9, 13, and 15 were prospective studies. These all showed increases between preoperative and postoperative SF-36 scores, although this pattern was not statistically significant in any of the domains in study 15 and only significant for some of the domains of studies 9 and 14. Studies 5 and 9 both looked at scores for patients in a frame and both showed improvements compared to preoperative scores; these were only statistically significant in some domains of study 5. This suggests that the PROM is responsive to changes in these patients but not precise in small samples (22–38 patients) such as these.

SF-36 was used in these studies to encompass a broad range of indications for the frame (2—trauma, 4—varus gonarthrosis, 8—nonunion, and 10—osteoarthritis of the ankle), which suggests that the SF-36 may have a responsiveness that is reproducible between different patient subgroups prospectively.

Study 10 was a retrospective study comparing scores of SF-36 postoperatively to those of the normal control population and detected significantly lower scores in three components (physical functioning, bodily pain and emotional role) and lower scores in all others, suggesting that some items showed some responsiveness and precision to changes important to the patient and highlighting that the SF-36 can be used for retrospective studies as well. In comparison, study 8 was a retrospective study of only 22 patients and contradicted the above as it did not show a real difference in SF-36 scores between the surgical and the nonsurgical group. This could reflect the lack of difference in HRQoL scores between these groups: the nonsurgical group having untreated achondroplasia and the surgical group having complications associated with the limb lengthening procedure. However, the Rosenberg self-esteem scores (RSEM) were sensitive to changes and raises the question as to whether the SF-36 is the ideal PROM for all patient groups. The SF-36 is used widely and has been evaluated extensively.^10,11 While its use in a range of relevant conditions (limb reconstruction patients,¹² ankle fracture patients¹³) persists, it has been suggested that floor effects occur when used for some orthopedic conditions; this means clinically relevant changes in disability cannot be measured at low levels and, as such, the precision is limited for these conditions.¹⁴

Study 14 highlights this limitation. Despite a significant improvement at the final examination, no further significant improvement was observed at the 2-year follow-up for the physical component and the scores, in fact, remained inferior to a normal population due to persistent moderate pain and reduced mobility in many cases. Likewise, the mental component scores showed a significant improvement at the final examination with no further significant improvement at the 2-year follow-up. However, the final mental component summary (MCS) scores were comparable to a normal population suggesting that, following treatment, the patients’ mental wellbeing returned to comparable levels similar to that of the normal population in most cases.

In study 14, the median scores of both physical component summary (PCS) and MCS were above those for the normal age-matched population. This may be explained by several patients having formed a more positive outlook on life in general after having survived a serious injury with the lower limb; this indicates that this PROM is sensitive to these changes.

These results support the SF-36 as a responsive and a reliable tool. Although the SF-36 was not inclusive of all items appropriate for measuring changes in HRQoL, in most of these patient groups, it could provide the best source of items and general domains which are valid, reproducible, and responsive.

SF-12 is a shortened version of the SF-36. It contains 12 of the items from SF-36. This is generally seen as not capturing as much information as the SF-36 and, as such, has less content validity.

However, in all three studies, it was used in ref. 2, 3 and 7, it showed responsiveness between pre- and postoperative physical and mental component scores and, therefore, could be used where a shortened form is more acceptable.

Nottingham Health Profile (NHP)

The NHP,¹⁵ which can be completed in 5 minutes, consists of two parts. The first part focuses on health and comprises of 38 items which deal with pain, energy, sleep, mobility, emotional reaction, and social isolation.¹⁶ The second part focuses on life areas affected (Nottingham Health Profile) and consists of seven items which deal with problems regarding occupation, housework, social life, family life, sexual function, hobbies, and holidays.¹⁶ The second part of the NHP is optional and can be omitted without affecting the test results.¹⁷

All questions have only yes or no answer options and each section score is weighted. The higher the score, the greater the number and severity of problems. The highest score in any section is 100.¹⁸

The NHP has been used for a study comparing limb salvage and amputation outcomes. This may be useful as it addresses some of the psychological issues around this group of patients.¹⁹ However, the score uses a weighting of outcomes to produce the overall score which indicates that the items on their own may not have the same properties. Only two studies used the NHP.^9,12 Study 9 demonstrated that the SF-36 showed significant responsiveness where the NHP did not. As they both purport to measure the same thing, it can be suggested that the NHP lacks criterion validity in comparison to the SF-36.

Euro Quality

This PROM was used in one study (study 12). The EQ-5D values and NHP total scores show that the overall function was severely affected at 4 weeks (Schatzker I–IV: 0.66, Schatzker V–VI: 0.59), but improved at 1 year (Schatzker I–IV: 0.89, Schatzker V–VI: 0.80). This improvement mimics that seen in the EQ-5D questionnaire suggesting that both questionnaires are valid and responsive.

Children's Health RAND

In study 4, a functional score was determined with the use of the physical function subscale of the Children Health Information Service Rand Scale developed by Eisen et al.²⁰ This questionnaire, which has been shown previously to be reliable and valid, consists of 13 questions with each yes answer given a score of 1 point and each no answer given a score of 0 points so that 0 points is the best score and 13 points the worst possible score. The 13 questions are divided into four categories: mobility, physical activity, role activity, and self-care activities.

The physical function subscale score for the entire study population was 0.7 points (range 0–5 points) with 42 children (93%) having no limitations in daily activities and 3 children (7%) having some limitation in activities. Although specific for children, this PROM highlights the physical aspects only and does not take into consideration other aspects that also contribute to QoL (mental wellbeing, social functioning, etc.) which the SF-36 includes.

Musculoskeletal Function

American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) Lower Limb Score

This PROM has been validated across sports, foot, ankle, knee, hip, and trauma pathologies.^21–25 Its use for measuring outcomes from treatment with circular frames is quite limited. This may change as it is a functional outcome tool for the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons.

The AAOS lower limb score was used in three studies.^2,8,13 Studies 2 and 8 were prospective studies which showed a statistically significant increase from preoperative to postoperative scores suggesting a responsiveness to changes in the study group. These studies were similar for the patient groups (tibial non-unions) and, therefore, it cannot be assumed that this score will be as good for other conditions. Study 8 compared postoperative scores to a control population and noted no significant changes in the AAOS score. However, changes were noted in the SF-36 physical component summary, which were almost significant (p = 0.051), suggesting that the SF-36 may be more appropriate at measuring outcomes in this patient group.

Musculoskeletal Function Assessment (MFA)

The MFA has been developed specifically for use with patients with musculoskeletal disorders of the extremities.^26,27 It has not been used in the existing studies but has shown limited validity for tibial shaft fractures.²⁸ It can differentiate between patient treatment and fracture severity in tibial plafond fractures,²⁹ therefore, indicating construct validity, and has been recommended as a useful tool in analyzing outcomes of outer extremity injury.^14,30 The items used were developed from a bank for the musculoskeletal outcomes study (MOS); this may be a useful source for other items.

Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS) Lower Limb

This was developed to analyze outcomes of limb salvage after osteosarcomas. There has been very limited use outside this area. A more appropriate PROM would be the lower extremity measure which was developed from Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS) but designed for use in limb trauma patients. This has been evaluated fully in hip fractures for which it was deemed the most appropriate PROM.³¹

The TESS lower limb was used in study 1. It showed responsiveness to changes in patient recovery over time. This reflects increases in clinical outcomes suggesting a degree of construct validity. Its reliability is limited as it was not used in any other external fixator study; as a specifically designed tool for limb salvage, it may not be appropriate for use in all frame patients.

Tegner Activity Score

The Tegner Activity score used in study 3 complements other scores such as the Lysholm knee score for patients with ligamentous injuries because it reflects the ability for activity rather than the absence of negative events such as pain, locking, and giving way.³²Activity levels are scored between 0 and 10, where 0 is “on sick leave or disability” and 10 is “participation in competitive sports such as football at a national or international elite level.” It is the most widely used activity scoring system for patients with knee disorders. However, it does not take into account that individuals may be able to participate at a higher level of activity but consciously choose not to or that some people will participate at a higher level of activity but with limitations.

A preoperative comparison cannot be made as postoperative scores are available (2.8) only. This score describes a level of activity such as “being in work or light labor” and “walking on uneven ground possible, but impossible to back-pack or hike.” In comparison, the Lysholm score (88) reflects a level of “fair to good” which ranks in the middle centile of possible outcomes as opposed to the Tegner score which is on the second level out of 10 levels. This may suggest that the responsiveness of this score is quite low.³³

Joint-Specific Measures

Several studies used joint-specific measures.^{3,5–7,12,15} Study 5 suggested that the SF-36 might be more useful in measuring patient health than the Knee Society (KS) knee score, KS functional score, and HSS knee score as this had shown evidence of statistically significant responsiveness whereas the others did not. Study 15, however, showed that AOFAS was a statistically significantly responsive tool and that the SF-36 was not. The AOFAS was also statistically significant in study 6 with a postoperative improvement of 31 points as compared to the preoperative score. Study 7 does not suggest one or other score is more useful but does indicate that both are (approximately) equally sensitive to change.

The lack of any one prevailing study as being responsive suggests that neither is more appropriate and both contain analysis of issues not important to some patient groups.

The knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS) used in study 12 encompasses symptoms, stiffness, pain, activities of daily living, sports and recreational activities, and QoL. Differences between the pain (Visual Analogue Scale, VAS), EQ-5D, NHP values at 1 year and the KOOS questionnaire were not significant, suggesting that it is responsive.

Pain

Two main pain measures were used: a VAS and a Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). The SF-36 has a pain component but this did not show a statistically significant responsiveness in two studies^13,15 of the five.^5,8,9,13,15 Lack of validity in study 8 may reflect lack of difference in this domain. Both BPI and VAS showed statistical responsiveness to the stage of treatment; in study 14, there was a correlation between the VAS score and the clinical course of treatment, reflecting good responsiveness and sensitivity.

Due to the nature of Ilizarov treatment, the BPI may be a more appropriate way to test pain at different points in time. One study¹¹ used qualitative data to assess the impact of Ilizarov treatment on daily life. The key findings are summarized in Table 2. Although these may not be universal to all patients and consisted of only a small patient sample at one point in time, the issues raised may form a valuable basis for PROM items.

DISCUSSION

The literature review has revealed that no PROM has been analyzed against all the COSMIN criteria. In addition, inferences and conclusions drawn from the literature review are limited. Some studies showed trends suggesting responsiveness of validity but without a statistical significance. As sample sizes were small, the ability to determine whether this indicates a lack of overall validity of the PROM for this patient group is hampered. In addition to this limitation, the lack of any one or combination of studies to encompass the broad range of indications for patient treatment with a frame meant that the results were limited in their reliability (i.e., how representative these are for all frame patients).

The use of individual PROMs and other PROMs used to assess HRQoL and musculoskeletal function of the lower limb were also analyzed. It is known that patients treated in a frame do experience different health outcomes to other orthopedic patients; for this reason, inferences drawn about the validity of the PROMs in the studies referenced may be limited in their representation of frame patients. None of the PROMs identified or PROM domains identified were assumed to be complete in representing all patient outcomes or as being useful tools for all patient groups.

Circular frame patients provide a complex group of subjects which can encompass a multitude of different pathologies. The period of application of a frame may vary considerably which makes the design of a single PROM challenging. It was shown in the studies reviewed that a collection of different PROM scores may be required along with a specific scoring system. Some scoring systems have been developed, such as the Harris Hip Score, which relies on a combination of clinical measures and patient opinions to generate a score; using such a combined approach could be explored as regular clinical follow-up is required usually for these complex patients.

As a summary of the findings of this systematic review, we identified that the SF-36 should be used as the main source of HRQoL items. The AAOS lower limb, MFA, TESS lower limb PROMs, and MOS items should be considered as sources of function-specific items and some HRQoL items. The intensity section of BPI should be the main measurement of pain and interference scores will only be used if this is raised as a potential outcome from a content analysis of patient interviews. Apart from pain, no PROM showed the appropriateness, validity, or reliability required to justify using whole sections as measurements in the development of another PROM. However, developing items from these PROMs has the advantage that items developed may have the good acceptability properties normally associated with fully evaluated PROMs.

CONCLUSION

PROMs are being recognised increasingly as an important tool for evaluation of health by clinicians, auditors, and patients. The indications for use in frame patients are strong and this has been expressed by the expert health professionals in this study. Our findings indicate that none of the PROMs analyzed in this systematic review are truly representative of the health outcomes specific to this patient group. Based on this work we have developed a PROM score in our institution (The Stanmore Limb Reconstruction Score, SLRS). The score can be seen in the Appendix below. We are currently working on a prospective evaluation of its usefulness in this population group.

COMPLIANCE WITH ETHICAL STANDARDS

This article is a review article and does not contain any new human participants or animal work.

APPENDIX: STANMORE LIMB RECONSTRUCTION SCORE (SLRS)

Pain

Please answer the following questions regarding pain you feel in the leg which has/is being treated with the Ilizarov external fixator. If you have received treatment with an Ilizarov external fixator on both legs, please describe the pain in the leg which is the most painful.

(1) For the last week, please rate your pain at its worst

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
No										Unbearable
pain										pain

(2) For the past week please rate your pain at its least

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
No										Unbearable
pain										pain

(3) How much pain are you in now?

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
No										Unbearable
pain										pain

(4) For the past week, please describe the amount of waking time in which you are in pain

1	2	3	4	5
None of the time	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

Sleep

Please describe your sleep for the past week

(1) During the past week, how difficult was it to get a deep and comfortable sleep?

1	2	3	4	5
Never difficult	It is a little bit difficult	Difficult some of the time	Difficult most of the time	Always difficult

(2) How often do you get enough sleep to feel rested in the morning?

1	2	3	4	5
Always feel rested	Most of the time I feel rested	Some of the time	Rarely do I feel rested	Never rested/always feel tired

Social/relationships

This section looks at your social life and relationships. Please answer the questions in regard to the leg which is/has been treated with the Ilizarov external fixator.

(1) During the past week, to what extent has your leg interfered with normal social activities with friends, family and social groups

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(2) During the past week, do you feel the current situation with your leg has affected your ability to be intimate with those close to you?

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

Physical Function

Mobility

Please answer the following questions in regards to the previous 4 weeks

(1) How difficult is it for you to get in and out of a car

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(2) How difficult is it for you to use public transport

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(3) How difficult is it for you to move around the whole of the house unassisted

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(4) How difficult is it for you to leave home unassisted

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

Activities Around the Home

During the last week, has your leg interfered with your ability to

(1) Do household chores such as vacuuming

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(2) Stand for a long period time

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(3) Carry things around the home

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(4) Bend to pick things up

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(5) Go shopping

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(6) Climb stairs

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

Activities Outside

During the last week, has your leg interfered with your ability to

(1) Walk outdoors/ leave your house/place of residence

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(2) Walk 100 m

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(3) Walk 500 m

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(4) Are you reliant on walking aids?

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(5) Does your leg feel stiff?

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

Hygiene

(1) How easy is it to wash unassisted?

1	2	3	4	5
Without any difficulty	With a little difficulty	With some difficulty	With much difficulty	Unable to do

(2) How easy is it to dress yourself unassisted?

1	2	3	4	5
Without any difficulty	With a little difficulty	With some difficulty	With much difficulty	Unable to do

Leisure

(1) Have you been able to do as much physical recreation as you would like?

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(2) Have you been able to do as many leisure activities such as seeing friends, hobbies etc as you would like?

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

Work/Employment

(1) How difficult is it to complete your normal work/household duties

1	2	3	4	5
Without any difficult	With a little difficulty	With some difficulty	With much difficulty	Unable to do

(2) To what extent have you had to make changes to your duties

1	2	3	4	5
None of the time	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

Planning

(1) To what extent do you feel your whole life is “on hold”?

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

Feelings and Emotions

If you do too much in a day, to what extent does it affect what you do the next day

(1) Do you feel angry or frustrated about your situation?

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(2) Do you feel less capable?

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(3) Do you try and protect your limb?

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(4) Do you feel you lose your temper easily?

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

(5) Do you feel depressed?

1	2	3	4	5
Not at all	A little of the time	Some of the time	Most of the time	All of the time

Cosmetic

(1) How happy are you with the appearance of your leg?

0	1	2	3	4	5
Extremely					Extremely
happy					unhappy

(2) How normal do you think your leg is?

0	1	2	3	4	5
Completely					Extremely
normal					abnormal