Table 4.
Mean (standard deviation) serum biochemical and nutritional markers by gluten-related disorders among NHANES participants 6+ years (N=22,277), United States, 2009-2014
| Diagnosed celiac disease |
Undiagnosed celiac disease |
Gluten-avoidance without celiac disease |
No celiac disease, no gluten-avoidance without celiac disease |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | N | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 28 | 13.51 | 1.1 | 79 | 14.1 | 1.6 | 213 | 13.9 | 1.4 | 14.1 | 1.4 |
| Albumin (g/dL)* | 27 | 4.3 | 0.4 | 63 | 4.3 | 0.4 | 197 | 4.3 | 0.3 | 4.3 | 0.3 |
| Calcium (mg/dL)* | 27 | 9.5 | 0.4 | 63 | 9.4 | 0.4 | 197 | 9.5 | 0.4 | 9.5 | 0.4 |
| Iron (ug/dL)* | 27 | 90.0 | 29.7 | 63 | 79.8 | 32.2 | 197 | 89.5 | 35.2 | 86.5 | 36.1 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL)† | 0 | -- | -- | 7 | 34.1 | 36.6 | 14 | 73.3 | 61.5 | 54.9 | 63.0 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 28 | 191.3 | 39.8 | 79 | 180.9 | 41.0 | 213 | 194.0 | 47.6 | 186.9 | 41.6 |
| Vitamin B6 (nmol/L)‡ | 6 | 126.0 | 100.2 | 29 | 67.5 | 40.8 | 48 | 91.7 | 90.4 | 69.7 | 76.1 |
| Vitamin B12 (pg/mL)§ | 5 | 688.0 | 401.3 | 20 | 454.01 | 169.8 | 57 | 962.3 | 922.8 | 609.9 | 507.7 |
| Folate (ng/mL)∥ | 12 | 19.7 | 17.5 | 56 | 17.81 | 9.0 | 118 | 27.3 | 28.3 | 20.5 | 12.5 |
| Vitamin D (nmol/L)¶ | 6 | 61.0 | 17.5 | 29 | 75.9 | 24.8 | 49 | 71.2 | 48.4 | 67.7 | 25.7 |
SD, standard deviation; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
1
p<0.05 compared to no celiac disease and no gluten-avoidance without celiac disease.
*
Measured on participants 12+ years.
†
Measured on females 12-49 years in NHANES 2009-2010.
‡
Measured in NHANES 2009-2010.
§
Measured on participants 20+ years in NHANES 2011-2014.
∥
Measured in NHANES 2009-2014; currently available for NHANES 2009-2012.
¶
Measured in NHANES 2009-2014; currently available for NHANES 2009-2010.