Review of the existing maximum residue levels for glyphosate according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)

doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5263

. 2018 May 17;16(5):e05263. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5263

Review of the existing maximum residue levels for glyphosate according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)

PMCID: PMC7009655 PMID: 32625900

Abstract

According to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, EFSA has reviewed the maximum residue levels (MRLs) currently established at European level for the pesticide active substance glyphosate. To assess the occurrence of glyphosate residues in plants, processed commodities, rotational crops and livestock, EFSA considered the conclusions derived under Commission Regulation (EU) No 1141/2010 as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 380/2013, the MRLs established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission as well as the import tolerances and European authorisations reported by Member States (including the supporting residues data). Based on the assessment of the available data, MRL proposals were derived and a consumer risk assessment was carried out. Although no apparent risk to consumers was identified, some information required by the regulatory framework was missing. Hence, the consumer risk assessment is considered indicative only and some MRL proposals derived by EFSA still require further consideration by risk managers.

Keywords: glyphosate, MRL review, Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, consumer risk assessment, herbicide, AMPA, N‐acetyl‐AMPA , N‐acetyl‐glyphosate

Short abstract

This publication is linked to the following EFSA Journal articles: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5283/full, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5862/full

Summary

The active substance glyphosate was included in Annex I to Directive 91/414/EEC on 1 July 2002 by Commission Directive 2001/99/EC and has been deemed to be approved under Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009, in accordance with Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011, as amended by Commission Implementing Regulations (EU) No 541/2011, 2016/1056 and 2016/1313. As the active substance glyphosate was approved before the entry into force of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 on 2 September 2008, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) is required to provide a reasoned opinion on the review of the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) for that active substance in compliance with Article 12(2) of the aforementioned regulation.

As the basis for the MRL review, on 5 October 2016, EFSA initiated the collection of data for this active substance. In a first step, Member States (MSs) were invited to submit their national Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) that are authorised in different MSs by 4 November 2016, in a standardised way, in the format of specific GAP forms allowing the rapporteur Member State (RMS), Germany, to identify the critical GAPs, in the format of specific GAP overview files. Subsequently, MSs were requested to provide residue data supporting the critical GAPs, within a period of 1 month, by 7 April 2017. On the basis of all the data submitted by MSs, EFSA asked Germany, the designated RMS, to complete the Pesticide Residues Overview File (PROFile) and to prepare a supporting evaluation report. The PROFile and evaluation report, together with Pesticide Residues Intake Model (PRIMo) calculations and updated GAP overview files were provided by the RMS to EFSA on 13 June 2017. Following a completeness check undertaken by EFSA, a request for further clarifications was forwarded to the RMS on 14 July 2017. After having considered all the information provided, EFSA finalised the completeness check report which was made available to MSs on 9 October 2017.

Based on the information provided by the RMS and MSs and taking into account the conclusions derived by EFSA in the framework of Commission Regulation (EU) No 1141/2010 as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 380/2013, and the MRLs established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, EFSA prepared, in September 2017, a draft‐reasoned opinion, which was circulated to MSs for consultation via a written procedure. Comments received by 6 November 2017 were considered during the finalisation of this reasoned opinion. In addition, during the finalisation of the assessment, additional information available to the RMS but not submitted to EFSA was identified. The European Commission asked EFSA to request that information and consider it in the final assessment. Therefore, further amendments have become necessary at the final stage. More specifically, EFSA evaluated in this reasoned opinion the import tolerances on glycine N‐phenylacetyltransferase (GAT)‐modified rapeseeds, soybeans and maize, currently not present on the European Union (EU) market but assessed in previous EFSA reasoned opinions. In parallel, in the framework of the evaluation of the impact of glyphosate and its residues in feed on animal health, the toxicological profile of the metabolites N‐acetyl‐AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate was further considered during the Pesticides Peer Review Experts’ Teleconference 175 (27 February 2018) on the basis of the studies made available to EFSA in January 2018. Furthermore, following late changes reported by certain MSs in the authorised uses on grass, EFSA considered the need to launch a second round of MS consultation for confirmation of these uses, in particular as grass proved to be the main driver for the livestock exposure assessment. The consultation was conducted via a written procedure in February 2018, resulting in changes in the critical uses on grass. Subsequently, livestock dietary burden calculations and exposure assessment were reconsidered accordingly.

It is highlighted that toxicological data were not assessed in the current review and that the present reasoned opinion does not address the toxicological profile of glyphosate and its metabolites. In line with the provisions of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, this review of MRLs is intended to characterise and quantify the residues of glyphosate in food and feed of plant and animal origin (resulting from the uses of glyphosate currently authorised by MSs), estimate dietary exposure of consumers, compare this dietary exposure to the toxicological reference values derived by EFSA in 2015 (for glyphosate and AMPA) and in 2018 (for N‐acetyl‐glyphosate and N‐acetyl‐AMPA) and propose MRLs in case no concern for consumers is identified, also highlighting the uncertainties due to missing data.

The following conclusions are derived.

The metabolism of glyphosate in primary crops was assessed in conventional and glyphosate tolerant crops containing 5‐enolpyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate (EPSP) synthase (EPSPS) and glucose oxidase (GOX) modifications belonging to different crop groups as well as in genetically modified soybean, maize and oilseed rape containing the GAT modification. Additional metabolism studies performed on conventional and EPSPS‐modified soybeans, cotton and maize were submitted by the RMS in the framework of this review. The metabolism in rotational crops (leafy vegetables, root and tuber vegetables and cereals) was investigated following glyphosate application directly to the soil or simulating typical agricultural practices.

In September 2016, during the Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed (SCoPAFF) meeting, the following residue definitions for enforcement were agreed upon by MSs as the basis for the MRL review:

OPTION 1:

for all plant commodities, including plants with glyphosate tolerant genetically modified varieties currently available on the market: sum of glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate, expressed as glyphosate;

OPTION 2:

for plants with glyphosate tolerant genetically modified varieties currently available on the market (sweet corn, cotton seeds, sugar beets, rapeseeds, maize and soybeans): sum of glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate, expressed as glyphosate;
for all other plant commodities: glyphosate.

For risk assessment, a general residue definition covering both conventional and genetically modified crops was proposed as the sum of glyphosate, AMPA, N ‐acetyl‐glyphosate and N ‐acetyl‐AMPA, expressed as glyphosate.

Although EFSA based this assessment on both residue definitions as agreed by MSs (options 1 and 2), EFSA agrees with the RMS that glyphosate only can be considered a sufficient marker for enforcement in conventional crops. For this reason, in the whole assessment, the option 2 is defined as the ‘main’ residue definition, while the option 1 is reported as ‘optional’.

Sufficiently validated analytical methods are available for the enforcement of glyphosate (relevant for the main residue definition), with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.05 mg/kg in high water, high oil, acidic and dry matrices. Fully validated analytical methods for the enforcement of glyphosate in complex matrices (relevant for the authorisations on conventional tea, coffee beans, carobs, hops, spices and herbal infusions) are missing and are still required. Furthermore, there are indications that AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate (relevant for the optional residue definition proposed for all plant commodities and for genetically modified crops) can be enforced with a LOQ of 0.05 mg/kg, each. Therefore, the sum of glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate, expressed as glyphosate can be enforced at the combined LOQ of 0.2 mg/kg in all matrices. Nevertheless, confirmatory methods for N‐acetyl‐glyphosate (in high water and high fat content matrices and dry commodities) and for AMPA (in all matrices) are still required.

Regarding the residue in primary crops, the available data on conventional crops are considered sufficient to derive (tentative) MRL proposals as well as risk assessment values for all crops under assessment except for cultivated fungi, sunflower seeds, soybeans, mustard seeds, buckwheat, rice (grain and straw), maize straw, millet straw and sorghum stover for which the available data were insufficient to derive MRLs and risk assessment values. Tentative MRLs were also derived for wheat and barley straw, sugar beet tops, fodder beet roots and tops, grass forage, clover forage, alfalfa forage and turnips tops in view of the future need to set MRLs in feed items.

For genetically modified crops, data were sufficient to derive MRL for sweet corn (EPSPS modification) and cotton seed (EPSPS modification), noting that MRLs should be tentative pending on the submission of confirmatory methods for enforcement of AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate. For sugar beet roots, maize and soybeans (EPSPS modification), soybeans (GAT modification) and rapeseeds (GOX modification), the available data were insufficient to derive MRLs and risk assessment values.

When considering the optional residue definition, in the absence of confirmatory methods for enforcement of AMPA (in all matrices) and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate (in high water content, high fat content and dry matrices), only tentative MRLs could be derived.

Available residue trials also allowed to derive the following conversion factors from enforcement to risk assessment: 1 for all commodities where a no‐residue situation was demonstrated or was tentatively proposed, for crops with glyphosate tolerant genetically modified varieties currently available on the market (sweet corn, cotton seed, sugar beets, rapeseeds, maize and soybeans) and for all MRLs expressed according to the optional residue definition; 2 for dry pulses; 1.1 for linseed; 2.3 for millet and sorghum grain.

According to the results from the confined rotational crop studies performed up to 1.5N the maximum dose rate assessed in the present MRL review, residues of glyphosate or AMPA are not expected in rotational root and leafy crops following annual application of glyphosate, provided that the active substance is used according to the GAPs considered in this review. Residues of glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA above the LOQ of 0.05 mg/kg cannot be excluded in cereals grain (only AMPA), forage and chaff grown in rotation with crops treated with glyphosate. Although these residues can be considered negligible compared to the residues expected according to the most critical GAP for desiccation authorised on cereals, MSs are recommended to implement proper mitigation measures when granting authorisation of plant protection products containing glyphosate, in order to avoid residues to occur in rotated cereals. Moreover, as the available studies do not cover the plateau concentration calculated for AMPA, proper mitigation measures should also be implemented to avoid accumulation of AMPA in soil and possible uptake of AMPA in rotational crops. The plateau concentration calculated for AMPA should be in any case confirmed by an additional study performed in acidic soils (data gap identified in the peer review).

Glyphosate is authorised for use on several crops that might be fed to livestock. Livestock dietary burden calculations were, therefore, performed for different groups of livestock. Considering that livestock may be exposed to residues originating from conventional and genetically modified crops, the calculation of the livestock dietary burden was performed combining the residues originating from the uses authorised on conventional crops and on genetically modified crops. The dietary burden values calculated for all groups of livestock were found to exceed the trigger value of 0.1 mg/kg dry matter (DM), with the residues in conventional crops representing the main contributor to livestock exposure. Behaviour of residues was, therefore, assessed in all commodities of animal origin.

The following residue definitions for animal commodities were agreed upon by MSs at the SCoPAFF meeting in September 2016 as the basis for the MRL review: sum of glyphosate, AMPA and N ‐acetyl‐glyphosate expressed as glyphosate for monitoring, and sum of glyphosate, AMPA, N ‐acetyl‐glyphosate and N ‐acetyl‐AMPA expressed as glyphosate for risk assessment.

Based on available feeding studies and the estimated residue intakes by livestock, MRLs above the LOQ were proposed for all animal commodities, except for cattle, swine and poultry fat, poultry liver, milk and eggs where no residues are expected and the MRLs can be set at the LOQ. Considering that the N‐acetyl compounds are not expected to be present in the animal tissues, a conversion factor from enforcement to risk assessment of 1 has been proposed for all animal commodities. Since confirmatory methods for glyphosate in fat, liver and kidney, and for AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate in all matrices are still missing, all derived MRLs should be considered tentative only.

Chronic and acute consumer exposure resulting from the authorised uses on conventional and genetically modified crops reported in the framework of this review was calculated using revision 2 of the EFSA PRIMo. For each commodity, risk assessment values obtained for conventional and genetically modified crops were compared and the most critical values were selected for the exposure calculations. Hence, for those commodities where a (tentative) MRL could be derived by EFSA in the framework of this review, input values were derived according to the internationally agreed methodologies. For those plant commodities where data were insufficient to derive (tentative) MRLs, the existing EU MRLs multiplied by the following conversion factors were used for an indicative calculation: for sunflower seeds, soyabeans and mustard seed, the conversion of 1.1 derived from residue trials performed on other oilseeds was considered; for buckwheat and rice grain, the conversion of 2.3 derived from residue trials performed on other cereals was considered. For cultivated fungi, the highest conversion factor of 2.3 derived from all available trials was considered.

The exposure values calculated were compared with the toxicological reference values for glyphosate and its metabolites, derived by EFSA under Commission Regulation (EU) No 1141/2010 as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 380/2013 and in the framework of the evaluation of the impact of glyphosate and its residues in feed on animal health. The highest chronic exposure was calculated for WHO cluster diet B, representing 9.1% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) and the highest exposure was calculated for dry beans, representing 55.7% of the acute reference dose (ARfD).

Consequently, although major uncertainties remain due to the data gaps identified in the previous sections, the indicative exposure calculations did not indicate a risk to consumers.

Although the residue definition for risk assessment is the same for both options assessed in this review, the MRLs as derived, according to the optional definition and resulting for the summing up of the LOQs of the different compounds included, can be higher than the MRLs as derived according to the main residue definition. For this reason, an additional scenario, based on the optional residue definition, was performed. According to this second scenario, the highest chronic exposure was calculated for WHO cluster diet B, representing 9.9% of the ADI and the highest exposure was calculated for dry beans, representing 55.7% of the ARfD.

Apart from the MRLs evaluated in the framework of this review, internationally recommended codex maximum residue limits (CXLs) have also been established for glyphosate. Additional calculations of the consumer exposure, including these CXLs, were therefore carried out, considering two different scenarios: a first scenario based on the main residue definition and a second scenario based on the optional residue definition.

When considering the main residue definition (scenario 1), the highest chronic exposure was calculated for British toddlers, representing 18.7% of the ADI; the highest acute exposure was calculated for sugar beet roots, representing 91% of the ARfD.

When considering the optional residue definition (scenario 2), the highest chronic exposure was calculated for British toddlers, representing 19% of the ADI; the highest acute exposure was calculated for sugar beet roots, representing 91% of the ARfD.

Background

Regulation (EC) No 396/20051 (hereinafter referred to as ‘the Regulation’) establishes the rules governing the setting and the review of pesticide maximum residue levels (MRLs) at European level. Article 12(2) of that Regulation stipulates that the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) shall provide by 1 September 2009 a reasoned opinion on the review of the existing MRLs for all active substances included in Annex I to Directive 91/414/EEC before 2 September 2008. As glyphosate was originally included in Annex I to Council Directive 91/414/EEC on 1 July 2002 by means of Commission Directive 2001/99/EC2 and has been deemed to be approved under Regulation (EC) No 1107/20093, in accordance with Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/20114, as amended by Commission Implementing Regulations (EU) No 541/20115, 2016/10566 and 2016/13137, EFSA initiated the review of all existing MRLs for that active substance. It is noted that the review of MRLs under Article 12 of the Regulation is linked to the first inclusion of the active substance into Annex I and irrespective of the decision on the potential renewal of the approval of the substance.

According to the legal provisions, EFSA shall base its reasoned opinion in particular on the relevant assessment report prepared under Directive 91/414/EEC. It should be noted, however, that, in the framework of Directive 91/414/EEC, only a few representative uses are evaluated, whereas MRLs set out in Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 should accommodate all uses authorised within the European Union (EU), and uses authorised in third countries that have a significant impact on international trade. The information included in the assessment report prepared under Directive 91/414/EEC is therefore insufficient for the assessment of all existing MRLs for a given active substance.

To gain an overview of the pesticide residues data that have been considered for the setting of the existing MRLs, EFSA developed the Pesticide Residues Overview File (PROFile). The PROFile is an inventory of all pesticide residues data relevant to the risk assessment and MRL setting for a given active substance. This includes data on:

the nature and magnitude of residues in primary crops;
the nature and magnitude of residues in processed commodities;
the nature and magnitude of residues in rotational crops;
the nature and magnitude of residues in livestock commodities;
the analytical methods for enforcement of the proposed MRLs.

As the basis for the MRL review, on 5 October 2016, EFSA initiated the collection of data for this active substance. In a first step, MSs were invited to submit their national Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) that are authorised in MSs by 4 November 2016, in a standardised way, in the format of specific GAP forms. In the framework of this consultation, 20 MSs provided feedback on their national authorisations of glyphosate. Based on the GAP data submitted, the rapporteur Member State (RMS), Germany, was asked to identify the critical GAPs to be further considered in the assessment, within a timeframe of 6 weeks, in the format of specific GAP overview files. Subsequently, in a second step, MSs were requested to provide residue data supporting the critical GAPs, within a period of 1 month, by 7 April 2017. On the basis of the data submitted by MSs, Germany, the designated RMS was asked to complete the PROFile and to prepare a supporting evaluation report for glyphosate (Germany, 2017). The PROFile and the supporting evaluation report, together with the Pesticide Residues Intake Model (PRIMo) calculations and updated GAP overview files following consideration of the residue data provided by MSs, were submitted to EFSA on 13 June 2017. Following a completeness check undertaken by EFSA within a period of 1 month, a request for further clarifications was forwarded to the RMS via a written procedure on 14 July 2017. After having considered all the information provided by the RMS, EFSA finalised the completeness check report which was made available to all MSs on 9 October 2017.

Based on the information provided and taking into account the conclusions derived by EFSA in the framework of Commission Regulation (EU) No 1141/20108 as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 380/20139, and the MRLs established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (codex maximum residue limit, CXLs), EFSA prepared, in September 2017, a draft reasoned opinion, which was submitted to MSs for commenting via a written procedure. All comments received by 6 November 2017 were evaluated by EFSA and were considered by EFSA during the finalisation of the reasoned opinion. In addition, during the finalisation of the assessment, additional information available to the RMS but not submitted to EFSA was identified. The European Commission asked EFSA to request that information and consider it in the final assessment. Therefore, further amendments have become necessary at the final stage. More specifically, EFSA evaluated in this reasoned opinion the import tolerances on glycine N‐phenylacetyltransferase (GAT)‐modified rapeseeds, soybeans and maize, currently not present on the EU market but assessed in previous EFSA reasoned opinions (Germany, 2009, 2013a; EFSA, 2009, 2013). In parallel, in the framework of the evaluation of the impact of glyphosate and its residues in feed on animal health, the toxicological profile of the metabolites N‐acetyl‐AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate was further considered during the Pesticides Peer Review Experts’ Teleconference 175 (27 February 2018) on the basis of the studies made available to EFSA in January 2018 (EFSA, 2018b). Furthermore, following late changes reported by certain Member States (MSs) in the authorised uses on grass, EFSA considered the need to launch a second round of MS consultation for confirmation of these uses, in particular as grass proved to be the main driver for the livestock exposure assessment. The consultation was conducted via a written procedure in February 2018, resulting in changes in the critical uses on grass. Subsequently, livestock dietary burden calculations and exposure assessment were reconsidered accordingly.

The evaluation report submitted by the RMS (Germany, 2017) based on the information provided by MSs during the collection of data is considered as a main supporting document to this reasoned opinion and, thus, made publicly available.

In addition, key supporting documents to this reasoned opinion are the completeness check report (EFSA, 2017) and the Member States consultation report (EFSA, 2018a). These reports are developed to address all issues raised in the course of the review, from the initial completeness check to the reasoned opinion. Also, the chronic and acute exposure calculations for all crops reported in the framework of this review performed using the EFSA PRIMo (excel file) and the PROFiles as well as the GAP overview files listing all authorised uses are key supporting documents and made publicly available as background documents to this reasoned opinion. Furthermore, a screenshot of the Report sheet of the PRIMo is presented in Appendix C.

Terms of Reference

According to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, EFSA shall provide a reasoned opinion on:

the inclusion of the active substance in Annex IV to the Regulation, when appropriate;
the necessity of setting new MRLs for the active substance or deleting/modifying existing MRLs set out in Annex II or III of the Regulation;
the inclusion of the recommended MRLs in Annex II or III to the Regulation;
the setting of specific processing factors as referred to in Article 20(2) of the Regulation.

The active substance and its use pattern

Glyphosate is the ISO common name for N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine (IUPAC).

Glyphosate can be used as an ester or a salt.

It should be mentioned that the salts glyphosate‐isopropylammonium, glyphosate‐potassium, glyphosate‐monoammonium, glyphosate‐dimethylammonium are the modified ISO common names for iso‐propylammonium N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycinate, potassium N‐[(hydroxyphosphinato)methyl]glycine, ammonium N‐[(hydroxyphosphinato)methyl]glycine and dimethylammonium N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycinate (IUPAC), respectively. Glyphosate‐trimesium is trimethylsulfonium N‐[(hydroxyphosphinato)methyl]glycine (IUPAC). These salts are derivatives of the active substance glyphosate.

Glyphosate is a herbicide which is active against all plants by the inhibition of the shikimate cycle required for the formation of essential amino acids. In principle, it is systemic in plants. However, due to its high potency as a herbicide, the translocation within crops is very limited before withering. Uptake of glyphosate solely occurs via treated leaves.

The chemical structure of the active substance and its main metabolites are reported in Appendix F.

Glyphosate (including glyphosate‐trimesium) was evaluated in the framework of Commission Regulation (EU) No 1141/2010 as amended by Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 380/2013, with Germany designated as RMS. The representative uses considered were spraying applications against emerged annual, perennial and biennial weeds in all crops and foliar spraying for desiccation in cereals and oilseeds (preharvest). Following the original peer review, conducted by the European Commission prior to establishment of EFSA, a decision on inclusion of the active substance in Annex I to Directive 91/414/EEC was published by means of Commission Directive 2001/99/EC, which entered into force on 1 July 2002, and has been deemed to be approved under Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009, in accordance with Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 540/2011, as amended by Commission Implementing Regulations (EU) No 541/2011. The conditions of the approval were further amended by Regulations (EU) No 2016/1056 and 2016/1313. The original approval is restricted to uses as herbicide only.

The EU MRLs for glyphosate and for trimethyl‐sulfonium (TMS) cation, resulting from the use of glyphosate (including glyphosate‐trimesium) are established in Annexes II and IIIB of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, as amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 149/200810 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 839/200811. Codex maximum residue limits (CXLs) for glyphosate were also established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). An overview of the MRL changes that occurred since the entry into force of the Regulation mentioned above is provided below (Table 1).

Table 1.

Overview of the MRL changes since the entry into force of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005

Procedure	Legal implementation	Remarks
MRL application (EFSA, 2012)	Commission Regulation (EU) No 441/2012^a	Modification of the existing MRL for glyphosate in lentils
Implementation of CAC 2012	Commission Regulation (EU) No 293/2013^b	Modification of the MRL for glyphosate in sweet corn and sugar beet roots

Code number	Commodity	Existing EU MRL (mg/kg)	Existing CXL (mg/kg)	Outcome of the review
Code number	Commodity	Existing EU MRL (mg/kg)	Existing CXL (mg/kg)	MRL (mg/kg)	Comment
Enforcement residue definition: glyphosate
110010	Grapefruits	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
110020	Oranges	0.5	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
110030	Lemons	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
110040	Limes	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
110050	Mandarins	0.5	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
120010	Almonds	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
120020	Brazil nuts	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
120030	Cashew nuts	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
120040	Chestnuts	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
120050	Coconuts	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
120060	Hazelnuts/cobnuts	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
120070	Macadamias	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
120080	Pecans	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
120090	Pine nut kernels	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
120100	Pistachios	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
120110	Walnuts	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
130010	Apples	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
130020	Pears	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
130030	Quinces	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
130040	Medlars	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
130050	Loquats/Japanese medlars	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
140010	Apricots	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
140020	Cherries (sweet)	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
140030	Peaches	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
140040	Plums	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
151010	Table grapes	0.5	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
151020	Wine grapes	0.5	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
152000	Strawberries	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
153010	Blackberries	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
153020	Dewberries	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
153030	Raspberries (red and yellow)	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
154010	Blueberries	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
154020	Cranberries	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
154030	Currants (black, red and white)	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
154040	Gooseberries (green, red and yellow)	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
154050	Rose hips	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
154060	Mulberries (black and white)	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
154070	Azaroles/Mediterranean medlars	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
154080	Elderberries	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
161020	Figs	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
161030	Table olives	1	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
161040	Kumquats	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
161060	Kaki/Japanese persimmons	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
162010	Kiwi fruits (green, red, yellow)	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
162020	Litchis/lychees	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
162030	Passion fruits/maracujas	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
163010	Avocados	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
163020	Bananas	0.1^*	0.05^*	0.05^*	Recommended^e
163030	Mangoes	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
163040	Papayas	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
163050	Granate apples/pomegranates	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
163060	Cherimoyas	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
211000	Potatoes	0.5	–	1	Further consideration needed^b
212010	Cassava roots/manioc	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
212020	Sweet potatoes	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
212030	Yams	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
212040	Arrowroots	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
213010	Beetroots	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
213020	Carrots	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
213030	Celeriacs/turnip rooted celeries	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
213040	Horseradishes	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
213050	Jerusalem artichokes	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
213060	Parsnips	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
213070	Parsley roots/Hamburg roots parsley	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
213080	Radishes	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
213090	Salsifies	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
213100	Swedes/rutabagas	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
213110	Turnips	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
220010	Garlic	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
220020	Onions	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
220030	Shallots	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
220040	Spring onions/green onions and Welsh onions	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
231010	Tomatoes	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
231020	Sweet peppers/bell peppers	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
231030	Aubergines/eggplants	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
231040	Okra/lady's fingers	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
232010	Cucumbers	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
232020	Gherkins	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
232030	Courgettes	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
233010	Melons	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
233020	Pumpkins	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
233030	Watermelons	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
241010	Broccoli	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
241020	Cauliflowers	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
242010	Brussels sprouts	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
242020	Head cabbages	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
243010	Chinese cabbages/pe‐tsai	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
243020	Kales	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
244000	Kohlrabies	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
251010	Lamb's lettuces/corn salads	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
251020	Lettuces	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
251030	Escaroles/broadleaved endives	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
251040	Cresses and other sprouts and shoots	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
251050	Land cresses	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
251060	Roman rocket/rucola	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
251070	Red mustards	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
251080	Baby leaf crops (including brassica species)	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
252010	Spinaches	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
252020	Purslanes	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
252030	Chards/beet leaves	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
253000	Grape leaves and similar species	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
254000	Watercresses	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
255000	Witloofs/Belgian endives	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
256010	Chervil	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
256020	Chives	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
256030	Celery leaves	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
256040	Parsley	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
256050	Sage	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
256060	Rosemary	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
256070	Thyme	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
256080	Basil and edible flowers	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
256090	Laurel/bay leave	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
256100	Tarragon	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
260010	Beans (with pods)	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
260020	Beans (without pods)	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
260030	Peas (with pods)	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
260040	Peas (without pods)	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
260050	Lentils (fresh)	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
270010	Asparagus	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
270020	Cardoons	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
270030	Celeries	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
270040	Florence fennels	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
270050	Globe artichokes	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
270060	Leeks	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
270070	Rhubarbs	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
270080	Bamboo shoots	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
270090	Palm hearts	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
280010	Cultivated fungi	0.1^*	–	0.1	Further consideration needed^c
280020	Wild fungi	50	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
300010	Beans (dry)	2	2	15	Further consideration needed^d
300020	Lentils (dry)	10	5	15	Further consideration needed^d
300030	Peas (dry)	10	5	15	Further consideration needed^d
300040	Lupins/lupine beans (dry)	10	–	15	Further consideration needed^b
401010	Linseeds	10	–	15	Recommended^a
401020	Peanuts/groundnuts	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
401030	Poppy seeds	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
401040	Sesame seeds	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
401050	Sunflower seeds	20	7	20	Further consideration needed^d
401080	Mustard seeds	10	–	10	Further consideration needed^c
401100	Pumpkin seeds	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
401110	Safflower seeds	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
401120	Borage seeds	0.1	–	10	Recommended^a
401130	Gold of pleasure seeds	0.1	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
401140	Hemp seeds	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
401150	Castor beans	0.1	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
402010	Olives for oil production	1	–	30	Recommended^a
402020	Oil palms kernels	0.1	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
402030	Oil palms fruits	0.1	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
402040	Kapok	0.1	–	0.05^*	Recommended^a
500010	Barley grains	20	30	30	Recommended^e
500020	Buckwheat and other pseudo‐cereal grains	0.1^*	30	30	Recommended^f
500040	Common millet/proso millet grains	0.1^*	30	30	Recommended^g
500050	Oat grains	20	30	30	Recommended^e
500060	Rice grains	0.1^*	–	0.1	Further consideration needed^c
500070	Rye grains	10	30	30	Recommended^g
500080	Sorghum grains	20	30	30	Recommended^g
500090	Wheat grains	10	30	30	Recommended^g
610000	Teas	2	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
620000	Coffee beans	0.1	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
631000	Herbal infusions from flowers	2^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
632000	Herbal infusions from leaves and herbs	2^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
633000	Herbal infusions from roots	2^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
650000	Carobs/Saint John's breads	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
700000	Hops	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
810000	Seed spices	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
820000	Fruit spices	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
830000	Bark spices	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
840000	Root and rhizome spices	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
850000	Bud spices	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
860000	Flower pistil spices	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
870000	Aril spices	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
900020	Sugarcanes	0.1^*	2	2	Recommended^l
900030	Chicory roots	0.1^*	–	0.05^*	Further consideration needed^b
–	Other commodities of plant origin		–	–	Further consideration needed^h
Enforcement residue definition (existing): glyphosate Enforcement residue definition (proposed): sum of glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate, expressed as glyphosate
234000	Sweet corn	3	3	3	Further consideration neededⁱ
401060	Rapeseeds/canola seeds	10	30	30	Further consideration needed^j
401070	Soyabeans	20	20	20	Further consideration needed^k
401090	Cotton seeds	10	40	60	Further consideration neededⁱ
500030	Maize/corn grains	1	5	3	Further consideration neededⁱ
900010	Sugar beet roots	15	15	15	Further consideration needed^j
1011010	Swine muscle	0.05^*	0.05^*	0.2	Further consideration neededⁱ
1011020	Swine fat tissue	0.05^*	0.05^*	0.2^*	Further consideration neededⁱ
1011030	Swine liver	0.05^*	0.5	0.4	Further consideration neededⁱ
1011040	Swine kidney	0.5	0.5	3	Further consideration neededⁱ
1012010	Bovine muscle	0.05^*	0.05^*	0.2	Further consideration neededⁱ
1012020	Bovine fat tissue	0.05^*	0.05^*	0.2^*	Further consideration neededⁱ
1012030	Bovine liver	0.2	5	0.7	Further consideration neededⁱ
1012040	Bovine kidney	2	5	7	Further consideration neededⁱ
1013010	Sheep muscle	0.05^*	0.05^*	0.2	Further consideration neededⁱ
1013020	Sheep fat tissue	0.05^*	0.05^*	0.3	Further consideration neededⁱ
1013030	Sheep liver	0.05^*	5	0.9	Further consideration neededⁱ
1013040	Sheep kidney	0.05^*	5	10	Further consideration neededⁱ
1014010	Goat muscle	0.05^*	0.05^*	0.2	Further consideration neededⁱ
1014020	Goat fat tissue	0.05^*	0.05^*	0.3	Further consideration neededⁱ
1014030	Goat liver	0.05^*	5	0.9	Further consideration neededⁱ
1014040	Goat kidney	0.05^*	5	10	Further consideration neededⁱ
1015010	Equine muscle	0.05^*	0.05^*	0.2	Further consideration neededⁱ
1015020	Equine fat tissue	0.05^*	0.05^*	0.2^*	Further consideration neededⁱ
1015030	Equine liver	0.05^*	5	0.7	Further consideration neededⁱ
1015040	Equine kidney	0.05^*	5	7	Further consideration neededⁱ
1016010	Poultry muscle	0.05^*	0.05^*	0.2	Further consideration neededⁱ
1016020	Poultry fat tissue	0.05^*	0.05^*	0.2^*	Further consideration neededⁱ
1016030	Poultry liver	0.05^*	0.5	0.2^*	Further consideration neededⁱ
1020010	Cattle milk	0.05^*	0.05	0.1^*	Further consideration neededⁱ
1020020	Sheep milk	0.05^*	0.05	0.1^*	Further consideration neededⁱ
1020030	Goat milk	0.05^*	0.05	0.1^*	Further consideration neededⁱ
1020040	Horse milk	0.05^*	0.05	0.1^*	Further consideration neededⁱ
1030000	Birds eggs	0.05^*	0.05^*	0.1^*	Further consideration neededⁱ
–	Other commodities of animal origin		–	–	Further consideration needed^h

Critical indoor GAPs for Northern and Southern Europe (including post‐harvest treatments)
Conventional crops
Crop		Region	Outdoor/indoor	Member state or country	Pest controlled	Formulation			Application										PHI or waiting period (days)	Comments (max. 250 characters)
Common name	Scientific name					Type	Content		Method	Growth stage		Number		Interval (days)		Rate
Common name	Scientific name					Type	Conc.	Unit	Method	From BBCH	Until BBCH	Min.	Max.	Min.	Max.	Min.	Max.	Unit
Strawberries	Fragaria × ananassa	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30
Blackberries	Rubus sect. Rubus	NEU/SEU	Indoor	ES					Soil treatment – spraying	0	0		2				3.60	g a.i./ha	n.a.	Treatments only in presowing/preplanting of crop
Dewberries	Rubus caesius	NEU/SEU	Indoor	ES					Soil treatment – spraying	0	0		2				3.60	g a.i./ha	n.a.	Treatments only in presowing/preplanting of crop
Raspberries	Rubus idaeus	NEU/SEU	Indoor	ES					Soil treatment – spraying	0	0		2				3.60	g a.i./ha	n.a.	Treatments only in presowing/preplanting of crop
Garlic	Allium sativum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Onions	Allium cepa Common Onion Group	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Shallots	Allium cepa Aggregatum Group, syn: Allium ascalonicum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Spring onions	Allium cepa Common Onion Group; Allium fistulosum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Tomatoes	Lycopersicon esculentum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Sweet peppers	Capsicum annuum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Aubergines	Solanum melongena	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Okra	Abelmoschus esculentus	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Cucumbers	Cucumis sativus	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Gherkins	Cucumis sativus	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Courgettes	Cucurbita pepo Zucchini Group	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Melons	Cucumis melo	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Pumpkins	Cucurbita maxima	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Watermelons	Citrullus vulgaris, syn: Citrullus lanatus	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Broccoli	Brassica oleracea var. italica	NEU/SEU	Indoor	IT	Emerged annual, biannual and perennial weeds	SL	360.0	g/L	Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)		0		2				3.60	g a.i./ha	n.a.	Application presowing or preplanting, or after harvest, end of cycle
Cauliflowers	Brassica oleracea var. botrytis	NEU/SEU	Indoor	IT	Emerged annual, biannual and perennial weeds	SL	360.0	g/L	Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)		0		2				3.60	kg a.i./ha	n.a.	Application presowing or preplanting, or after harvest, end of cycle
Brussels sprouts	Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera	NEU/SEU	Indoor	IT	Emerged annual, biannual and perennial weeds	SL	360.0	g/L	Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)		0		2				3.60	kg a.i./ha	n.a.	Application presowing or preplanting, or after harvest, end of cycle
Head cabbages	Brassica oleracea var. capitata	NEU/SEU	Indoor	IT	Emerged annual, biannual and perennial weeds	SL	360.0	g/L	Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)		0		2				3.60	kg a.i./ha	n.a.	Application presowing or preplanting, or after harvest, end of cycle
Chinese cabbages	Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis	NEU/SEU	Indoor	IT	Emerged annual, biannual and perennial weeds	SL	360.0	g/L	Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)		0		2				3.60	kg a.i./ha	n.a.	Application presowing or preplanting, or after harvest, end of cycle
Kales	Brassica oleracea var. sabellica; Brassica oleracea var. viridis	NEU/SEU	Indoor	ES					Soil treatment – spraying	0	0		2				3.60	kg a.i./ha	n.a.	Treatments only in presowing/preplanting of crop
Kohlrabies	Brassica oleracea var. gongylodes	NEU/SEU	Indoor	IT	Emerged annual, biannual and perennial weeds	SL	360.0	g/L	Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)		0		2				3.60	kg a.i./ha	n.a.	Application presowing or preplanting, or after harvest, end of cycle
Lamb's lettuces	Valerianella locusta	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Lettuces	Lactuca sativa	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Escaroles	Cichorium endivia var. latifolia	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Cresses	Lepidium sativum subsp. sativum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Land cresses	Barbarea verna	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Roman rocket	Eruca sativa	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Red mustards	Brassica juncea var. rugosa	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Baby leaf crops	Not specified	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Spinaches	Spinacia oleracea	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Purslanes	Portulaca oleracea	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Chards	Beta vulgaris var. flavescens	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Watercresses	Nasturtium officinale	NEU/SEU	Indoor	IT	Emerged annual, biannual and perennial weeds	SL	360.0	g/L	Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)	0	0		2				3.60	g a.i./ha	n.a.	Application presowing or preplanting, or after harvest, end of cycle
Chervil	Anthriscus cerefolium	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Chives	Allium schoenoprasum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Celery leaves	Apium g raveolens var. secalinum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Parsley	Petroselinum crispum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Sage	Salvia officinalis	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Rosemary	Rosmarinus officinalis	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Thyme	Thymus vulgaris	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Basil	Ocimum basilicum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Laurel	Laurus nobilis	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Tarragon	Artemisia dracunculus	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Beans (with pods)	Phaseolus vulgaris	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	g a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Beans (without pods)	Phaseolus vulgaris	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	g a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Peas (with pods)	Pisum sativum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	g a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Peas (without pods)	Pisum sativum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	g a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Lentils (fresh)	Lens culinaris, syn: Lens esculenta	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	g a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Asparagus	Asparagus officinalis	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Cardoons	Cynara cardunculus Cardoon group	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Celeries	Apium graveolens var. dulce	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Florence fennels	Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Leeks	Allium ampeloprasum ampeloprasum Leek Group, syn: Allium porrum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Rhubarbs	Rheum rhabarbarum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	g a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Bamboo shoots	Bambusa vulgaris; Phyllostachys edulis	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Palm hearts	Bactris gasipaes; Cocos nucifera; Daemonorops jenkinsiana; Euterpe edulis; Euterpe oleracea	NEU/SEU	Indoor	FR					Soil treatment – general (see also comment field)				1				2.52	kg a.i./ha	30	1 application per year (in‐between crop production periods)
Beans (dry)	Phaseolus vulgaris	NEU/SEU	Indoor	ES					Soil treatment – spraying	0	0	1	2				3.60	g a.i./ha	n.a.	Treatments only in presowing/preplanting of crop
Lentils (dry)	Lens culinaris, syn: Lens esculenta	NEU/SEU	Indoor	ES					Soil treatment – spraying	0	0	1	2				3.60	g a.i./ha	n.a.	Treatments only in presowing/preplanting of crop
Peas (dry)	Pisum sativum	NEU/SEU	Indoor	ES					Soil treatment – spraying	0	0	1	2				3.60	g a.i./ha	n.a.	Treatments only in presowing/preplanting of crop
Lupins (dry)	Lupinus albus subsp. albus; Lupinus angustifolius; Lupinus luteus; Lupinus mutabilis	NEU/SEU	Indoor	ES					Soil treatment – spraying	0	0	1	2				3.60	g a.i./ha	n.a.	Treatments only in presowing/preplanting of crop

Critical GAPs for import tolerances (non‐European indoor, outdoor or post‐harvest treatments)
EPSPS genetically modified crops
Crop		Region	Outdoor/indoor	Member state or country	Pest controlled	Formulation			Application										PHI or waiting period (days)	Comments
Common name	Scientific name					Type	Content		Method	Growth stage		Number		Interval (days)		Rate
Common name	Scientific name					Type	Conc.	Unit	Method	From BBCH	Until BBCH	Min.	Max.	Min.	Max.	Min.	Max.	Unit
Sweet corn	Zea mays convar. Saccharata	non‐EU	Outdoor	US		SL	360.0	g/L	Foliar treatment – broadcast spraying	9	18	1	3	10		0.63	1.70	kg a.i./ha	30
Cotton seeds	Gossypium barbadense; Gossypium herbaceum	non‐EU	Outdoor	US		SL	360.0	g/L	Foliar treatment – broadcast spraying	9	89	1	3				1.70	kg a.i./ha	7
Sugar beets	Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. altissima	non‐EU	Outdoor	US		SL	360.0	g/L	Foliar treatment – broadcast spraying	9	39	1	4	10		0.90	1.30	kg a.i./ha	30

Critical GAPs for import tolerances (non‐European indoor, outdoor or post‐harvest treatments)
GOX genetically modified crops
Crop		Region	Outdoor/ Indoor	Member state or country	Pest controlled	Formulation			Application										PHI or waiting period (days)	Comments
Common name	Scientific name					Type	Content		Method	Growth stage		Number		Interval (days)		Rate
Common name	Scientific name					Type	Conc.	Unit	Method	From BBCH	Until BBCH	Min.	Max.	Min.	Max.	Min.	Max.	Unit
Rapeseeds	Brassica napus subsp. napus	non‐EU	Outdoor	US		SL	540.0	g/L	Foliar treatment – broadcast spraying	9	31	1	2	60		0.43	0.87	kg a.i./ha	n.a.	Directions for winter canola varieties. One fall application up to 0.87 kg/ha, and one spring application up to 0.87 kg/ha up to bolting, for a combined post‐emergence total of 1.7 kg/ha

Critical GAPs for import tolerances (non‐European indoor, outdoor or post‐harvest treatments)
GAT genetically modified crops
Crop		Region	Outdoor/indoor	Member state or country	Pest controlled	Formulation			Application										PHI or waiting period (days)	Comments
Common name	Scientific name					Type	Content		Method	Growth stage		Number		Interval (days)		Rate
Common name	Scientific name					Type	Conc.	Unit	Method	From BBCH	Until BBCH	Min.	Max.	Min.	Max.	Min.	Max.	Unit
Rapeseeds	Brassica napus subsp. napus	non‐EU	Outdoor	US		SL	360.0	g/L	Foliar treatment – broadcast spraying	16	89	1	2			0.30	0.90	kg a.i./100 kg	7	According to the information available to EFSA, GAT GM rapeseed is currently not authorised for placing on the market within the EU (currently under assessment in the framework of Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003)

Crop groups	Crops	Applications	Sampling (DAT)
Conventional crops
Fruit crops	Mandarins	Soil or foliar, 1 × 2.24 kg/ha	119
		Hydroponic, 10 mg/L solution	7, 14
		Foliar, 1 × 4 mg/leaf	7–56
	Almonds Walnuts Pecans	Soil, 1 × 5.1 kg/ha	112
	Almonds Walnuts Pecans	Foliar, 1 × 0.1 mg/leaf	14, 35
	Apples	Soil, 1 × 3.4 kg/ha glyphosate or 1.7 kg/ha AMPA	42, 84
		Trunk, 1 × 0.09 mg/plant	8, 42
		Foliar, 1 × 0.005 mg/4–5 leaves	7 to 70
	Grapes	Soil spraying, 8 kg/ha split in 2 applications (glyphosate‐trimesium)	14, 365
		Foliar, 0.03 g/ha split in 2 applications	14
		Soil drench, 1 × 8 kg/ha (glyphosate‐trimesium)	7
		Soil, 1 × 3.4 kg/ha (glyphosate) or 1.7 kg/ha (AMPA)	42, 84
		Trunk, 1 × 0.04 mg/plant	42, 84
		Hydroponic, 5, 10, 20 or 40 mg/L solution	10, 21, 42
		Foliar, 1 × 0.01, 0.06 or 0.12 mg/plant	7 to 70
	Avocados	Onto the leaf, rate not reported	10
	Avocados	Into fruit peduncle, a 453000 cpm solution	Not reported
Root crops	Potatoes	Soil, 1 × 5.75 × 10⁸ dpm	9–128
	Potatoes	Foliar, 1 × 0.1 mg/plant	1–34
	Sugar beet	Soil, 1 × 4.5 kg/ha	28, 49, 56
Cereals/grass crops	Barley, Oat, Rice, Sorghum	Soil, 1 × 4.5 kg/ha	28, 49, 56
	Barley, Oat, Rice, Sorghum	Hydroponic, 0.183 mg/L solution	7, 14, 28
	Maize, Wheat	Soil, 1 × 4.5 kg/ha glyphosate or 1.7 kg/ha AMPA	28, 49, 56
		Hydroponic (solution or substrate), equivalent to 2.24 kg/ha	4, 10, 18
		Hydroponic, 0.6–2.4 mg/L solutions	6 to 28
	Wheat	Foliar, 1 × 6 kg/ha (glyphosate‐trimesium)	7
	Maize	Soil, 1 × 5.1 kg/ha (glyphosate‐trimesium) Study informative only	33, 48, 154
	Rice	Soil, 1 × 2.5 kg/ha	31, 47, 73, 122
Pulses/oilseeds	Cotton, Soya bean	1 × 4.5 kg/ha (glyphosate) or 1.7 kg/ha (AMPA)	28, 49, 56
		Hydroponic (solution or substrate), equivalent to 2.24 kg/ha	4, 10, 18
		Hydroponic, 2.4 to 2.65 mg/L solutions	6–28
	Soya bean	Soil drench, 1 × 8.4 kg/ha (glyphosate‐trimesium)	31, 97
		Foliar, not reported. Study informative only	0–14
		Soil, 1 × 4.35 kg/ha. Study informative only	Not reported
		Hydroponic, 4.4 mg/L solution Study informative only	9
Miscellaneous	Coffee	Soil, 1 × 4.5 kg/ha (glyphosate) or 4.5 kg/ha (AMPA)	28, 49, 56
		Hydroponic, 1.1, 3.6 or 11.1 mg/L solution	21
		Stem application, 700 g solution	35
		Foliar, 7.7 × 10⁶ to 1.5× 10⁷ dpm	21 to 35
	Sugarcane	Soil, 1 × 11.2 kg/ha, preplanting	195, 354
		Soil, 1 × 3.4 or 6.7 kg/ha, post‐planting	0, 91, 83
		Foliar, 1 × 5.6 or 11.2 kg/ha, post‐emergence	40, 42, 44, 47
	Pasture	Soil, 1 × 4.5 kg/ha. Study informative only	42, 84, 126, 168 and 224
		Preplanting weed spraying, 1.7 kg/ha Study informative only	42, 84, 126 168
		Foliar, 1.1 kg/ha Study informative only	63, 105 and 161
		Foliar, 1.1 kg/ha. Study informative only	7
EPSPS & GOX tolerant crops
Pulses/oilseeds	Oilseed rape (EPSPS and GOX)	Foliar, 1 × 0.455 kg/ha, BBCH 14	87
	Oilseed rape (EPSPS and GOX)	Foliar, 2 × 0.9 kg/ha, 14 and 22 days after planting	79
	Soya bean (EPSPS)	Soil, 1× 5.4 kg/ha	56, 84, 104
		Foliar, 1× 0.84 kg/ha (BBCH 23)	35, 63, 83
		Foliar, 0.84 (BBCH 23) + 1.68 kg/ha (BBCH 51)	13, 41, 61
		4.2 kg/ha (presowing) + 1.26 kg/ha (BBCH 13)	14
		4.2 kg/ha (presowing) + 1.26 kg/ha (BBCH 13) + 1.26 kg/ha (BBCH 65)	0, 60
	Cotton (EPSPS)	Foliar, 930 (BBCH 14) + 1260 g/ha, (BBCH 16)	27, 158
	Cotton (EPSPS)	2.5 kg/ha (pre‐emergence) + 2× 1.7 kg/ha (BBCH 15 and 19) + 0.84 (7 days preharvest)	168
Root	Sugar beet (EPSPS)	1× 0.9 kg/ha (pre‐emergence) + 1.08 kg/ha (BBCH 19)	160
Root	Sugar beet (EPSPS)	Foliar, 1× 1.08 kg/ha (BBCH 14) + 1.08 kg/ha (BBCH 19)	92
Cereal	Maize (EPSPS and GOX)	Foliar, 1× 0.9 kg/ha (BBCH 16) + 0.8 kg/ha (BBCH 19)	3, 49–53, 83
	Maize (EPSPS)	1× 4.2 kg/ha (after sowing) + 3× 0.84 kg/ha	65, 96, 131
GAT tolerant crops
Crop groups	Crops	Applications	Sampling
Pulses/oilseeds	Oilseed rape	4.5 kg/ha (pre‐emergence) + 3× 1.9 kg/ha (BBCH 12 and 15 and 7 days preharvest)	At BBCH 69, 87, 89 (7 DALA)
Pulses/oilseeds	Soya bean	3.4 kg/ha (pre‐emergence) + 1.5 (BBCH 61) + 2.4 (BBCH 65) + 0.9 kg/ha (14 days preharvest)	36 DATsoil, 82 DAT₂, 14 DALA
Cereal	Maize	4.3 kg/ha (pre‐emergence) + 3× 1.1 kg/ha (at BBCH 31, 39 and 87)	48 DATsoil, 59 DAT₂, 7 DALA
Sources: Germany (2015, 2017)

Rotational crops (available studies)	Crop groups	Crop(s)	Application(s)	PBI (DAT)
	Root/tuber crops	Beets	Soil before sowing soybeans or wheat (primary), 4.5 kg/ha	120
			Soil before sowing cabbages (primary), 4.5 kg/ha	360
			Soil before sowing soybeans (primary), 2 × 4.5 kg/ha	30
		Carrots	Foliar on rye grass, 4.2 kg/ha	30, 120, 365
			Foliar on peas (primary), 4.5 kg/ha	1–23
			Foliar on cabbages (primary), 4.5 kg/ha	1–23
		Radishes	Bare soil, 6.5 kg a.s./ha	30, 120, 365
			Foliar on soybean (primary), 4.4 kg/ha + bare soil 1.4 kg/ha + 0.75 kg ha (glyphosate‐trimesium)	63, 308
			Foliar on soybean (primary), 1 × 3.87 kg/ha (glyphosate‐trimesium)	35
	Leafy crops	Cabbages	Foliar on peas (primary), 4.5 kg/ha	1–23
			Foliar on carrots (primary), 4.5 kg/ha	1–23
			Soil before sowing beets (primary), 4.5 kg/ha	120
			Soil before sowing soybeans (primary), 4.5 kg/ha	360
			Soil before sowing cabbages (primary), 2 × 4.5 kg/ha	30
		Lettuces	Foliar on rye grass, 4.2 kg/ha.	30, 120, 365
			Bare soil, 6.5 kg a.s./ha	30, 120, 365
			Foliar on soybean (primary), 4.4 kg/ha + bare soil 1.4 kg/ha + 0.75 kg ha (glyphosate‐trimesium)	63, 308
			Foliar on soybean (primary), 1 × 3.87 kg/ha (glyphosate‐trimesium)	35
	Cereal (small grain)	Barley	Foliar on rye grass, 4.2 kg/ha	30, 120, 365
		Maize	Foliar on beans (primary), 4.5 kg/ha	1–23
		Wheat	bare soil, 6.5 kg a.s./ha	30, 120, 365
			Soil before sowing cabbages (primary), 4.5 kg/ha	120
			Soil before sowing beets (primary), 4.5 kg/ha	360
			Soil before sowing wheat (primary), 2 × 4.5 kg/ha	30
			Foliar on soybean (primary), 4.4 kg/ha + bare soil 1.4 kg/ha + 0.75 kg ha (glyphosate‐trimesium)	63, 308
			Foliar on soybean (primary), 1× 3.87 kg/ha (glyphosate‐trimesium)	35
	Other	Legumes beans and legumes peas	Foliar on carrots (primary), 4.5 kg/ha	1–23
	Other	Legumes beans and legumes peas	foliar on cabbages (primary), 4.5 kg/ha	1–23
	Source: Germany, 2015
Processed commodities (hydrolysis study)	Conditions			Investigated?
	Pasteurisation (20 min, 90°C, pH 4)			Yes
	Baking, brewing and boiling (60 min, 100°C, pH 5)			Yes
	Sterilisation (20 min, 120°C, pH 6)			Yes
	Parent and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate were found to be stable. AMPA was not investigated Source: Germany, 2015

Can a general residue definition be proposed for primary crops?	No
Rotational crop and primary crop metabolism similar?	Yes
Residue pattern in processed commodities similar to residue pattern in raw commodities?	Yes
Plant residue definition for monitoring (RD‐Mo)	Main RD‐enforcement: – For plants with glyphosate tolerant genetically modified varieties currently available on the market (sweet corn, cotton seeds, sugar beets, rapeseeds, maize and soybeans): sum of glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate, expressed as glyphosate – For all other plant commodities: glyphosate Optional RD‐enforcement: – For all plant commodities (including plants with glyphosate tolerant genetically modified varieties currently available on the market): sum of glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate, expressed as glyphosate
Plant residue definition for risk assessment (RD‐RA)	Sum of glyphosate, AMPA, N‐acetyl‐glyphosate and N‐acetyl‐AMPA, expressed as glyphosate
Conversion factor (monitoring to risk assessment)	See Appendix B.1.2
Methods of analysis for monitoring of residues (analytical technique, crop groups, LOQs)	HPLC‐MS/MS; high water and high oil content, acidic and dry commodities; LOQ = 0.05 mg/kg each for glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate; ILV available for glyphosate (Germany, 2017; EFSA, 2015). Confirmatory methods for AMPA (in all matrices) and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate (in high water and high fat content matrices and dry commodities) not available. A fully validated analytical method in complex matrices is not available.

Category	Commodity	T (°C)	Stability (months)	Source
Glyphosate
High water content	Tomatoes	–18	31 months	Germany (2015)
High oil content	Soybeans	–20	24 months	Germany (2015)
Dry/high protein	Dry beans	–18	18 months	Germany (2015)
Dry/high starch	Sorghum grain	–20	48 months	Germany (2015)
High acid content	Oranges	–18	24 months	Germany (2015)
Other	Rye straw	–20	45 months	Germany (2015)
AMPA
High water content	Soybean forage	–18	24 months	Germany (2015)
High oil content	Soybean	–20	24 months	Germany (2015)
Dry/high protein	–	–	–	–
Dry/high starch	Maize grain	−18	31 months	Germany (2015)
High acid content	Oranges	−18	24 months	Germany (2015)
Other	Soybeans straw	−20	24 months	Germany (2015)
N ‐acetyl‐glyphosate
High water content	Soybean forage, maize green plant and forage	−20	12 months	Germany (2015), Germany (2017)
High oil content	Soybean seeds	−20	12 months	Germany (2015), Germany (2017)
Dry/high protein	–	–	–	–
Dry/high starch	Maize grain	−20	12 months	Germany (2015), Germany (2017)
High acid content	–	–	–	–
Other	Soybean hay Soybean hay, maize stover	−20	12 months	Germany (2015), Germany (2017)
N ‐acetyl‐AMPA
High water content	Maize stover Soybean forage, maize green plant and forage	−20	12 months	Germany (2015), Germany (2017)
High oil content	Soybean seeds	−20	18 months	Germany (2017)
Dry/high protein	–	–	–	–
Dry/high starch	Maize grain	−20	23 months	Germany (2017)
High acid content	–	–	–	–
Other	Soybean hay, maize stover	−20	12 months	Germany (2017)

Crop	Region/indoor^a	Residue levels observed in the supervised residue trials relevant to the supported GAPs (mg/kg)	Recommendations/comments (OECD calculations)	MRL proposals(mg/kg)	HR_Mo (mg/kg)^b	STMR_Mo (mg/kg)^c	CF^d
Genetically modified EPSPS cropsRD‐enforcement main = RD‐enforcement optional: sum of glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate, expressed as glyphosate
Sweet corn	Import (US)	Mo: 0.185; 0.205; 0.33; 0.43; 0.58; 1.0; 1.3; 1.45 RA: –	Trials on sweet corn with three applications at 4, 0.86 and 1.7 kg/ha considered acceptable since first applications done at an early growth stage is not expected to have a significant impact on the final residue level (Germany, 2017). Residues analysed only for glyphosate and AMPA acceptable since N‐acetyl‐glyphosate and N‐acetyl‐AMPA are not expected in EPSPS crops. MRL_OECD = 2.68	3^e ^, ^f (tentative)	1.45	0.51	1.0
Cotton seeds	Import (US)	Mo: 14.1; 7.7; 20; 21.6; 22.4; 17.5; 8.0; 6.2; 17.7; 23.7; 25.2; 30.9; 13.0; 18.8; 14.1; 7.6; 23.9 RA: –	Trials on cotton seeds performed with higher dose rate at first application (3.3 kg/ha instead of 1.7) considered acceptable since the first application done at an early growth stage is not expected to have a significant impact on the final residue level (Germany, 2017). Residues analysed only for glyphosate and AMPA acceptable since N‐acetyl‐glyphosate and N‐acetyl‐AMPA are not expected in EPSPS crops. MRL_OECD = 51.6	60^e ^, ^f (tentative)	30.9	17.7	1.0
Sugar beets roots	Import (US)	–	No data available.	–	–	–	–
Sugar beets tops	Import (US)	–	Sugar beet tops not relevant for import tolerance GAP.	–	–	–	–
Soybeans Maize	–	–	According to the EU Register of authorised GMOs, the import of EPSPS maize and EPSPS soybeans is authorised in EU. Nevertheless, as no import tolerances on these GM crops were reported by MSs during the GAP collection phase, it was not possible to derive an MRL based on these uses	–	–	–	–

Processed commodity	Number of studies^a	Processing factor (PF)		CF_P ^b
Processed commodity	Number of studies^a	Individual values	Median PF	CF_P ^b
Conventional crops (main residue definition)
Robust processing factors (sufficiently supported by data)
Citrus, juice	6	0.45; < 0.71; < 0.83; < 0.83; 0.83; < 1	0.83	1^c
Citrus, peel	6	< 0.83; 2.3; 2.8; 3.1; 3.1; 5.0	3	1^c
Citrus, dry pomace^d	6	1.4; 1.8; 1.8; 3.3; 4.9; 5.3	2.6	1^c
Citrus, press liquor	6	< 0.83; 1.7; 1.9; 2.1; 2.3; 2.7	2	1^c
Olives, crude oil	19	2× < 0.03; < 0.04; 4× < 0.05; 2× < 0.06; < 0.09; 2× < 0.13; < 0.17; < 0.25; < 0.35; < 0.38; < 0.42; 2× < 0.63	0.09	1^c
Olives, refined oil	6	2× < 0.05; 0.09; < 0.35; < 0.38; < 0.42	0.22	1^c
Linseed, oil	4	< 0.1; < 0.18; 2× < 0.31	0.25	1^c
Linseed, press cake	4	1.1; < 1.5; 2×1.6	1.6	1^c
Rapeseed, crude oil	4	< 0.1; < 0.13; < 0.15; < 0.27	0.14	1^c
Rapeseed, refined oil	5	< 0.05; < 0.1; < 0.13; < 0.15; < 0.27	0.13	1^c
Rapeseed, press cake	5	1.2; < 1.3; 1.4; 1.5; 2.2	1.4	1^c
Maize, fat free meal	4	1.0; 1.0; 1.2; 1.2	1.1	1
Maize, crude oil	4	< 0.05; < 0.08; < 0.11; < 0.14	0.1	1
Maize, refined oil	4	< 0.05; < 0.08; < 0.11; < 0.14	0.1	1
Rye, bran	4	0.17; 1.3; 1.7; 4.8	1.5	1
Rye, flour	4	0.11, 0.33; 0.55; 1.5	0.44	1.1
Rye, wholemeal flour	4	0.01; 0.89; 1.1; 4.4	1	1.1
Rye, wholemeal bread	4	0.07; 0.48; 0.78; 2.6	0.63	1
Rye, middlings	4	0.07; 1.2; 1.5; 7.8	1.35	1
Wheat, bran	13	0.96; 1.2; 1.3; 1.3; 1.6; 1.7; 1.8; 1.8; 1.8; 1.9; 2.0; 2.3; 2.8	1.8	1
Wheat, flour	13	0.08; 0.12; 0.17; 0.29; 0.52; 0.55; 0.57; 0.58; 0.63; 0.72; 0.72; 0.77; 0.92	0.57	1
Grass, hay	6	2× 0.8; 1.0; 1.2; 2 × 1.7	1.1	1
Grass, silage	7	0.6; 2 × 0.7; 3 × 0.9; 1.2	0.9	1
Indicative processing factors (limited dataset)
Soya beans, fat free meal	2	0.95; 1.0	0.98	1.2
Soya beans, hulls	2	4.4; 5.2	4.8	1.1
Soya beans, crude oil	2	< 0.01; 0.01	0.01	1
Maize, flour	2	0.9; 0.9	0.9	1
Wheat, wholemeal flour	2	0.54; 1.7	1.1	1^c
Wheat, wholemeal bread	2	0.34; 0.39	0.37	1^c
Wheat, middlings	2	0.32; 0.89	0.61	1^c
Wheat, semolina	2	0.14; 0.16	0.15	1^c
Wheat, semolina bran	2	1.4; 2.2	1.8	1^c
Genetically modified GAT crops
Robust processing factors (sufficiently supported by data)
Rapeseed, refined oil	3	< 0.004; 2×< 0.01	0.01	1
Rapeseed, press cake	3	1.6; 1.5; 0.31	1.5	1

Relevant groups	Dietary burden expressed in				Most critical diet^a	Most critical commodity^a	Trigger exceeded(Y/N)
	mg/kg bw per day		mg/kg DM
	Med.	Max.	Med.	Max.
Cattle (all diets)	1.81	13.2	47.2	342	Cattle (dairy)	Grass, forage (fresh)	Yes
Cattle (dairy only)	1.81	13.2	47.2	342	Cattle (dairy)	Grass, forage (fresh)	Yes
Sheep (all diets)	2.1	17.7	62.7	530	Sheep (ram/ewe)	Grass, forage (fresh)	Yes
Sheep (ewe only)	2.1	17.7	62.7	530	Sheep (ram/ewe)	Grass, forage (fresh)	Yes
Swine (all diets)	0.58	2.85	25.1	123	Swine (breeding)	Grass, forage (fresh)	Yes
Poultry (all diets)	1.16	2.28	17.0	33.4	Poultry (layer)	Wheat, straw	Yes
Poultry (layer only)	1.16	2.28	17.0	33.4	Poultry (layer)	Wheat, straw	Yes

Animal commodity	Residues at the closest feeding level (mg/kg)		Estimated value at 1N		MRL proposal (mg/kg)	CF^c
Animal commodity	Mean	Highest	STMR^a (mg/kg)	HR^b (mg/kg)	MRL proposal (mg/kg)	CF^c
Cattle (all diets) – Closest feeding level (19.4 mg/kg bw per day; 1.5N dietary burden)^d
Muscle	0.20	0.20	0.17	0.18	0.2^e(tentative)	1
Fat	0.20	0.22	< 0.2	< 0.2	0.2^*, ^e ^, ^f (tentative)	1
Liver	0.71	0.85	0.54	0.69	0.7^e ^, ^f (tentative)	1
Kidney	8.39	10.2	0.69	6.82	7^e ^, ^f (tentative)	1
Cattle (dairy only) – Closest feeding level (19.4 mg/kg bw per day; 1.5N dietary burden)^d
Milk^g	0.10	n.a.	< 0.1	< 0.1	0.1^*, ^e (tentative)	1
Sheep (all diets)^h – Closest feeding level (19.4 mg/kg bw; 1.1N dietary burden)^d
Muscle	0.20	0.20	0.17	0.19	0.2^e (tentative)	1
Fat	0.20	0.22	0.17	0.21	0.3^e ^, ^f (tentative)	1
Liver	0.71	0.85	0.54	0.81	0.9^e ^, ^f (tentative)	1
Kidney	8.39	10.2	0.81	9.28	10^e ^, ^f (tentative)	1
Sheep (dairy only)^h – Closest feeding level (19.4 mg/kg bw; 1.1N dietary burden)^d
Milk^g	0.10	n.a.	< 0.1	< 0.1	0.1^*, ^e (tentative)	1
Swine – Closest feeding level (3.91 mg/kg bw per day; 1.4N rate)ⁱ
Muscle	< 0.17	< 0.17	< 0.17	< 0.17	0.2^e (tentative)	1
Fat	< 0.17	< 0.17	< 0.2	< 0.2	0.2^*, ^e ^, ^f (tentative)	1
Liver	0.42	0.46	< 0.17	0.35	0.4^e ^, ^f (tentative)	1
kidney	3.07	3.58	0.22	2.46	3^e ^, ^f (tentative)	1
Poultry (all diets) – Closest feeding level (2.96 mg/kg bw per day; 1.3N rate)^j
Muscle	< 0.17	< 0.17	< 0.17	< 0.17	0.2^e (tentative)	1
Fat	< 0.17	< 0.17	< 0.2	< 0.2	0.2^*, ^e ^, ^f (tentative)	1
Liver	0.19	0.20	< 0.2	< 0.2	0.2^*, ^e ^, ^f (tentative)	1
Poultry (layer only) – Closest feeding level (2.96 mg/kg bw per day; 1.3N rate)^j
Eggs	< 0.10	< 0.10	< 0.10	< 0.10	0.1^*, ^e (tentative)	1

Feed commodity	Median dietary burden		Maximum dietary burden
Feed commodity	Input value (mg/kg)	Comment	Input value (mg/kg)	Comment
Risk assessment residue definition: sum of glyphosate, AMPA, N‐acetyl‐glyphosate and N‐acetyl‐AMPA, expressed as glyphosate
Alfalfa, forage (green)	0.05^*	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.05^*	HR × CF (tentative)
Alfalfa, hay (fodder)	0.05^*	STMR × CF^a (tentative)	0.05^*	HR × CF^a (tentative)
Alfalfa, meal	0.05^*	STMR × CF^a (tentative)	0.05^*	HR × CF^a (tentative)
Alfalfa, silage	0.05^*	STMR × CF^a (tentative)	0.05^*	HR × CF^a (tentative)
Barley, straw	57.8	STMR × CF (tentative)	140	HR × CF (tentative)
Beet, mangel, fodder	0.05^*	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.05^*	HR × CF (tentative)
Beet, sugar, tops	0.2^*	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.2^*	HR × CF (tentative)
Cabbage, heads, leaves	0.05^*	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.05^*	HR × CF (tentative)
Clover, forage	0.05^*	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.05^*	HR × CF (tentative)
Clover, hay	0.05^*	STMR × CF^a (tentative)	0.05^*	HR × CF^a (tentative)
Clover, silage	0.05^*	STMR × CF^a (tentative)	0.05^*	HR × CF^a (tentative)
Grass, forage (fresh)	16	STMR × CF (tentative)	139	HR × CF (tentative)
Grass, hay	20.5	STMR × CF × PF (1.1) (tentative)	153	HR × CF × PF (1.1) (tentative)
Grass, silage	16.7	STMR × CF × PF (0.9)(tentative)	125	HR × CF × PF (0.9) (tentative)
Kale, leaves (forage)	0.05^*	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.05^*	HR × CF (tentative)
Oat, straw	57.8	STMR × CF (tentative)	140	HR × CF (tentative)
Rye, straw	30.5	STMR × CF (tentative)	175	HR × CF (tentative)
Triticale, straw	30.5	STMR × CF (tentative)	175	HR × CF (tentative)
Turnip, tops (leaves)	0.05^*	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.05^*	HR × CF (tentative)
Wheat, straw	30.5	STMR × CF (tentative)	175	HR × CF (tentative)
Carrot, culls	0.05^*	STMR × CF	0.05^*	HR × CF
Cassava/tapioca	0.05^*	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.05^*	HR × CF (tentative)
Potato, culls	0.07	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.59	HR × CF (tentative)
Swede, roots	0.05^*	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.05^*	HR × CF (tentative)
Turnip, roots	0.05^*	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.05^*	HR × CF (tentative)
Barley, grain	10.7	STMR × CF	10.7	HR × CF
Bean, seed (dry)	0.14	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.14	STMR × CF (tentative)
Corn, field (Maize), grain	0.93	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.93	STMR × CF (tentative)
Corn, pop, grain	0.93	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.93	STMR × CF (tentative)
Cotton, undelinted seed	17.7	STMR × CF (EPSPS, tentative)	17.7	STMR × CF (EPSPS, tentative)
Cowpea, seed	0.14	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.14	STMR × CF (tentative)
Lupin, seed	0.14	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.14	STMR × CF (tentative)
Millet, grain	0.89	STMR × CF	0.89	STMR × CF
Oat, grain	10.7	STMR × CF	10.7	STMR × CF (tentative)
Pea (Field pea), seed (dry)	0.14	STMR × CF (tentative)	0.14	STMR × CF (tentative)
Rye, grain	0.81	STMR × CF	0.81	STMR × CF
Sorghum, grain	0.89	STMR × CF	0.89	STMR × CF
Triticale, grain	0.81	STMR × CF	0.81	STMR × CF

Crop	Region/indoor^a	Residue levels observed in the supervised residue trials relevant to the supported GAPs (mg/kg)	Recommendations/comments (OECD calculations)	MRL proposals(mg/kg)	HR_Mo (mg/kg)^b	STMR_Mo (mg/kg)^c	CF^d
Genetically modified GOX cropsRD‐enforcement main = RD‐enforcement optional: sum of glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate, expressed as glyphosate
Rapeseeds	Import (US)	–	No residue trials available.	–	–	–	–

Animal	Dose(mg/kg bw per day)	Duration(days)	N rate/comment
Glyphosate
Laying hen	18.2	5–7	8N compared to maximum dietary burden poultry
	0.067–7.1	4	Informative only (residues not sufficiently identified)
Lactating goat	7.1–8.0	5	0.5–0.6N compared to maximum dietary burden sheep
Glyphosate and AMPA (9:1)
Laying hen	9.7 glyphosate + 1.03 AMPA	7	5N compared to maximum dietary burden poultry
	32.2 glyphosate + 3.4 AMPA	7	16N compared to maximum dietary burden poultry
Lactating goat	4.1 glyphosate + 0.45 AMPA	5	0.3N compared to maximum dietary burden sheep
Glyphosate‐trimesium
Laying hen	4.1	10	2N compared to maximum dietary burden poultry
Lactating goat	2.6	7	0.2N compared to maximum dietary burden sheep
	2.0^a	4	Informative only (residues not sufficiently identified)
N ‐acetyl‐glyphosate
Laying hen	4.5	7	2N compared to maximum dietary burden poultry
Lactating goat	6.8	5	0.5N compared to maximum dietary burden sheep
Sources: Germany (2015, 2017)

Time needed to reach a plateau concentration in milk and eggs (days)	Milk: < 7 daysEggs: 14 days (based on 28‐day feeding study, no plateau reached within 8 days in metabolism studies)
Metabolism in rat and ruminant similar (Yes/No)	Yes
Animal residue definition for monitoring (RD‐Mo)	Sum of glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate, expressed as glyphosate
Animal residue definition for risk assessment (RD‐RA)	Sum of glyphosate, AMPA, N‐acetyl‐glyphosate and N‐acetyl‐AMPA, expressed as glyphosate
Conversion factor (monitoring to risk assessment)	See Appendix B.2.2.1
Fat soluble residues (Yes/No)	No
Methods of analysis for monitoring of residues(analytical technique, crop groups, LOQs)	HPLC‐MS/MS; ILV available; LOQ for glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate: 0.025 mg/kg each in meat, milk and egg and 0.05 mg/kg each in liver, kidney and fat. A confirmatory GC‐MS method is only available for glyphosate in milk, eggs and meat. A confirmatory method for glyphosate in fat and in liver/kidney as well as a confirmatory method for AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate in all matrices is missing.

Animal	Commodity	T (°C)	Stability (Months/years)
Glyphosate
swine	Fat	−20	26 months
swine	Muscle	−20	26 months
swine	Liver	−20	26 months
swine	Kidney	−20	26 months
cow	Milk	−20	16 months
chicken	Egg	−20	≤ 14 months
AMPA
swine	Fat	−20	26 months
swine	Muscle	−20	26 months
swine	Liver	−20	26 months
swine	Kidney	−20	26 months
cow	Milk	−20	16 months
chicken	Egg	−20	≤ 14 months
Source: Germany, 2015 Storage stability of N‐acetyl‐glyphosate and N‐acetyl‐AMPA not investigated.

ADI	0.5 mg/kg bw per day (EFSA, 2015)
Highest IEDI, according to EFSA PRIMo	Scenario 1 (considering the main RD‐monitoring): 9.1% ADI (WHO, cluster diet B) Scenario 2 (considering the optional RD‐monitoring): 9.9% ADI (WHO, cluster diet B)
Assumptions made for the calculations	Scenario 1 (considering the main RD‐monitoring): The calculation is based on the median residue levels and conversion factors in the raw agricultural commodities derived from the reported uses on conventional and genetically modified crops. For those commodities where data were insufficient to derive a MRL, EFSA considered the existing EU MRL multiplied by a conversion factor for an indicative calculation. For sunflower, soyabeans and mustard seed, the conversion factor of 1.1 (as derived from trials performed on other oildseeds) was considered. For buckwheat and rice grain, the conversion factor of 2.3 (as derived from trials performed on other cereals) was considered. For cultivated fungi, the conversion factor of 2.3 (worst‐case CF derived in this review) was considered. The contributions of commodities where no GAP was reported in the framework of this review were not included in the calculation. Scenario 2 (considering the optional RD‐monitoring): The calculation is based on the median residue levels in the raw agricultural commodities derived from the reported uses on conventional and genetically modified crops and expressed under the optional residue definition for monitoring (i.e. including glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate for all commodities). No CF was considered because residues of N‐acetyl‐AMPA above the LOQ are not expected. For MRLs proposed at the LOQ, risk assessment was performed considering a combinded LOQ (summing up individual LOQs of glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate). For those commodities where data were insufficient to derive a MRL, EFSA considered the existing EU MRL.
ARfD	0.5 mg/kg bw (EFSA, 2015)
Highest IESTI, according to EFSA PRIMo	Scenario 1 (considering the main RD‐monitoring): 55.7% ARfD (dry beans) Scenario 2 (considering the optional RD‐monitoring): 55.7% ARfD (dry beans)
Assumptions made for the calculations	Scenario 1 (considering the main RD‐monitoring): The calculation is based on the highest residue levels and conversion factors in the raw agricultural commodities derived from the reported uses on conventional and genetically modified crops. For those commodities where data were insufficient to derive a MRL, EFSA considered the existing EU MRL multiplied by a conversion factor for an indicative calculation, as follows. For sunflower, soyabeans and mustard seed, the conversion factor of 1.1 (as derived from trials performed on other oilseeds) was considered. For buckwheat and rice grain, the conversion factor of 2.3 (as derived from trials performed on other cereals) was considered. For cultivated fungi, the conversion factor of 2.3 (worst‐case CF derived in this review) was considered. The contributions of commodities where no GAP was reported in the framework of this review were not included in the calculation.Scenario 2 (considering the optional RD‐monitoring): The calculation is based on the highest residue levels in the raw agricultural commodities derived from the reported uses on conventional and genetically modified crops and expressed under the optional residue definition for monitoring (i.e. including glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate for all commodities). No CF was considered because residues of N‐acetyl‐AMPA above the LOQ are not expected. For MRLs proposed at the LOQ, risk assessment was performed considering a combinded LOQ (summing up individual LOQs of glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate). For those commodities where data were insufficient to derive a MRL, EFSA considered the existing EU MRL.

Commodity	Chronic risk assessment			Acute risk assessment
Commodity	Input value (mg/kg) (main RD‐Mo)	Comment	Input value (mg/kg) (opt. RD‐Mo)	Input value (mg/kg) (main RD‐Mo)	Comment	Input value (mg/kg) (opt. RD‐Mo)
Risk assessment residue definition: sum of glyphosate, AMPA, N‐acetyl‐glyphosate and N‐acetyl‐AMPA, expressed as glyphosate
Grapefruits	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Oranges	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Lemons	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Limes	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Mandarins	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Almonds	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Brazil nuts	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Cashew nuts	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Chestnuts	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Coconuts	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Hazelnuts/cobnuts	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Macadamias	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Pecans	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Pine nut kernels	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Pistachios	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Walnuts	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Apples	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Pears	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Quinces	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Medlars	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Loquats/Japanese medlars	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Apricots	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Cherries (sweet)	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Peaches	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Plums	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Table grapes	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Wine grapes	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Strawberries	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Blackberries	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Dewberries	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Raspberries (red and yellow)	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Blueberries	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Cranberries	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Currants (black, red and white)	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Gooseberries (green, red and yellow)	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Rose hips	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Mulberries (black and white)	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Azaroles/Mediterranean medlars	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Elderberries	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Figs	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Table olives	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Kumquats	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Kaki/Japanese persimmons	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Kiwi fruits (green, red, yellow)	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Litchis/lychees	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Passionfruits/maracujas	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Avocados	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Bananas	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Mangoes	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Papayas	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Granate apples/pomegranates	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Cherimoyas	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Potatoes	0.07	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.59	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.71)
Cassava roots/manioc	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Sweet potatoes	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Yams	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Arrowroots	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Beetroots	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Carrots	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Celeriacs/turnip rooted celeries	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Horseradishes	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Jerusalem artichokes	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Parsnips	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Parsley roots/Hamburg roots parsley	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Radishes	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Salsifies	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Swedes/rutabagas	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Turnips	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Garlic	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Onions	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Shallots	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Spring onions/green onions and Welsh onions	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Tomatoes	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Sweet peppers/bell peppers	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Aubergines/eggplants	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Okra/lady's fingers	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Cucumbers	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Gherkins	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Courgettes	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Melons	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Pumpkins	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Watermelons	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Sweet corn	0.51	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (GM EPSPS, tentative)	(0.51)	1.45	HR_Mo × CF (1) (GM EPSPS, tentative)	(1.45)
Broccoli	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Cauliflowers	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Brussels sprouts	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Head cabbages	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Chinese cabbages/pe‐tsai	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Kales	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Kohlrabies	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Lamb's lettuces/corn salads	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Lettuces	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Escaroles/broadleaved endives	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Cresses and other sprouts and shoots	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Land cresses	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Roman rocket/rucola	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Red mustards	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Baby leaf crops (including brassica species)	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Spinaches	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Purslanes	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Chards/beet leaves	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Grape leaves and similar species	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Watercresses	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Witloofs/Belgian endives	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Chervil	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Chives	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Celery leaves	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Parsley	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Sage	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Rosemary	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Thyme	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Basil and edible flowers	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Laurel/bay leave	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Tarragon	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Beans (with pods)	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Beans (without pods)	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Peas (with pods)	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Peas (without pods)	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Lentils (fresh)	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Asparagus	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Cardoons	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Celeries	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Florence fennels	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Globe artichokes	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Leeks	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Rhubarbs	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Bamboo shoots	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Palm hearts	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Cultivated fungi	0.23	EU MRL × CF (2.3)^b	(0.2^*)	0.23	EU MRL × CF (2.3)^b	(0.2^*)
Wild fungi	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Beans (dry)	0.14	STMR_Mo × CF (2) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	15.2	HR_Mo × CF (2) (tentative)	(15.2)
Lentils (dry)	1.45	STMR_Mo × CF (2) (tentative)	(1.46)	15.2	HR_Mo × CF (2) (tentative)	(15.2)
Peas (dry)	0.14	STMR_Mo × CF (2) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	15.2	HR_Mo × CF (2) (tentative)	(15.2)
Lupins/lupini beans (dry)	0.14	STMR_Mo × CF (2) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	15.2	HR_Mo × CF (2) (tentative)	(15.2)
Linseeds	1.28	STMR_Mo × CF (1.1)	(1.28)	12.8	HR_Mo × CF (1.1)	(11.9)
Peanuts/groundnuts	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Poppy seeds	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Sesame seeds	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Sunflower seeds	22	EU MRL × CF (1.1)^a	(20)	22	EU MRL × CF (1.1)^a	(20)
Rapeseeds/canola seeds	1.24	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(1.24)	11.9	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(11.9)
Soyabeans	22	EU MRL × CF (1.1)^a	(22)	22	EU MRL × CF (1.1)^a	(22)
Mustard seeds	11	EU MRL × CF (1.1)^a	(10)	11	EU MRL × CF (1.1)^a	(10)
Cotton seeds	17.7	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (GM EPSPS, tentative)	(17.7)	30.9	HR_Mo × CF (1) (GM EPSPS, tentative)	(30.9)
Pumpkin seeds	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Safflower seeds	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Borage seeds	0.65	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.70)	6.80	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(6.85)
Gold of pleasure seeds	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Hemp seeds	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Castor beans	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Olives for oil production	0.42	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.53)	16	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(16.1)
Oil palms kernels	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Oil palms fruits	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Kapok	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(0.2^*)
Barley grains	10.7	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(10.8)	21.4	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(21.6)
Buckwheat and other pseudo‐cereal grains	0.23	EU MRL × CF (2.3)^a	(0.2^*)	0.23	EU MRL × CF (2.3)^a	(0.2^*)
Maize/corn grains	0.93	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.93)	1.73	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(1.73)
Common millet/proso millet grains	0.89	STMR_Mo × CF (2.3)	(0.94)	1.73	HR_Mo × CF (2.3)	(1.77)
Oat grains	10.7	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(10.8)	21.4	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(21.6)
Rice grains	0.23	EU MRL × CF (2.3)^a	(0.2^*)	0.23	EU MRL × CF (2.3)^a	(0.2^*)
Rye grains	0.81	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(1.06)	17.5	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(18.1)
Sorghum grains	0.89	STMR_Mo × CF (2.3)	(0.94)	1.73	HR_Mo × CF (2.3)	(1.77)
Wheat grains	0.81	STMR_Mo × CF (1)	(1.06)	17.5	HR_Mo × CF (1)	(18.1)
Teas	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Coffee beans	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Herbal infusions from flowers	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Herbal infusions from leaves and herbs	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Herbal infusions from roots	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Carobs/Saint John's breads	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Hops	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Seed spices	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Fruit spices	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Bark spices	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Root and rhizome spices	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Bud spices	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Flower pistil spices	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Aril spices	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Sugar beet roots	0.2^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.2^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Sugarcanes	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Chicory roots	0.05^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.05^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Swine meat	0.17	STMR_Mo muscle × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.17)	0.17	HR_Mo muscle × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.17)
Swine fat tissue	0.2^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.2^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Swine liver	0.17	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.35	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.35)
Swine kidney	0.22	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.22)	2.46	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(2.46)
Bovine meat	0.17	STMR_Mo muscle × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.18	HR_Mo muscle × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.18)
Bovine fat tissue	0.2^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.2^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Bovine liver	0.54	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.54)	0.69	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.69)
Bovine kidney	0.69	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.69)	6.82	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(6.82)
Sheep meat	0.17	STMR_Mo muscle × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.19	HR_Mo muscle × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.19)
Sheep fat tissue	0.17	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.21	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.21)
Sheep liver	0.54	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.54)	0.81	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.81)
Sheep kidney	0.81	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.81)	9.28	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(9.28)
Goat meat	0.17	STMR_Mo muscle × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.19	HR_Mo muscle × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.19)
Goat fat tissue	0.17	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.21	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.21)
Goat liver	0.54	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.54)	0.81	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.81)
Goat kidney	0.81	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.81)	9.28	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(9.28)
Equine meat	0.17	STMR_Mo muscle × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.18	HR_Mo muscle × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.18)
Equine fat tissue	0.2^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.2^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Equine liver	0.54	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.54)	0.69	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.69)
Equine kidney	0.69	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.69)	6.82	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(6.82)
Poultry meat	0.17	STMR_Mo muscle × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.17	HR_Mo muscle × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Poultry fat tissue	0.2^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.2^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Poultry liver	0.2^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)	0.2^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.2^*)
Cattle milk	0.1^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.1^*)	0.1^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.1^*)
Sheep milk	0.1^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.1^*)	0.1^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.1^*)
Goat milk	0.1^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.1^*)	0.1^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.1^*)
Horse milk	0.1^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.1^*)	0.1^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.1^*)
Birds eggs	0.1^*	STMR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.1^*)	0.1^*	HR_Mo × CF (1) (tentative)	(0.1^*)

Code/trivial name	Chemical name/SMILES notation	Structural formula
Glyphosate	N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine OC(=O)CNCP(=O)(O)O
Glyphosate‐trimesium	trimethylsulfonium N‐[(hydroxyphosphinato)methyl]glycine [O‐]P(=O)(O)CNCC(O)=O.C[S+](C)C
Trimethyl‐sulfonium (TMS‐cation)	trimethylsulfanium C[S+](C)C
PMG‐anion	N‐[(hydroxyphosphinato)methyl]glycine
N‐acetyl‐glyphosate	N‐acetyl‐N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine OC(=O)CN(CP(=O)(O)O)C(C)=O
AMPA	(aminomethyl)phosphonic acid NCP(=O)(O)O
N‐acetyl‐AMPA	[(carboxyamino)methyl]phosphonic acid O=C(O)NCP(=O)(O)O
N‐methyl‐AMPA	[(methylamino)methyl]phosphonic acid CNCP(=O)(O)O

Crop	Region/indoor^a	Residue levels observed in the supervised residue trials relevant to the supported GAPs (mg/kg)	Recommendations/comments (OECD calculations)	MRL proposals (mg/kg)	HR_Mo (mg/kg)^b	STMR_Mo (mg/kg)^c	CF^d
Genetically modified GAT crops RD‐enforcement 1=RD‐enforcement 2: sum of glyphosate, AMPA and N‐acetyl‐glyphosate, expressed as glyphosate Values into parentheses refer to the residues of N‐acetyl‐glyphosate only
Rapeseeds	Import (CAN)	Mo: 0.8; 0.86; 14.76; 1.48; 2.48; 3.71; 1.81; 2.72; 2.73; 3.10; 3.49; 4.92; 5.61; 10.38; 9.23 RA: 0.85; 0.91; 15.1; 1.53; 2.53; 3.76; 1.86; 2.77; 2.78; 3.15; 3.54; 4.97; 5.66; 10.43; 9.28	Trials on rapeseeds compliant with GAP (Germany, 2013a) MRL_OECD: 20.43. Glyphosate ranged from 0.41 to 8.95 mg/kg N‐acetyl‐glyphosate ranged from 0.46 to 14 mg/kg. AMPA ranged from < 0.05 to 0.082 mg/kg N‐acetyl‐AMPA always below or at 0.05 mg/kg, apart from 1 sample (0.34) mg/kg	20^e,^f (20)^e	14.8 (14)	3.1 (0.46)	1 –
Soybeans	Import (USA)	Mo: < 0.15; 0.28; 0.41; 0.48; 0.59; 0.76; 0.77; 0.93; 0.96; 1.01; 1.13; 1.16; 1.19; 1.36; 1.70; 1.80; 1.87; 1.92; 2.04; 2.07; 2.54; 2.54; 2.62; 2.92; 3.11; 3.31; 3.47; 4.42; 5.27; 5.55; 5.77; 5.94; 6.05; 6.19; 6.77; 8.07 RA: < 0.20; 0.33; 0.49; 0.64; 0.73; 0.82; 0.86; 1.04; 1.19; 1.19; 1.26; 1.30; 1.42; 1.52; 2.02; 2.04; 2.18; 2.04; 2.36; 2.21; 3.03; 3.08; 2.9; 3.01; 3.53; 3.59; 3.6; 5.52; 5.65; 5.66; 6.13; 6.82; 6.87; 6.61; 8.07; 8.64	Trials on soyabeans compliant with GAP (Germany, 2009.) MRL_OECD: 11.36 Glyphosate ranged from < 0.05 to 1.7 mg/kg N‐acetyl‐glyphosate ranged from < 0.05 to 7.9 mg/kg. AMPA ranged from < 0.05 to 0.16 mg/kg. N‐acetyl‐AMPA ranged from < 0.05 to 1.3 mg/kg	15^e,^g (15)^e	8.07 (7.9)	1.98 (1.65)	1.1 –
Maize, grain	Import (US)	Mo: < 0.06; < 0.06; 0.06; 0.06; 0.07; 0.07; 0.07; 0.07; 0.07; 0.07; 0.07; 0.07; 0.08; 0.08; 0.08; 0.08; 0.08; 0.08; 0.08; 0.09; 0.09; 0.09; 0.09; 0.09; 0.1; 0.1; 0.1; 0.11; 0.11; 0.13; < 0.15; < 0.15; < 0.15; < 0.15; 0.15; 0.15; 0.16; 0.17; 0.17; 0.18; 0.2; 0.21; 0.25; 0.3; 0.34; 0.4; 0.56 RA: < 0.08; < 0.08; 0.08; 0.08; 0.09; 0.09; 0.09; 0.09; 0.09; 0.09; 0.09; 0.09; 0.1; 0.1; 0.1; 0.1; 0.1; 0.1; 0.1; 0.11; 0.11; 0.11; 0.11; 0.11; 0.12; 0.12; 0.12; 0.13; 0.13; 0.15; 0.17; < 0.2; < 0.2; < 0.2; < 0.2; 0.2; 0.21; 0.22; 0.22; 0.23; 0.25; 0.23; 0.3; 0.32; 0.36; 0.43; 0.6	Trials on maize compliant with GAP (Germany, 2009). MRL_OECD: 0.56 Glyphosate ranged from < 0.02 to 0.08 mg/kg N‐acetyl‐glyphosate ranged from < 0.02 to 0.52 mg/kg. AMPA always below or at the LOQs of 0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg N‐acetyl‐AMPA always below or at the LOQs of 0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg apart from 2 samples (0.03 and 0.04 mg/kg).	0.6^e,^h (0.6)^e	0.56 (0.52)	0.09 (0.04)	1.2 –
Maize, stover	Import (US)	–	Cereals straw not relevant for import tolerance GAP	–	–	–	–

Relevant groups	Max. Dietary burden expressed in mg/kg bw per day							Trigger exceeded(Y/N)
Relevant groups	Existing uses only^a	Existing uses and intended uses^b	Most critical commodity	Intended uses only: total residues for risk assessment^c	Most critical commodity	Intended uses only: N‐acetyl‐glyphosate only (% compared to total residues for risk assessment)^d	Most critical commodity	Trigger exceeded(Y/N)
Cattle (all diets)	13.2	13.2	Grass, forage (fresh)	0.0396	Soybean, hulls	0.0273 (69%)	Soybean, hulls	Yes
Cattle (dairy only)	13.2	13.2	Grass, forage (fresh)	0.0300	Canola, meal	0.0192 (64%)	Soybean, seed	Yes
Sheep (all diets)	17.7	17.7	Grass, forage (fresh)	0.1402	Soybean, hulls	0.0968 (69%)	Soybean, hulls	Yes
Sheep (ewe only)	17.7	17.7	Grass, forage (fresh)	0.1016	Soybean, hulls	0.0697 (69%)	Soybean, hulls	Yes
Swine (all diets)	2.85	2.85	Grass, forage (fresh)	0.0570	Soybean, hulls	0.0397 (70%)	Soybean, hulls	Yes
Poultry (all diets)	2.28	2.28	Wheat, straw	0.1025	Canola, meal	0.0616 (60%)	Soybean, seed	Yes
Poultry (layer only)	2.28	2.28	Wheat, straw	0.0736	Soybean, hulls	0.0516 (70%)	Soybean, hulls	Yes

PERMALINK

Review of the existing maximum residue levels for glyphosate according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005

Abstract

Short abstract

Summary

Background

Terms of Reference

The active substance and its use pattern

Table 1.

Assessment

1. Residues in plants

1.1. Nature of residues and methods of analysis in plants

1.1.1. Nature of residues in primary crops

1.1.2. Nature of residues in rotational crops

1.1.3. Nature of residues in processed commodities

1.1.4. Methods of analysis in plants

1.1.5. Stability of residues in plants

1.1.6. Proposed residue definitions

1.2. Magnitude of residues in plants

1.2.1. Magnitude of residues in primary crops

1.2.2. Magnitude of residues in rotational crops

1.2.3. Magnitude of residues in processed commodities

1.2.4. Proposed MRLs

2. Residues in livestock

2.1. Nature of residues and methods of analysis in livestock

2.2. Magnitude of residues in livestock

3. Consumer risk assessment

3.1. Consumer risk assessment without consideration of the existing CXLs

3.2. Consumer risk assessment with consideration of the existing CXLs

Conclusions

Recommendations

Table 2.

Table 3.

Abbreviations

Appendix A – Summary of authorised uses considered for the review of MRLs

A.1. Authorised uses on conventional crops

A.2. Authorised uses on EPSPS genetically modified crops

A.3. Authorised uses on GOX genetically modified crops

A.4. Uses on GAT genetically modified crops reported by MSs

Appendix B – List of end points

B.1. Residues in plants

B.1.1. Nature of residues and methods of analysis in plants

B.1.1.1. Metabolism studies, methods of analysis and residue definitions in plants

B.1.1.2. Stability of residues in plants

B.1.2. Magnitude of residues in plants

B.1.2.1. Summary of residues data from the supervised residue trials on conventional crops

B.1.2.2. Summary of residues data from the supervised residue trials on genetically modified EPSPS crops

B.1.2.3. Summary of residues data from the supervised residue trials on genetically modified GOX crops

B.1.2.4. Summary of residues data from the supervised residue trials on genetically modified GAT crops

B.1.2.5. Residues in succeeding crops

B.1.2.6. Processing factors

B.2. Residues in livestock

B.2.1. Nature of residues and methods of analysis in livestock

B.2.1.1. Metabolism studies, methods of analysis and residue definitions in livestock

B.2.1.2. Stability of residues in livestock

B.2.2. Magnitude of residues in livestock

B.2.2.1. Summary of the residue data from livestock feeding studies

B.3. Consumer risk assessment

B.3.1. Consumer risk assessment without consideration of the existing CXLs

B.3.2. Consumer risk assessment with consideration of the existing CXLs

B.4. Proposed MRLs

B.4.1. Main residue definition for enforcement

B.4.2. Optional residue definition for enforcement

Appendix C – Pesticide Residue Intake Model (PRIMo)

1.

Appendix D – Input values for the exposure calculations

D.1. Livestock dietary burden calculations

D.2. Consumer risk assessment without consideration of the existing CXLs

D.3. Consumer risk assessment with consideration of the existing CXLs

Appendix E – Decision tree for deriving MRL recommendations

1.

Appendix F – Used compound codes

1.

Appendix G – Assessment of the uses previously evaluated by EFSA but not yet legally implemented

1.

Table G.1.

G.1. Intended Good Agricultural practice (GAPs)

G.2. Overview of the available residue trials data

G.3. Input values for the dietary burden calculations

G.3.1. Input values considering all existing uses and the intended uses on GAT crops