List of non‐EU viruses and viroids of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L.

Abstract

The Panel on Plant Health performed a listing of non‐EU viruses and viroids (reported hereinafter as viruses) of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. A systematic literature review identified 197 viruses infecting one or more of the host genera under consideration. Viruses were allocated into three categories (i) 86 non‐EU viruses, known to occur only outside the EU or having only limited presence in the EU (i.e. reported in only one or few Member States (MSs), known to have restricted distribution, outbreaks), (ii) 97 viruses excluded at this stage from further categorisation efforts because they have significant presence in the EU (i.e. only reported so far from the EU or known to occur or be widespread in some MSs or frequently reported in the EU), (iii) 14 viruses with undetermined standing for which available information did not readily allow to allocate to one or the other of the two above groups. Comments provided by MSs during consultation phases were integrated in the opinion. The main knowledge gaps and uncertainties of this listing concern (i) the geographic distribution and prevalence of the viruses analysed, in particular when they were recently described; (ii) the taxonomy and biological status of a number of poorly characterised viruses; (iii) the host status of particular plant genera in relation to some viruses. The viruses considered as non‐EU and those with undetermined standing will be categorised in the next steps to answer a specific mandate from the Commission to develop pest categorisations for non‐EU viruses. This list does not imply a prejudice on future needs for a pest categorisation for other viruses which are excluded from the current categorisation efforts.

Short abstract

This publication is linked to the following EFSA Journal articles: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5590/full, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5669/full, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5735/full, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5766/full

1. Introduction

1.1. Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor

1.1.1. Background

Council Directive 2000/29/EC1 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the Community establishes the present European Union plant health regime. The Directive lays down the phytosanitary provisions and the control checks to be carried out at the place of origin on plants and plant products destined for the Union or to be moved within the Union. In the Directive's 2000/29/EC annexes, the list of harmful organisms (pests) whose introduction into or spread within the Union is prohibited, is detailed together with specific requirements for import or internal movement.

Following the evaluation of the plant health regime, the new basic plant health law, Regulation (EU) 2016/20312 on protective measures against pests of plants, was adopted on 26 October 2016 and will apply from 14 December 2019 onwards, repealing Directive 2000/29/EC. In line with the principles of the above mentioned legislation and the follow‐up work of the secondary legislation for the listing of EU regulated pests, EFSA is requested to provide pest categorizations of the harmful organisms included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC, in the cases where recent pest risk assessment/pest categorisation is not available.

1.1.2. Terms of Reference

EFSA is requested, pursuant to Article 22(5.b) and Article 29(1) of Regulation (EC) No 178/20023, to provide scientific opinion in the field of plant health.

EFSA is requested to prepare and deliver a pest categorisation (step 1 analysis) for each of the regulated pests included in the appendices of the annex to this mandate. The methodology and template of pest categorisation have already been developed in past mandates for the organisms listed in Annex II Part A Section II of Directive 2000/29/EC. The same methodology and outcome is expected for this work as well.

The list of the harmful organisms included in the annex to this mandate comprises 133 harmful organisms or groups. A pest categorisation is expected for these 133 pests or groups and the delivery of the work would be stepwise at regular intervals through the year as detailed below. First priority covers the harmful organisms included in Appendix 1, comprising pests from Annex II Part A Section I and Annex II Part B of Directive 2000/29/EC. The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 1 is June 2018. The second priority is the pests included in Appendix 2, comprising the group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by Xylella fastidiosa), the group of Tephritidae (non‐EU), the group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms, the group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. and the group of Margarodes (non‐EU species). The delivery of all pest categorisations for the pests included in Appendix 2 is end 2019. The pests included in Appendix 3 cover pests of Annex I part A section I and all pests categorisations should be delivered by end 2020.

For the above mentioned groups, each covering a large number of pests, the pest categorisation will be performed for the group and not the individual harmful organisms listed under “such as” notation in the Annexes of the Directive 2000/29/EC. The criteria to be taken particularly under consideration for these cases, is the analysis of host pest combination, investigation of pathways, the damages occurring and the relevant impact.

Finally, as indicated in the text above, all references to ‘non‐European’ should be avoided and replaced by ‘non‐EU’ and refer to all territories with exception of the Union territories as defined in Article 1 point 3 of Regulation (EU) 2016/2031.

1.1.2.1. Terms of Reference: Appendix 1

List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.

Annex IIAI
(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development
Aleurocantus spp.	Numonia pyrivorella (Matsumura)
Anthonomus bisignifer (Schenkling)	Oligonychus perditus Pritchard and Baker
Anthonomus signatus (Say)	Pissodes spp. (non‐EU)
Aschistonyx eppoi Inouye	Scirtothrips aurantii Faure
Carposina niponensis Walsingham	Scirtothrips citri (Moultex)
Enarmonia packardi (Zeller)	Scolytidae spp. (non‐EU)
Enarmonia prunivora Walsh	Scrobipalpopsis solanivora Povolny
Grapholita inopinata Heinrich	Tachypterellus quadrigibbus Say
Hishomonus phycitis	Toxoptera citricida Kirk.
Leucaspis japonica Ckll.	Unaspis citri Comstock
Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel)
(b) Bacteria
Citrus variegated chlorosis	Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Dye and pv. oryzicola (Fang. et al.) Dye
Erwinia stewartii (Smith) Dye
(c) Fungi
Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler (non‐EU pathogenic isolates)	Elsinoe spp. Bitanc. and Jenk. Mendes
Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller	Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis (Kilian and Maire) Gordon
Apiosporina morbosa (Schwein.) v. Arx	Guignardia piricola (Nosa) Yamamoto
Ceratocystis virescens (Davidson) Moreau	Puccinia pittieriana Hennings
Cercoseptoria pini‐densiflorae (Hori and Nambu) Deighton	Stegophora ulmea (Schweinitz: Fries) Sydow & Sydow
Cercospora angolensis Carv. and Mendes	Venturia nashicola Tanaka and Yamamoto
(d) Virus and virus‐like organisms
Beet curly top virus (non‐EU isolates)	Little cherry pathogen (non‐ EU isolates)
Black raspberry latent virus	Naturally spreading psorosis
Blight and blight‐like	Palm lethal yellowing mycoplasm
Cadang‐Cadang viroid	Satsuma dwarf virus
Citrus tristeza virus (non‐EU isolates)	Tatter leaf virus
Leprosis	Witches’ broom (MLO)
Annex IIB
(a) Insect mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development
Anthonomus grandis (Boh.)	Ips cembrae Heer
Cephalcia lariciphila (Klug)	Ips duplicatus Sahlberg
Dendroctonus micans Kugelan	Ips sexdentatus Börner
Gilphinia hercyniae (Hartig)	Ips typographus Heer
Gonipterus scutellatus Gyll.	Sternochetus mangiferae Fabricius
Ips amitinus Eichhof
(b) Bacteria
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Hedges) Collins and Jones
(c) Fungi
Glomerella gossypii Edgerton	Hypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.) J. Miller
Gremmeniella abietina (Lag.) Morelet

1.1.2.2. Terms of Reference: Appendix 2

List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested per group. The list below follows the categorisation included in the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.

Annex IAI
(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development
Group of Cicadellidae (non‐EU) known to be vector of Pierce's disease (caused by Xylella fastidiosa), such as:
1) Carneocephala fulgida Nottingham	3) Graphocephala atropunctata (Signoret)
2) Draeculacephala minerva Ball
Group of Tephritidae (non‐EU) such as:
1) Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann)	12) Pardalaspis cyanescens Bezzi
2) Anastrepha ludens (Loew)	13) Pardalaspis quinaria Bezzi
3) Anastrepha obliqua Macquart	14) Pterandrus rosa (Karsch)
4) Anastrepha suspensa (Loew)	15) Rhacochlaena japonica Ito
5) Dacus ciliatus Loew	16) Rhagoletis completa Cresson
6) Dacus curcurbitae Coquillet	17) Rhagoletis fausta (Osten‐Sacken)
7) Dacus dorsalis Hendel	18) Rhagoletis indifferens Curran
8) Dacus tryoni (Froggatt)	19) Rhagoletis mendax Curran
9) Dacus tsuneonis Miyake	20) Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh
10) Dacus zonatus Saund.	21) Rhagoletis suavis (Loew)
11) Epochra canadensis (Loew)
(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms
Group of potato viruses and virus‐like organisms such as:
1) Andean potato latent virus	4) Potato black ringspot virus
2) Andean potato mottle virus	5) Potato virus T
3) Arracacha virus B, oca strain	6) non‐EU isolates of potato viruses A, M, S, V, X and Y (including Yo, Yn and Yc) and Potato leafroll virus
Group of viruses and virus‐like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L., such as:
1) Blueberry leaf mottle virus	8) Peach yellows mycoplasm
2) Cherry rasp leaf virus (American)	9) Plum line pattern virus (American)
3) Peach mosaic virus (American)	10) Raspberry leaf curl virus (American)
4) Peach phony rickettsia	11) Strawberry witches’ broom mycoplasma
5) Peach rosette mosaic virus	12) Non‐EU viruses and virus‐like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L.
6) Peach rosette mycoplasm
7) Peach X‐disease mycoplasm
Annex IIAI
(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development
Group of Margarodes (non‐EU species) such as:
1) Margarodes vitis (Phillipi)	3) Margarodes prieskaensis Jakubski
2) Margarodes vredendalensis de Klerk

1.1.2.3. Terms of Reference: Appendix 3

List of harmful organisms for which pest categorisation is requested. The list below follows the annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.

Annex IAI
(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development
Acleris spp. (non‐EU)	Longidorus diadecturus Eveleigh and Allen
Amauromyza maculosa (Malloch)	Monochamus spp. (non‐EU)
Anomala orientalis Waterhouse	Myndus crudus Van Duzee
Arrhenodes minutus Drury	Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne) Thorne and Allen
Choristoneura spp. (non‐EU)	Naupactus leucoloma Boheman
Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst)	Premnotrypes spp. (non‐EU)
Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetverikov	Pseudopityophthorus minutissimus (Zimmermann)
Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence	Pseudopityophthorus pruinosus (Eichhoff)
Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber	Scaphoideus luteolus (Van Duzee)
Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata Mannerheim	Spodoptera eridania (Cramer)
Diabrotica virgifera zeae Krysan & Smith	Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)
Diaphorina citri Kuway	Spodoptera litura (Fabricus)
Heliothis zea (Boddie)	Thrips palmi Karny
Hirschmanniella spp., other than Hirschmanniella gracilis (de Man) Luc and Goodey	Xiphinema americanum Cobb sensu lato (non‐EU populations)
Liriomyza sativae Blanchard	Xiphinema californicum Lamberti and Bleve‐Zacheo
(b) Fungi
Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt	Mycosphaerella larici‐leptolepis Ito et al.
Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli Dietel	Mycosphaerella populorum G. E. Thompson
Cronartium spp. (non‐EU)	Phoma andina Turkensteen
Endocronartium spp. (non‐EU)	Phyllosticta solitaria Ell. and Ev.
Guignardia laricina (Saw.) Yamamoto and Ito	Septoria lycopersici Speg. var. malagutii Ciccarone and Boerema
Gymnosporangium spp. (non‐EU)	Thecaphora solani Barrus
Inonotus weirii (Murril) Kotlaba and Pouzar	Trechispora brinkmannii (Bresad.) Rogers
Melampsora farlowii (Arthur) Davis
(c) Viruses and virus‐like organisms
Tobacco ringspot virus	Pepper mild tigré virus
Tomato ringspot virus	Squash leaf curl virus
Bean golden mosaic virus	Euphorbia mosaic virus
Cowpea mild mottle virus	Florida tomato virus
Lettuce infectious yellows virus
(d) Parasitic plants
Arceuthobium spp. (non‐EU)
Annex IAII
(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development
Meloidogyne fallax Karssen	Rhizoecus hibisci Kawai and Takagi
Popillia japonica Newman
(b) Bacteria
Clavibacter michiganensis (Smith) Davis et al. ssp. sepedonicus (Spieckermann and Kotthoff) Davis et al.	Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al.
(c) Fungi
Melampsora medusae Thümen	Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilbersky) Percival
Annex I B
(a) Insects, mites and nematodes, at all stages of their development
Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say	Liriomyza bryoniae (Kaltenbach)
(b) Viruses and virus‐like organisms
Beet necrotic yellow vein virus

1.2. Interpretation of the Terms of Reference

This scientific opinion presents the list of non‐EU viruses and viroids of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L., for which the Panel will conduct the pest categorisation. This list is based on information collected from databases up to 19 March 2018.

Non‐EU viruses and virus‐like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. are pests listed in the Appendices to the Terms of Reference (ToR) to be subject to pest categorisation to determine whether they fulfil the criteria of quarantine pests or those of regulated non‐quarantine pests for the area of the EU excluding Ceuta, Melilla and the outermost regions of Member States (MSs) referred to in Article 355(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), other than Madeira and the Azores.

According to the ToR, EFSA is asked to develop pest categorisations for the non‐EU viruses and viroids of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L., the group of plants herein called host plants. As a first step towards this goal, the Panel made a list of non‐EU viruses and viroids (viruses and viroids, although different biological categories, are summarised together as ‘viruses’ in the rest of this opinion) infecting the host plants. In the process, three groups of viruses were distinguished: non‐EU viruses, viruses with significant presence in the EU (known to occur in several MSs, frequently reported in the EU, widespread in several MSs) or so far reported only from the EU, and viruses with undetermined standing for which available information did not readily allow to allocate to one or the other of the two above groups. A non‐EU virus is defined by its geographical origin outside of the EU territory. As such, viruses not reported from the EU and occurring only outside of the EU territory are considered as non‐EU viruses. Likewise, viruses occurring outside the EU and having only a limited presence in the EU (reported in only one or few MSs, with restricted distribution, outbreaks) are also considered as non‐EU.

This opinion provides the methodology and results for this classification which precedes but does not prejudice the actual pest categorisation linked with the present mandate. This means that the Panel will then perform pest categorisations for the non‐EU viruses and for those with undetermined standing. The viruses with significant presence in the EU or so far reported only from the EU will be also listed, but they will be excluded from the current categorisation efforts. The Commission at any time may present a request to EFSA to categorise some or all the viruses excluded from the current EFSA categorisation.

In this opinion, to capture the broadest possible range of viruses, poorly characterised ones for which very partial molecular or biological data is available were also considered.

Virus‐like diseases of unknown aetiology or diseases caused by phytoplasmas and other graft‐transmissible bacteria are not addressed in this opinion.

2. Data and methodologies

2.1. Data

2.1.1. Literature search

The literature considered to generate the list of viruses infecting Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L., and to fill in the extraction table on their distribution was obtained from authoritative books/compendia (Hadidi et al., 2011, 2017a,b; Meng et al., 2017), reviews (Martin and Tzanetakis, 2006; Martin et al., 2013; Martelli, 2014; Rubio et al., 2017), expert knowledge and extensive literature searches performed in the ISI Web of Science bibliographic database (last access 19th of March 2018). For each plant genus, searches in ISI Web of Science were performed using as key words virus/viroid combined with the scientific name of the genus OR the common name(s) of the crops. Therefore, for each plant genus, searches in ISI Web of Science were performed according to the following strategy:

TS=((virus* OR viroid*) AND (latin name of the host genus ‐ i.e. Vitis ‐ OR common name in English of the crop ‐ i.e. grapevine ‐)

When the number of gathered references was lower than 1,000 (i.e. in the case of Cydonia Mill. and Ribes L.), all the references were screened by title and, if needed, by abstract with the specific objective of selecting those providing additional information regarding distribution and host range of viruses included in the list or novel viruses not included yet. When the number of gathered references was higher than 1,000 (i.e. in the case of Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Rubus L. and Vitis L.) the search was restricted to cover the period from 2010 to 2018, as earlier references were felt sufficiently covered by the other sources and reference books. In addition, references gathered without any time limitation were further filtered using the following strings:

TS = (Next generation sequencing OR NGS OR highthroughput sequencing OR high‐throughput sequencing OR HTS)

and

TS = (first report OR disease note OR new host OR novel virus OR new virus)

which allow looking for novel viruses identified by high‐throughput sequencing (HTS) and expanding information on distribution by screening first reports of viruses/crop combinations in certain countries, respectively.

Extensive literature searches by using as keyword the name of a single viroid or virus were also performed when data gathered from the other sources were not available or not considered sufficient. Further references and information were obtained from experts and from citations within primary references.

2.1.2. Database search

Information on host(s) and distribution of viruses were retrieved from the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) Global Database (EPPO, 2017), the Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International (CABI) and relevant publications.

Once the first listing of non‐EU viruses and viruses with undetermined standing was prepared, data on host range and geographic distribution was completed by further searches using the GenBank genetic sequence database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/) (last access 19 March 2018), applying the following strategy:

• Search for “virus name”;

• Select the virus name within the “Results by taxon”;

• Open the obtained list using the “GenBank format” option;

• Search for “host” as keyword (host range completeness);

• Search for “country” as keyword (country distribution completeness).

GenBank accessions referring to viruses from EU countries or hosts not included in the initial table were added.

Information on virus taxonomy was gathered from the “Virus Taxonomy: 2017 Release” (https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/), an updated official classification by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Information on the taxonomy of viruses not yet included in that ICTV classification was gathered from the primary literature source describing them.

2.2. Methodologies

A preliminary list of viruses infecting Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. was generated based on expert knowledge. The list was progressively implemented with information gathered from literature and database searches.

Collected information was used to fill an extraction table (Annex A) with data regarding taxonomy, geographical distribution and host range of each virus and key references and sources used to obtain that information. Taxonomy, distribution and host range are reported in the table using the following scheme:

• taxonomy was reported according to ICTV; when the virus was not classified yet information on tentative classification was reported based on the original literature source in which the virus has been reported;

• data on distribution and host range of viruses were first searched in the EPPO global database (EPPO, 2018) and in CABI crop protection compendium (CABI, 2018). Whenever conclusive information was not identified in the two databases or the information retrieved was at odds with expert knowledge, extensive literature searches according to the protocol reported in Section 2.1 were performed.

Extensive literature searches were carried out and when the information was sufficient to consider a virus as non‐EU or as having significant presence in the EU, literature searches were not further extended; as a consequence, the information provided here on virus distribution is not necessarily exhaustive.

With the advent of HTS technologies, new viruses infecting the genera under consideration are constantly published. Any virus described or published posterior to the last access of databases (19 March 2018) is not included in the present opinion and will not be included in further categorisation efforts.

Because only the non‐EU viruses and the viruses with undetermined standing will be subject to further categorisation efforts in the frame of the present mandate, it was decided to have consultation phases with MSs so that they could provide additional inputs if they felt necessary. The information provided by MSs was then considered by the Panel in order to reach a final listing of the non‐EU viruses and of the viruses with undetermined standing that will be further categorised. The viruses excluded from these two groups are therefore referred to in the present opinion as viruses excluded from further categorisation in the frame of the present mandate.

3. Listing of non‐EU viruses and viroids

For better clarity, the host groups under consideration in this opinion, Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. are hereinafter called host plants. Viruses and viroids, although different biological categories, are summarised as viruses.

The pathogens addressed either have narrow host ranges and are thus found only on one or more of the host genera addressed here or can infect a wider range of plant species.

Because viruses in general have RNA/DNA genomes distinct from their hosts, viral sequences can be identified from a global assessment of plant‐derived sequences using HTS approaches. Because these new methods have only been recently available, many new viruses have been reported from plant analyses that were not connected with disease studies. Furthermore, virus sequences have been reported from diseased plants but without demonstration of a causal role of the virus. In both cases, further biological or virus distribution data are generally missing/pending.

Viruses reported from the host plants under consideration have been first included in a master list (Annex A) and then grouped as follows.

3.1. Viruses considered as non‐EU

Viruses considered as non‐EU (Appendix A) correspond to two scenarios:

• Viruses not known to be present in the EU,

• Viruses known to be present outside the EU and with only limited presence (i.e. reported in only one or few MSs, known to have restricted distribution, outbreaks) in the EU.

Widely different amounts of information are available for these agents, from very well‐known viruses that cause well established diseases in their host plants and for which well‐known data set of biological data (host range, transmission), genome data and geographic distribution is available to very recently described viruses from HTS data, for which no information is available outside of sequence data.

3.2. Viruses excluded from further categorisation in the frame of the present mandate

Viruses excluded from further categorisation in the frame of the present mandate (Appendix B) correspond to two scenarios:

• Viruses reported only from the EU,

• Viruses known to be present outside the EU, but with a significant presence also in EU (known to occur in several MSs, frequently reported in the EU, widespread in some MSs).

It should be stressed that between relatively clear‐cut cases of widespread and very limited presence in the EU, a grey zone exists where it is difficult to decide whether an agent should be considered as non‐EU or not. The Panel tried to take into consideration such parameters as the number of EU MSs with known presence, the prevalence within individual MSs and prevalence outside the EU. However, information is frequently limited, severely complicating the assessment. In some cases, the Panel was unable to conclude and instead decided to include these viruses in a specific list of viruses with undetermined standing (see Section 3.3).

Variable amounts of information are available for viruses with a significant presence also in EU or reported only from the EU. However, this is less critical because these viruses will not be addressed in further categorisation efforts by EFSA according to the present mandate.

3.3. Viruses with undetermined standing

As outlined in Section 3.2, viruses with undetermined standing (Appendix C) correspond to situations for which, due to the limited information available and/or to the balanced distribution of the virus within and outside the EU, the Panel was unable to allocate the virus to the group of non‐EU viruses or to the group of viruses excluded from further categorisation in the frame of the present mandate.

These viruses with undetermined standing will be addressed in future categorisation effort by EFSA according to the present mandate.

4. Uncertainty

• The geographic distribution and prevalence of the viruses analysed, in particular when they were recently described;

• The taxonomy and biological status of a number of poorly characterised viruses. Viral sequences (HTS or partial) originating from the host under consideration may not represent true plant viruses or the virus may infect other organisms associated with the analysed plant such as endophytic fungi;

• The host status of particular plant genera for some viruses. In some cases, viruses have been reported from the hosts under consideration only once and on poorly documented bases.

5. Conclusions

EFSA was requested by the European Commission to produce a pest categorisation of 133 harmful organisms or groups listed in annexes of Directive 2000/29/EC.

One of the groups for which the categorisation will be prepared is non‐EU viruses and virus‐like organisms of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. As a first step, a systematic approach identified 197 viruses reported to naturally infect one or more of these genera. Among these viruses, based on information on virus distribution and prevalence both inside and outside EU, the Panel identified 86 non‐EU viruses, known to occur only outside the EU or having only limited presence in the EU, and 14 viruses with undetermined standing. These viruses will be further categorised in next steps. The remaining 97 viruses, which have a significant presence in the EU or so far reported only from the EU, will not be categorised in the frame of the current mandate. However, the Commission may, at any time, present a request to EFSA to categorise some or all the viruses excluded from the current categorisation.

The main knowledge gaps and uncertainties of this listing concern (i) the geographic distribution and prevalence of the viruses analysed, in particular when they were recently described; (ii) the taxonomy and biological status of a number of poorly characterised viruses; and (iii) the host status of particular plant genera in relation to some viruses.

Abbreviations

CABI

Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International

EPPO

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organization

HTS

high‐throughput sequencing

ICTV

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses

IPPC

International Plant Protection Convention

MS

Member State

PLH

EFSA Panel on Plant Health

TFEU

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

ToR

Terms of Reference

Appendix A – Viruses and viroids of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. considered as non‐EU

1.

VIRUS/VIROID namea	Abbreviation	Rubus	Ribes	Fragaria	Malus	Pyrus	Cydonia	Prunus	Vitis	Reasoning for considering non‐EU	Uncertainties	References#
Actinidia virus X	AVX		X							Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus characterised in 2015, present in New Zealand. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Blouin et al. (2013); James and Phelan (2016)
Alaska vitivirus	AlV		X							Not reported to be present in the EU	The virus was reported only once (2012) and it is poorly characterised. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Robertson et al. (2012)
American plum line pattern virus	APLPV							X		Virus reported from several countries outside the EU and only from Italy in the EU	Limited uncertainties. It might be present but not reported in the EU. This virus has been addressed in the previous EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013a)
Apple fruit crinkle viroid	AFCVd				X					Not reported to be present in the EU	Limited uncertainties. It might be present but not reported in the EU. This virus has been addressed in the previous EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013a)	Di Serio et al. (2017)
Apple geminivirus *	AGV				X					Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2015) from HTS data on which very limited information is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Liang et al. (2015)
Apple green crinkle‐associated virus	AGCaV				X		X			Virus reported from non EU countries (Canada, Australia, New Zealand), with the exception of reports in Italy and Spain	Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in more EU MSs	Morelli et al. (2017); James et al. (2013)
Apple latent spherical virus	ALSV				X					Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus described in 2000 on which information is very limited. It might be present but not reported in the EU. This virus has been addressed in the previous EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013a)	Koganezawa and Ito (2011)
Apple necrotic mosaic virus *	ApNMV				X					Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2017) from HTS data for which very limited data is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Noda et al. (2017)
Apple‐associated luteovirus *	AaLV				X					Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2018) from HTS data on which very limited information is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Shen et al. (2018)
Asian prunus virus 1	APV‐1							X		Not reported to be present in the EU	Limited uncertainties. It might be present but not reported in the EU. This virus has been addressed in the previous EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013a)	Marais et al. (2006)
Asian prunus virus 2	APV‐2							X		Not reported to be present in the EU	Limited uncertainties. It might be present but not reported in the EU. This virus has been addressed in the previous EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013a)	Marais et al. (2006)
Asian prunus virus 3	APV‐3							X		Not reported to be present in the EU	Not recognised by ICTV as a valid species. Might be synonymous with Asian prunus virus 2. It might be present but not reported in the EU. This virus has been addressed in the previous EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013a)	Marais et al. (2006)
Australian grapevine viroid	AGVd								X	Only one report in Italy	It might be more widely present but not reported in the EU	Gambino et al. (2014)
Black raspberry cryptic virus	BRCV	X								Not reported to be present in the EU	Poorly characterised virus for which only partial sequence is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Sabanadzovic (2009)
Blackberry calico virus	BCV	X								Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus not characterised at molecular level, with no sequence data. Only reported from Canada. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martin et al. (2013)
Blackberry leaf mottle‐associated virus *	BLMaV	X								Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2017) from HTS data on which very limited is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Hassan et al. (2017)
Blackberry vein banding‐associated virus	BVBaV	X								Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2013) on which information is very limited. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Thekke‐Veetil et al. (2013)
Blackberry virus E	BVE	X								Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2011) on which information is very limited. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martin et al. (2013)
Blackberry virus F	BVF	X								Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2017) on which information is very limited. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Shahid et al. (2017)
Blackberry virus S	BlVS	X							Xb	Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus characterised in 2009, in wild germplasm in the US. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martin et al. (2013); Dolja et al. (2017)
Blackberry virus X	BVX	X								Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus characterised in 2008, present in the US. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Tzanetakis et al. (2008b)
Blackberry virus Y	BlVY	X								Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2008) on which information is very limited. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martin et al. (2013)
Blackberry virus Z	BVZ	X								Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus characterised in 2008, present in the US. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Tzanetakis et al. (2008b)
Blackberry yellow vein‐associated virus	BYVaV	X								Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus described in 2004 on which information is limited. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martin et al. (2013)
Blackcurrant leaf chlorosis virus *	BCLCaV		X							Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus characterised in 2017 from HTS for which very limited data is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	James and Phelan (2017); Thekke‐Veetil et al. (2017)
Blackcurrant‐associated rhabdovirus *	BCaRV		X							Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2017) from HTS data and on which very limited information is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Wu et al. (2018)
Blueberry leaf mottle virus	BLMoV								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus characterised in 1979, in wild germplasm in the US. It might be present but not reported in the EU
Caucasus prunus virus *	CPrV							X		Reported from Azerbaijan. Reported in France from a germplasm collection	Very recently described virus from HTS data (2015). Significant uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Marais et al. (2015a)
Cherry rasp leaf virus	CRLV	X			X			X		Not reported to be present in the EU	Limited uncertainties. It might be present but not reported in the EU. This virus has been addressed in the previous EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013a)	James (2011b)
Cherry rosette virus	CRV							X		Only reported from Switzerland. Not reported to be present in the EU	Poorly characterised virus only mentioned in few publications. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martelli and Uyemoto (2011)
Cherry rusty mottle associated virus	CRMaV							X		Not reported to be present in the EU	It might be present but not reported in the EU	Villamor et al. (2013)
Cherry twisted leaf associated virus	CTLaV							X		Reported from North America. EU reports are old and only based on symptomatology	Significant uncertainties. The sequence and efficient diagnostics only recently became available with the HTS characterisation of the virus (James et al., 2014). It might be more widely present in the EU. Virus previously addressed in an EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013a)	James (2011c)
Cherry virus B *	CVB							X		Not reported to be present in the EU	Extremely limited information on this virus only reported in GenBank as a complete genome sequence obtained by HTS in Japan. It might be present but not reported in the EU
Fragaria chiloensis cryptic virus	FCCV			X						Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus described in 2005 on which information is limited. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Tzanetakis and Martin (2005b); Tzanetakis et al. (2008a)
Fragaria chiloensis latent virus	FCiLV			X						Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus described in 2005 on which information is limited. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Tzanetakis and Martin (2005a)
Grapevine Ajinashika virus	GAgV								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Not recognised by ICTV as a valid species. Virus very poorly characterised in 1990 on which no sequence data is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martelli (2014)
Grapevine Anatolian ringspot virus	GARSV								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martelli (2014)
Grapevine berry inner necrosis virus	GINV								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martelli et al. (2017)
Grapevine cryptic virus 1	GCV‐1=GPV‐1								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus very poorly characterised only mentioned in two conference abstracts (2009, 2012). It might be similar to grapevine cryptic virus. It belongs to Partitiviridae family, which contains agents infecting plants or fungi. Status as a grapevine‐infecting virus unclear. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Sabanadzovic (2009); Martelli (2014); Martelli et al. (2017)
Grapevine deformation virus	GDeV								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	It might be present but not reported in the EU	Digiaro et al. (2017)
Grapevine endophyte endornavirus *	GEEV								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus described in 2012 by HTS. It belongs to Endornavirus genus, which contains agents infecting plants or fungi. Status as a Vitis‐infecting virus is unclear. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Espach et al. (2012)
Grapevine fabavirus *	GFabV								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2016) from HTS data on which very limited is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Al Rwahnih et al. (2016)
Grapevine geminivirus A *	GGVA								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2017) from HTS data on which very limited is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Al Rwahnih et al. (2017a,b)
Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 13	GLRaV‐13								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2016) from HTS data on which information is very limited. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Ito and Nakaune (2016)
Grapevine red blotch virus	GRBV	X							X	Not reported to be present in the EU	It might be present but not reported in the EU	Cieniewicz et al. (2017); Bahder et al. (2016); Krenz et al. (2012); Poojari et al. (2013)
Grapevine stunt virus	GSV								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Not recognised by ICTV as a valid species. Virus reported in Japan in 1981, very poorly characterised, its precise identity is not known and no sequence data is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Plant viruses Online: http://sdb.im.ac.cn/vide/descr374.htm; Namba et al. (1981)
Grapevine Tunisian ringspot virus	GTRV								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus partially characterised, isolated in 1992, no sequences available in GenBank. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Digiaro et al. (2017)
Grapevine vein‐clearing virus	GVCV								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2011) from HTS data on which information is limited. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martelli (2017)
Grapevine virus 101‐14.N.23.9.1/South Africa/2009	GV‐101‐14								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Extremely limited information on this virus, only reported in GenBank as a partial genome sequence (2016) in South Africa. It might be present but not reported in the EU
Grapevine virus I *	GVI								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2018) from HTS data on which information is limited. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Blouin et al. (2018a)
Grapevine virus J *	GVJ								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2018) by HTS in Turkmenistan. Very limited information available. It might be present but not reported in the EU
Grapevine virus S *	GVS								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Extremely limited information on this virus, only reported in GenBank as a partial genome sequence obtained by HTS (2012) in Canada. It might be present but not reported in the EU
Grapevine yellow speckle viroid 2	GYSVd‐2								X	Only one report in Italy in two varieties	It might be more widely present but not reported in the EU	Gambino et al. (2014)
Ilarvirus S1 * (possible Ilarvirus)	Ilarvirus‐S1							X		Not reported to be present in the EU	Characterisation of this potential new virus from Australia is very limited (very partial sequence information available from HTS data, 2017). It might be present but not reported in the EU	Kinoti et al. (2017)
Ilarvirus S2 * (possible Ilarvirus)	Ilarvirus‐S2							X		Not reported to be present in the EU	Characterisation of this potential new virus from Australia is very limited (very partial sequence information available from HTS data, 2017). It might be present but not reported in the EU	Kinoti et al. (2017)
Nectarine virus M *	NeVM							X		Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2016) from HTS data on which very limited information is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Villamor et al. (2016)
Peach chlorotic mottle virus	PeCMV							X		Not reported to be present in the EU	It might be present but not reported in the EU	James et al. (2007)
Peach enation (?) nepovirus	PENV							X		Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus very poorly characterised, only mentioned in one 1973 abstract. Its precise identity cannot be ascertained. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Kishi et al. (1973)
Peach leaf pitting‐associated virus *	PLPaV							X		Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2017) from HTS data on which very limited is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	He et al. (2017)
Peach mosaic virus	PcMV							X		Virus reported only from two EU MSs, and these reports have never been confirmed molecularly	Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU. This virus has been addressed in the previous EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013a)	Larsen and James (2011)
Peach rosette mosaic virus	PRMV							X	X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Limited uncertainties. It might be present but not reported in the EU. This virus has been addressed in the previous EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013a)	Martelli and Uyemoto (2011); Martelli (2014); Ramsdell and Gillet (1998)
Peach virus D *	PeVD							X		Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2017) from HTS data on which very limited information is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Igori et al., 2017;
Pyrus pyrifolia cryptic virus *	PpCV					X				Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2017) from HTS data. It belongs to Partitiviridae family, which contains agents infecting plants or fungi. Status as a pear‐infecting virus unclear. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Osaki et al. (2017)
Pyrus pyrifolia partitivirus 2 *	PpPV‐2					X				Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2018) from HTS data. It belongs to Alphapartitivirus genus, which contains agents infecting plants or fungi. Status as a pear‐infecting virus unclear. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Osaki and Sasaki (2018)
Raspberry latent virus	RpLV	X								Not reported to be present in the EU	It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martin et al. (2013)
Raspberry leaf curl virus	RpLCV	X								Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus not molecularly characterised. It might be present but not reported in the EU
Ribes virus F	RVF		X							Not reported to be present in the EU	Very poorly characterised virus for which only partial sequence is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU
Rubus canadensis virus 1	RuCV‐1	X								Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus characterised in 2014 for which very limited information is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Abou Ghanem‐Sabanadzovic et al. (2013)
Strawberry chlorotic fleck‐associated virus	StCFV			X						Not reported to be present in the EU	It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martin and Tzanetakis (2006)
Strawberry crinivirus 3	SCrV‐3			X						Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus very poorly characterised, only two partial sequences from USA and China in GenBank. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Tzanetakis and Martin (2013)
Strawberry crinivirus 4	SCrV‐4			X						Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus very poorly characterised, only four partial sequences from USA, Canada and China in GenBank. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Tzanetakis and Martin (2013); Ding et al. (2016)
Strawberry latent C virus	STLCV			X						Not reported to be present in the EU. Addressed by EFSA in a 2014 opinion, precise biological status unclear	SLCV has not been characterised, it is not recognised as a valid species, and reliable detection assays are not available (EFSA PLH Panel, 2014a)
Strawberry latent virus	StLV			X						Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus very poorly characterised only mentioned in one conference abstract (2005). It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martin and Tzanetakis (2006)
Strawberry leaf curl virus	StLCV			X						Not reported to be present in the EU	Limited information on this relatively recently described virus (2008). It might be present but not reported in EU	Tzanetakis and Martin (2013); El‐gaied et al. (2008)
Strawberry necrotic shock virus	SNSV	X		X						Not reported to be present in the EU	It might be present but not reported in the EU
Strawberry pallidosis associated virus	SPaV			X						Not reported to be present in the EU	It might be present but not reported in the EU	Tzanetakis et al. (2001)
Strawberry polerovirus 1	SPV‐1			X						Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus characterised in 2015, present in Canada and the US. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Thekke‐Veetil and Tzanetakis (2016); Xiang et al. (2015)
Strawberry pseudo mild yellow edge virus	SPMYEV			X						Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus described in 2003 on which information is very limited. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martin and Tzanetakis (2006)
Summer grape enamovirus	SGEV								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martelli (2017), Fagundes Silva et al. (2017)
Summer grape latent virus	SGLV								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Not yet recognised by ICTV as a valid species. Virus described in 2009, on which full sequence data is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Martelli et al. (2017), Al Rwahnih et al. (2015)
Temperate fruit decay‐associated virus	TFDaV				X	X			X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Recently described virus (2015) from HTS data on which very limited information is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Basso et al. (2015)
Tobacco ringspot virus	TRSV	X			X			X	X	TRSV is a North American nepovirus transmitted by North American nematode species. Reports in the EU are associated with intercepted material or are restricted and generally under official control. In some MSs eradication is ongoing or has been achieved	Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU. This virus has been addressed in the previous EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013a)	EPPO Bulletin (2017)
Tomato ringspot virus	ToRSV	X	X	X	X		X	X	X	ToRSV is a North American nepovirus transmitted by North American nematode species. Reports in the EU are associated with intercepted material or are restricted and generally under official control. In some MSs eradication is ongoing or has been achieved	Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU. This virus has been addressed in the previous EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013a)
Tulare apple mosaic virus	TAMV				X					Not reported to be present in the EU	Found only once in nature, in an apple tree in Tulare County, California. Limited chances that it might exist in EU	AAB descriptions of plant viruses, N42: http://www.dpvweb.net/dpv/showdpv.php?dpvno=42
Wild vitis virus 1	WVV‐1								X	Not reported to be present in the EU	Virus described very recently (2018) for which very limited information is available. It might be present but not reported in the EU	Perry et al. (2018)
Wineberry latent virus	WLV	X								Only report in the EU is in the UK from imported material from the US	Poorly characterised virus. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Jones (1977)

MS: Member State; HTS: high‐throughput sequencing; ICTV: International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.

^aAccording to ICTV rules (https://talk.ictvonline.org/information/w/faq/386/how-to-write-a-virus-name), names of viruses are not italicised in the table.

^bMentioned in a table in Dolja et al. (2017) but not associated with any reference.

# References are quoted when they are considered to contain additional information with respect to EPPO or CABI databases and/or GenBank, when available.

When no additional references are provided in this table, the information is retrieved from EPPO, CABI and GenBank databases, as indicated in the supplementary table in Annex A.

*Virus identified by HTS.

Appendix B – Viruses and viroids of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. excluded from further categorisation

1.

VIRUS/VIROID namea	Abbreviation	Rubus	Ribes	Fragaria	Malus	Pyrus	Cydonia	Prunus	Vitis	Reasoning for considering as excluded from further categorisation	Uncertainties	References#
Alfalfa mosaic virus	AMV								X	This virus is rare in grapevine but widespread in EU MSs in other hosts, in particular alfalfa	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Martelli (2014)
Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus	ACLSV	X			X	X	X	X	X	This virus is widespread in EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU
Apple dimple fruit viroid	ADFVd				X					Reported in Italy from several varieties including old local ones.	It might be more widely distributed but not reported in the EU	Di Serio et al. (2017)
Apple mosaic virus	ApMV	X	X	X	X	X		X		This virus is reported in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU
Apple stem grooving virus	ASGV	X			X	X	X	X		Very widespread virus, likely present in apple in all EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Nickel and Fajardo (2014); Negi et al. (2010)
Apple stem pitting virus	ASPV				X	X	X	X	X	Very widespread virus, likely present in apple in all EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Jelkmann and Paunovic (2011); Yang et al. (2017)
Apricot latent ringspot virus	ALRSV							X		Only reported from France	It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Gentit et al. (2001)
Apricot latent virus	ApLV							X		Virus reported from several EU MSs and from some EU neighbouring countries (Moldova, Turkey, Palestine…)	Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported outside the EU	Nemchinov et al. (2011); Grimova and Rysanek (2012); Garcia‐Ibarra et al. (2010)
Apricot pseudo‐chlorotic leaf spot virus	APCLSV							X		Reported from six EU MSs, limited reports from outside the EU	Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Candresse et al. (2011a)
Arabis mosaic virus	ArMV	X	X	X				X	X	This virus is reported in many EU MSs and integrated in the EU Grapevine Certification system	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU. Virus previously addresses in an EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013b)
Artichoke Italian latent virus	AILV								X	Only reported from 2 EU MSs	It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Martelli (2014)
Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV)	BCMV								X	Known to widely occur in bean in EU	One abstract (2009) reporting BCMV infection in grapevine. BCMV is a common bean‐infecting virus present in EU, its prevalence in grapevine is not known. It might be present but not reported in grapevine in the EU	Sabanadzovic, 2009
Beet pseudo yellows virus	BPYV	X		X						Virus reported from many EU MSs, likely to be rare in the hosts addressed here	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Martin et al. (2013)
Black raspberry necrosis virus	BRNV	X								Reported in 8 EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Martin et al. (2013)
Blackcurrant reversion virus	BRV		X							Virus is present in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU
Broad bean wilt virus 1	BBWV‐1								X	This virus is reported in many EU MSs in other hosts than grapevine	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Castrovilli et al. (1985)
Carnation Italian ringspot virus	CIRV							X		Reported from several EU MSs and from Korea	It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Jelkmann (2011); Russo et al. (2008); Lesemann et al. (1989)
Carnation mottle virus	CarMV								X	This virus is reported in many EU MSs, uncertainty because of one reference	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Avgelis and Rumbos (1991)
Carnation ringspot virus	CRSV				X	X		X	X	Virus rare in the hosts addressed here but that has a wider host range. Virus reported from many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU
Cherry green ring mottle virus	CGRMV							X		Virus present in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Gentit et al. (2002); Spak et al. (2017); Komorowska and Cieslinska (2005)
Cherry leaf roll virus	CLRV	X	X		X			X	X	This virus is reported in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU. Virus previously addressed in an EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2014f)	Büttner et al. (2011); Woo and Pearson (2014)
Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus	CNRMV				X			X		Reported from a number of EU MSs	Lots of reports are based on biological indexing of unknown specificity and may no longer be current. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Rott and Jelkmann (2011)
Cherry virus A	CVA							X		Virus reported from many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Marais et al. (2011); Glasa et al. (2017); Safarova et al. (2013); Kirby et al. (2001)
Cherry‐associated luteovirus *	ChaLV							X		Only reported from the Czech Republic	Very recently described virus from HTS data (Lenz et al., 2017). Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Lenz et al. (2017)
Citrus exocortis viroid	CEVd								X	This viroid is rare in grapevine but frequently present in non‐certified citrus plants. It is reported from 11 EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU. Virus previously addressed in an EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2011)	Flores et al. (1985)
Cucumber mosaic virus	CMV		X	X	X	X		X	X	Although rare in the hosts addressed here, this virus has one of the widest known host ranges and is widespread in herbaceous hosts, in particular cucurbits and Solanaceae in the EU	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Hu et al. (2016b); Chen et al. (2014); Sliwa et al. (2008); Paradies et al. (2000)
Currant latent virus *	CLV		X							Recently described virus from HTS data (Petrzik et al., 2016aa). Only reported from the Czech Republic so far	Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported outside the EU	Petrzik et al. (2016a)
Currant virus A *	CuVA		X							Recently described virus from HTS data (Petrzik et al., 2016b). Only reported from the Czech Republic so far	Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported outside the EU	Petrzik et al. (2016b)
Epirus cherry virus	EpCV							X		Reported only from 2 MSs	Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Avgelis and Barba (2011)
Gooseberry vein banding associated virus	GVBaV		X							Reported from 4 EU MSs and from Canada outside the EU	Limited uncertainty	Petrzik et al. (2012); Cieślińska and Malinowski (2002); Jones et al. (2001); Xu et al. (2011)
Grapevine Algerian latent virus	GALV								X	Reported from surface waters in three EU MSs and from several non‐EU countries, in general from solanaceous hosts	Virus reported only once from grapevine. Significant uncertainties on its distribution both inside and outside the EU	Martelli (2014)
Grapevine angular mosaic virus	GAMoV								X	Virus reported only from Greece	Limited uncertainty, virus might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Martelli et al. (2017)
Grapevine asteroid mosaic‐associated virus	GAMaV								X	Reported from Italy, France and Hungary and from the USA outside the EU	Virus described in Italy in 1994 that has been largely overlooked until the development of HTS in grapevine. Limited uncertainty, virus might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Candresse et al. (2017b); Czotter et al. (2018); Sabanadzovic et al. (2017)
Grapevine badnavirus 1 *	GBV‐1								X	Only reported from Croatia	Very recently described virus from HTS data (Voncina and Almeida, 2018). Significant uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Voncina and Almeida (2018)
Grapevine Bulgarian latent virus	GBLV								X	Only reported from 3 EU MSs and former Yugoslavia	It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Martelli (2014)
Grapevine chrome mosaic virus	GCMV								X	Only reported from 3 EU MSs and former Yugoslavia	It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Digiaro et al. (2017)
Grapevine fanleaf virus	GFLV	X							X	This virus is reported in many EU MSs and integrated in the EU Grapevine Certification system	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Kargar et al. (2017)
Grapevine fleck virus	GFkV								X	This virus is reported in many EU MSs and integrated in the EU Grapevine rootstocks Certification system	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Czotter et al. (2018); Eichmeier et al. (2016); Immanuel et al. (2015); Sabanadzovic et al. (2017)
Grapevine hammerhead viroid‐like RNA *	GHVd								X	Reported from Hungary and USA in material originally from France or Italy. Reported from France and recently identified in Italy. No reports from outside the EU in material without a link to the EU.	Very recently described agent (2012) for which there is very little information on distribution. It might be present but not reported outside the EU and in more EU MSs	Candresse et al. (2017a)
Grapevine labile rod‐shaped virus	GLRSV								X	Only reported from Italy	Poorly characterised virus. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Faggioli et al. (1992)
Grapevine latent viroid *	GLVd								X	Present in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Rotunno et al. (2018)
Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 1	GLRaV‐1								X	This virus is reported in many EU MSs and integrated in the EU Grapevine Certification system	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Martelli (2014); Voncina et al. (2017); Komorowska et al. (2014); Le Maguet et al. (2013); Kominek et al. (2005)
Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 2	GLRaV‐2								X	This virus is reported in publications in a few EU MSs but its EU distribution is wider according to expert knowledge	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Voncina et al. (2017); Komorowska et al. (2014); Angelini et al. (2017); Cseh et al. (2012)
Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 3	GLRaV‐3								X	This virus is reported in many EU MSs and integrated in the EU Grapevine Certification system	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Voncina et al. (2017); Komorowska et al. (2014); Cseh et al. (2012); Gouveia et al. (2011); Maree et al. (2013)
Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 4	GLRaV‐4								X	This virus is reported in publications in 5 EU MSs and its EU distribution is wider according to expert knowledge	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Voncina et al. (2017); Padilla et al. (2013); Velasco et al. (2015); Esteves et al. (2012); Cseh et al. (2012); Rizzo et al. (2015); Martelli et al. (2012); Abou Ghanem‐Sabanadzovic et al. (2017)
Grapevine line pattern virus	GLPV								X	Virus reported only from Hungary	Poorly characterised virus for which no sequence information is available. Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Martelli (2014)
Grapevine Pinot gris virus *	GPGV								X	This virus is present in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Saldarelli et al. (2017)
Grapevine red globe virus	GRGV								X	Reported from several EU MSs (Italy, France, Spain, Hungary, Greece), also known to be present in Portugal (expert Knowledge). Limited known distribution outside the EU	Virus described in Italy in 2000 that has been largely overlooked until the development of HTS in grapevine. Limited uncertainty, virus might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Czotter et al. (2018); Sabanadzovic et al. (2017)
Grapevine Roditis leaf discoloration‐associated virus *	GRLDaV								X	Virus only reported so far from two EU MSs and from Turkey (GenBank)	Limited uncertainty. It might be more widely present than currently known outside the EU	Martelli et al. (2017)
Grapevine rupestris stem pitting‐associated virus	GRSPaV								X	Very widespread virus, likely present in grapevine in all EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Czotter et al. (2018); Eichmeier et al. (2016); Fiore et al. (2016); Voncina et al. (2017); Giampetruzzi et al. (2012); Komorowska et al. (2014); Beuve et al. (2013)
Grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus	GRVFV								X	Virus is present in a number of EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. This virus is likely to have been overlooked for a long time in grapevine. It might be more widely present in the EU	Czotter et al. (2018); Giampetruzzi et al. (2012); Voncina et al. (2017); Cretazzo and Velasco (2017), Eichmeier et al. (2016)
Grapevine Syrah virus 1 *	GSyV‐1	X							X	Virus is present in 6 EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. This virus is likely to have been overlooked for a long time in grapevine. It might be more widely present in the EU	Giampetruzzi et al. (2012); Czotter et al. (2018); Eichmeier et al. (2016); Glasa et al. (2015); Ruiz‐Garcia et al. (2017); Beuve et al. (2013); Martin et al. (2013)
Grapevine virus A	GVA								X	This virus is reported in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Immanuel et al. (2015)
Grapevine virus B	GVB								X	This virus is reported in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Martelli (2014); Komorowska et al. (2014); Voncina et al. (2017); Eichmeier et al. (2016)
Grapevine virus D	GVD								X	Reported from 2 EU MSs and present in additional MSs according to expert knowledge	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Martelli (2014); Voncina et al. (2017)
Grapevine virus F *	GVF								X	Reported from five EU MSs	Very recently described virus from HTS data (2012). Significant uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Al Rwahnih et al. (2014); Voncina et al. (2017)
Grapevine virus G *	GVG								X	Reported from Croatia and from New Zealand in material originally imported from France	Very recently described virus from HTS data (2018). Significant uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Blouin et al. (2018b)
Grapevine virus H *	GVH								X	Only reported from Portugal	Very recently described virus from HTS data (2017). Significant uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Candresse et al. (2018)
Grapevine virus K *	GVK								X	Not a valid species it is being synonymised with GVD	See GVD	Jo et al. (2017a)
Grapevine virus T *	GVT								X	Virus reported from HTS data in Korea on a grapevine of Italian origin. Virus also reported in Germany and known by expert knowledge to be present in France	Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported outside the EU	Jo et al. (2017b); Ruiz Garcia et al. (2018)
Grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1	GYSVd‐1								X	This viroid is likely present in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Habili (2017)
Hop stunt viroid	HSVd			X	X	X	X	X	X	Present in many EU MSs, likely to present in most grapevine plants over the EU according to expert knowledge	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Kaponi et al. (2010)
Impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus	INSV	X								This virus is widespread in EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU. Virus previously addressed in an EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2012)
Iris yellow spot virus	IYSP	X								Virus is widespread in EU MSs in other hosts but likely to be rare in the hosts addressed here	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU. Virus previously addresses in an EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2012)
Little cherry virus 1	LChV1							X		Reported from 11 EU MSs	It might be present but not reported in more EU MSs. Non‐EU isolates addressed by EFSA in an opinion in 2017 (EFSA PLH Panel, 2017)	Jelkmann and Eastwell (2011)
Little cherry virus 2	LChV2							X		Reported from 7 EU MSs	It might be present but not reported in more EU MSs. Non‐EU isolates addressed by EFSA in an opinion in 2017 (EFSA PLH Panel, 2017)	Jelkmann and Eastwell (2011)
Myrobalan latent ringspot virus	MLRSV							X		Only reported from France.	It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Martelli and Uyemoto (2011)
Peach latent mosaic viroid	PLMVd				X	X	X	X	X	This viroid is present in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Kyriakopoulou et al. (2017)
Peach‐associated luteovirus *	PaLV							X		Reported in the US in material from Spain and from the Republic of Georgia. Also reported from Italy	Very recently described virus from HTS data (2017). Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Wu et al. (2017)
Pear blister canker viroid	PBCVd				X	X	X			Present in 5 EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Di Serio et al. (2017); Kaponi et al. (2010)
Petunia asteroid mosaic virus	PAMV				X	X		X		Only reported from two EU MSs	Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Jelkmann (2011)
Plum bark necrosis stem pitting‐associated virus	PBNSPaV			X				X		Virus likely to be under‐reported. Reported from 3 EU MSs and from 3 non EU countries	Information on geographical distribution still very limited	Boscia et al. (2011); Abou Ghanem‐Sabanadzovic et al. (2001); Amenduni et al. (2005); Garcia‐Ibarra et al. (2010); Marais et al. (2014)
Plum pox virus	PPV							X		This virus is reported in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU. Virus previously addressed in a Dutch opinion (2011) and in an EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013a)
Potato virus X	PVX								X	This virus has a worldwide distribution in potato, it is present in a number of EU MSs in this host	Limited uncertainty. Prevalence in grapevine is unknown but likely to be very low	Chabbouh et al. (1993)
Potato virus Y	PVY								X	This virus is widespread in EU MSs in many other hosts but unclear whether Grapevine is infected (Tannat isolate)	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU
Prune dwarf virus	PDV							X		This virus is reported in many EU MSs and integrated in the EU Prunus Certification system	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Caglayan et al. (2011)
Prunus necrotic ringspot virus	PNRSV	X			X			X		This virus is reported in many EU MSs and integrated in the EU Prunus Certification system	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU. Virus previously addresses in an EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2014e)	Chandel et al. (2008); Hu et al. (2016a); Sharma et al. (1998)
Raspberry bushy dwarf virus	RBDV	X					X		X	Virus is widespread in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Martin et al. (2013); Mavric et al. (2003); Mavric Pleško et al. (2009); Mavric Pleško et al. (2012); Martelli et al. (2011)
Raspberry leaf blotch emaravirus	RLBV	X								Virus reported so far only from the EU and Serbia and Montenegro	Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported outside the EU	Martin et al. (2013)
Raspberry leaf mottle virus	RLMV	X	X							Virus reported to be widespread in the UK. Also known to occur in the US	Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported outside the EU	Martin et al. (2013)
Raspberry ringspot virus	RpRSV	X	X	X				X	X	This virus is reported in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU. Virus previously addresses in an EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013b)
Raspberry vein chlorosis virus	RVCV	X								Reported as widespread in the EU (Jones et al., 1974)	Limited uncertainties	Martin et al. (2013); Jones et al. (1974)
Rubus yellow net virus	RYNV	X								Virus reported from the UK, Canada and the US according to GenBank. It might be more widely spread	Cited as unconfirmed presence in the UK by CABI. Several references indicate widespread presence in Rubus worldwide. GenBank entries confirm presence in the UK. It might be more widely present but not reported in other EU MSs	Martin et al. (2013); Diaz‐Lara et al. (2015)
Sowbane mosaic virus	SoMV‐R	X	X					X	X	Strain of sowbane virus reported from Rubus in Scotland only. Virus present in many EU MSs in other hosts	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	McGavin and MacFarlane (2009); Besse et al. (2010)
Stocky prune virus	StPV							X		Virus only reported so far from France	Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported outside the EU	Candresse et al. (2011b)
Strawberry crinkle cytorhabdovirus	SCrV			X						Virus reported from many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU. Virus previously addresses in an EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2014c)
Strawberry latent ringspot virus	SLRSV	X	X	X				X	X	This virus is widespread in EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU. Virus previously addressed in an EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013b)
Strawberry mild yellow edge virus	SMYEV			X						Virus is present in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU. Virus previously addresses in an EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2014d)
Strawberry mottle virus	SMV			X						Reported in 9 EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU
Tobacco mosaic virus	TMV				X	X		X	X	Virus is widespread in EU MSs in solanaceous hosts but likely to be rare in the hosts addressed here	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Martelli (2017, 2014)
Tobacco necrosis virus	TNV			X	X	X		X	X	Virus with a wide host range, reported in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU
Tomato black ring virus	TBRV	X	X	X				X	X	This virus is reported in many EU MSs	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU. Virus previously addressed in an EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013b)
Tomato bushy stunt virus	TBSV				X	X		X		This virus is reported from a number of EU MSs and non‐EU countries	Limited uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU
Tomato mosaic virus	ToMV								X	Although rare in grapevine, this virus is widespread in tomato in EU	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU	Martelli (2017, 2014)
Tomato spotted wilt virus	TSWV								X	This virus has a wide host range and a worldwide distribution. It is present in a number of EU MSs in other hosts than grapevine	Limited uncertainty. Prevalence in grapevine is unknown but likely to be very low. This virus has been addressed in a previous EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2012)
Turnip mosaic virus	TuMV							X		This virus is widespread in EU MSs in many other hosts but unclear whether grapevine is infected	Limited uncertainties. It might be more widely present in the EU
Unidentified black currant Totiviridae			X							Only reported from the EU	Poorly characterised virus described only as partial sequence in a 2000 publication. Belongs to the Totiviridae family which contains agents infecting fungi. Status as a Ribes‐infecting virus unclear. Only found once in a UK germplasm collection. It might be more widely present but not reported in the EU	Cox et al. (2000)

MS: Member State; HTS: high‐throughput sequencing; ICTV: International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.

^aAccording to ICTV rules (https://talk.ictvonline.org/information/w/faq/386/how-to-write-a-virus-name), names of viruses are not italicised in the table and in the present opinion.

# References are quoted when they are considered to contain additional information with respect to EPPO or CABI databases and/or GenBank, when available. When no additional references are provided in this table, the information is retrieved from EPPO, CABI and GenBank databases, as indicated in the supplementary table in Annex A.

*Virus identified by HTS.

Appendix C – Viruses and viroids of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. with undetermined standing

1.

VIRUS/VIROID namea	Abbreviation	Rubus	Ribes	Fragaria	Malus	Pyrus	Cydonia	Prunus	Vitis	Reasoning for considering as uncertain non‐EU/EU status	Uncertainties	References#
Apple hammerhead viroid RNA *	AHVd				X					Reported from China, Canada and recently found in Italy. Large uncertainties on distribution	Very recently described agent (2014) for which there is very little information on distribution
Apple scar skin viroid	ASSVd				X	X		X		Reported to be present in wild and cultivated pear trees in Greece. Presence in EU MSs where it is reported appears to be very restricted or dubious	Prevalence in EU MSs where it is reported is not precisely known. This virus has been addressed in the previous EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013a)	Hadidi and Barba (2011); Kyriakopoulou et al. (2001); Campbell and Sparks (1976); Hadidi et al. (2017a,b)
Apricot vein clearing‐associated virus *	AVCaV							X		Reported from Italy. Reported in France from a germplasm collection or from imported material. Other reports are from non EU countries (Iran and China)	Very recently described virus from HTS data (2014). Significant uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Elbeaino et al. (2014); Marais et al. (2015a)
Blackberry chlorotic ringspot virus	BCRV	X			X					Virus reported from the UK, The USA and Korea according to GenBank entries	Information on distribution in and outside the EU very limited	Martin et al. (2013)
Blackcurrant leafroll associated virus 1	BcLRaV‐1		X							Reported from the USA and Switzerland and recently found in Czech Republic and Slovenia. Large uncertainties on distribution	Very recently described agent (2010) for which there is very little information on distribution	Besse et al. (2010)
Cherry mottle leaf virus	CMLV							X		Reported in several EU MSs but records are doubtful	EU records predate CMLV molecular characterisation and are doubtful because they are largely based on disease observations and indexing approaches. Virus previously addresses in an EFSA opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2013a)	James (2011a)
Eggplant mottled crinkle virus	EMCV					X				Reported from one EU MS (from pear in Italy as pear latent virus). Reported from a range of countries outside the EU in eggplant (Lebanon, India, Iran, Morocco, Israel)	Significant uncertainties on its distribution both inside and outside the EU	Russo et al. (2002); Dombrovsky et al. (2009)
Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus 7	GLRaV‐7								X	Occasionally reported from Greece, Hungary and Italy. Reported from a number of countries outside the EU	It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Al Rwahnih et al. (2017a,b)
Grapevine satellite virus	GV‐Sat								X	Reported in the US on material of European origin, in Hungary and in France on material of Iranian origin	Very recently described virus from HTS data (Al Rwahnih et al., 2013). Significant uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Czotter et al. (2018); Al Rwahnih et al. (2013)
Grapevine virus E	GVE								X	Reported only from two EU MSs and from several countries outside the EU	It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Martelli (2014); Komorowska et al. (2014); Voncina et al. (2017)
Nectarine stem pitting‐associated virus *	NSPaV							X		Recently described agent, reported in a few Countries, both inside and outside the EU	Recently described virus (2015) from HTS data on which limited information is available. Initial US report is in post entry quarantine material from France. Reported in two EU MSs. It might be present but not reported in more EU MSs and outside the EU	Bag et al. (2015); Krizbai et al. (2017)
Prunus virus F *	PrVF							X		Reported from the US, Canada, the Czech Republic and in the US from Prunus accessions originating from the Netherlands and Germany	Recently described virus from HTS data (2016). Very limited information on its geographic distribution. It might be present but not reported in countries both outside and inside the EU	Villamor et al. (2017); Safarova et al. (2017)
Prunus virus T *	PrVT							X		Reported from Azerbaijan and Italy	Very recently described virus from HTS data (2015). Significant uncertainty. It might be present but not reported in other EU MSs or outside the EU	Marais et al. (2015b)
Strawberry vein banding virus	SVBV			X						Virus reported from a few EU MSs, at low prevalence. Also known to occur on cultivated strawberries in all five continents (EFSA PLH Panel, 2014b)	Addressed by EFSA in a 2014 opinion (EFSA PLH Panel, 2014b). Data for virus presence in many EU MS out of date or anecdotal due to the absence of recent systematic surveys. It might be present but not reported in more EU MSs	Hanzlikova‐Vaskova et al. (2006); Ratti et al. (2009)

MS: Member State; HTS: high‐throughput sequencing; ICTV: International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.

^aAccording to ICTV rules (https://talk.ictvonline.org/information/w/faq/386/how-to-write-a-virus-name), names of viruses are not italicised.

# References are quoted when they are considered to contain additional information with respect to EPPO or CABI databases and/or GenBank, when available.

When no additional references are provided in this table, the information is retrieved from EPPO, CABI and GenBank databases, as indicated in the supplementary table in Annex A.

* Virus identified by HTS.

Annex A – List of viruses considered in the opinion

1.

Annex A can be found in the online version of this output (‘Supporting information’ section): https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5501

Supporting information

List of viruses considered in the opinion

Suggested citation: EFSA PLH Panel (EFSA Plant Health Panel) , Bragard C, Dehnen‐Schmutz K, Gonthier P, Jacques M‐A, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, MacLeod A, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas‐Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke H‐H, Van der Werf W, Vicent Civera A, Yuen J, Zappalà L, Candresse T, Chatzivassiliou E, Winter S, Chiumenti M, Di Serio F, Kaluski T, Minafra A and Rubino L, 2019. Scientific Opinion on the list of non‐EU viruses and viroids of Cydonia Mill., Fragaria L., Malus Mill., Prunus L., Pyrus L., Ribes L., Rubus L. and Vitis L. EFSA Journal 2019;17(9):5501, 46 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5501