Figure 6.

mTOR Inhibition Further Increased the Levels of a Subset of Metabolites that Were Induced by Exposure to Excess Glucose.

(A–M) INS-1 cells were kept in physiological glucose or pre-exposed to excess glucose for 20–24 h, transferred to complete serum-free media containing 3 mM glucose for 2 h, and lysed for metabolite extraction. (A) Diagram depicting the media composition and glucose concentrations throughout the different stages of the experimental timeline for Figures 6B–6M and 7A–7O. (B)–(M) Bar graphs depicting the levels (arbitrary units) of various metabolites extracted from INS-1 cells at 3 mM glucose. Cells that had been pre-exposed to excess glucose without KU are shown in solid dark gray bars, with KU in hatched dark gray bars. Cells that were kept in physiological glucose without KU are shown in solid light gray bars and with KU in hatched light gray bars. Data shown are the average and standard error from three independently generated samples. # indicate no statistical significance, * indicate 0.05 < p < 0.02, ** indicate 0.02 < p < 0.01, *** indicate 0.01 < p < 0.001, and **** indicate p ≤ 0.001, as determine by Student’s t tests.