Update of the Xylella spp. host plant database

Abstract

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA periodically updates the database on the host plants of Xylella spp. While previous editions of the database (2015 and 2016) dealt with the species Xylella fastidiosa only, this database version addresses the whole genus Xylella, including therefore both species X. fastidiosa and Xylella taiwanensis. The database now includes information on host plants of Xylella spp. retrieved from scientific literature up to November 2017 and from EUROPHYT notifications up to May 2018. An extensive literature search was performed to screen the scientific and technical literature published between the previous database update conducted in December 2015 and December 2017. The literature screening was supported by the DistillerSR software platform. The applied protocol for the extensive literature review and extensive information search, together with examples of data extraction, are described in detail in this report. This report also includes published information on resistance or tolerance of plant varieties to Xylella spp. The current database includes 563 plant species reported to be infected by X. fastidiosa, of which for 312 plant species the infection has been determined with at least two different detection methods. These species cover hundreds of host plant genera in 82 botanical families (61 botanical families when considering only records with at least two different detection methods). The update of this database of host plants of Xylella spp. reported world‐wide provides a key tool for risk management, risk assessment and research on this polyphagous bacterial plant pathogen.

1. Introduction

Xylella spp. is a well‐studied plant pathogenic bacterium (Janse and Obradovic, 2010; Purcell, 2013; Almeida and Nunney, 2015). Xylella fastidiosa is listed as one of the top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria in Molecular Plant Pathology based on a survey among the international community (Mansfield et al., 2012). It is known to cause many different diseases like Pierce's disease of grapes in California, citrus variegated chlorosis in Brazil, bacterial leaf scorch in shaded trees in North America, oleander leaf scorch in California, olive diseases in Europe. Xylella spp. are polyphagous pathogens. They can cause severe diseases, but might also remain asymptomatic, without causing any serious damage. To understand a host range and host–bacteria relationship, it is necessary to review existing studies and ongoing research with new techniques of identification of the pathogen (Baldi and La Porta, 2017).

The first list of host plant species of X. fastidiosa published by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was compiled in 2013 on the basis of the online list provided by the University of Berkeley in California (EFSA, 2013) and it was focused mostly on the strains/subspecies related to Pierce's disease – disease of grapevine.

In January 2015, EFSA published a Scientific Opinion of the EFSA PLH Panel on the risk to plant health posed by X. fastidiosa in the EU territory (EFSA PLH Panel, 2015), which included a table (Appendix B in EFSA PLH Panel, 2015) listing known host plants of X. fastidiosa together with the relevant references for each of them. This table provided information on host plant species, their botanical family, the country and location of the records, the detection methods used and also the subspecies (recorded from the publication and putatively assigned on the basis of the strain, host plant and location). In 2015, EFSA published an electronic version of the database of the host plants of X. fastidiosa, together with a categorisation of plants for planting on the risk of introduction of X. fastidiosa (EFSA, 2015). EFSA updated its X. fastidiosa host plant database at the end of 2015 (EFSA, 2016). Some preliminary results from the current EFSA Xylella spp. host plant database were presented at the European Conference on Xylella fastidiosa 1 held in Palma de Mallorca in November 2017 (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Temporal pattern of the total number of reported Xylella spp. host plants (2013–2018)

The increase in the total number of hosts of Xylella spp. reported in the database from 2013 to 2018 is particularly related to the new plant species reported being infected by X. fastidiosa in Europe since 2013. However, it also reflects the most extensive coverage of scientific literature in all languages and the inclusion of reports on the other species Xylella taiwanensis.

1.1. Background

The extensive literature search (ELS) protocol was used in the context of the EFSA mandate M‐2013‐0321 on urgent technical assistance on the regulated harmful organism Xylella spp. periodical updates of a database of host plants of Xylella spp. (EFSA‐Q‐2017‐00215). This update integrates the list of X. fastidiosa host plants, published on 20 November 2016.

1.2. Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor

EFSA was asked to deliver by the end of March 2017 a preliminary report on the hosts of the Apulian strain of Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca, which was delivered within the deadline (EFSA, 2017).

EFSA is asked to further specify and update the host plants database of Xylella fastidiosa currently available, taking into account the different Xylella fastidiosa subspecies and strains (with particular reference to the European isolates), with inclusion of information on non‐susceptible host plants and varieties and negative results of diagnostic tests when available. EFSA is asked to maintain and update this database periodically and to make new releases available on the EFSA website, together with a report. Such report should specify the list of plants confirmed to be infected by at least two detection methods in field conditions or via vector transmission under experimental conditions and be published at least annually.

1.3. Interpretation of the Terms of Reference

This scientific report provides a description of the methodology of the review undertaken, approach made to list the hosts and results obtained from this review (sample size, time span cover of the literature extracted, exclusion criteria for publications, etc.), as well as a detailed view on the different host plants listed (diagnostic tests used – including negative tests, isolates, subspecies and sequence types, susceptibility/resistance information retrieved from the publications on different hosts). This edition of the database covers both species Xylella fastidiosa and Xylella taiwanensis.

2. Data and methodologies

The process was divided into the following steps:

• An extensive literature search to identify the relevant references.

• A selection of the identified studies based on titles, abstracts and full text.

• Data extraction of the relevant information from the selected references for the creation of an updated global database of Xylella host plants.

• Data analysis and reporting (EFSA data warehouse).

2.1. Extensive literature search

During the search process, two main aspects were considered: the sources of information (literature databases) to be consulted (Table 1) and the development of the search strategy (Table 2).

Table 1.

Sources of information

Database	Time coverage	Platform
Web of Science Core Collection	1975–present	Web of Science
CABI: CAB Abstracts	1973–present	Web of Science
BIOSIS Citation Index	1926–present	Web of Science
Chinese Science Citation Database	1989–present	Web of Science
Current Contents Connect	1998–present	Web of Science
Data Citation Index	1900–present	Web of Science
FSTA	1969–present	Web of Science
KCI‐Korean Journal Database	1980–present	Web of Science
Russian Science Citation Index	2005–present	Web of Science
MEDLINE	1950–present	Web of Science
SciELO Citation Index	1997–present	Web of Science
Zoological Record	1864–present	Web of Science

Table 2.

Search string applied

Search string	Platform: Web of Science
	Results
TS=(xylella OR xyllela OR xylela OR (pierce* NEAR/2 disease) OR (((Plum OR plums) AND “leaf scald*”)) OR ((Phony NEAR/2 (peach* OR disease*))) OR ((citrus AND variegat* AND chlorosis)) OR crespera OR “almond leaf scorch*” OR “bacterial leaf scorch*” OR “coffee leaf scorch*” OR “mulberry leaf scorch*” OR “oleander leaf scorch*” OR “sycamore leaf scorch*” OR “Periwinkle wilt” OR “Ragweed stunt” OR ((Olive NEAR “quick decline syndrome”)) OR “Xylem inhabiting bacteri*” OR “Xylem limited bacteri*” OR FXIB OR FXJB OR “rickettsialike bacteri*” OR “rickettsia like bacteri*”)	3,544

The review question (i.e. ‘which plant species can host Xylella/Xylella‐associated diseases?’) was broken down into key stages using the P/O conceptual model listed in the EFSA systematic review guidance (EFSA, 2010):

• Population of interest (P)

The population of interest is that of plant species, world‐wide.

• Outcome (condition of interest) (O)

The outcome (condition of interest) is that of Xylella infection.

2.1.1. Information sources

The established search strategy was run in all the databases listed in Table 1 via the Web of Science platform (Clarivate Analytics). No language, date or document type restrictions were applied to retrieve as many relevant publications as possible.

2.1.2. Search terms

The search strategy was designed combining the different terms describing both the pathogen and the diseases caused in the different host plants. The established search string is detailed in Table 2. The search was run in all the selected information sources (Table 1) on 16 May 2017 and 3,544 potentially relevant references were retrieved.

The search string was run again on 24 November 2017 and 51 additional references were obtained.

The collected records were downloaded and imported into the EndNote X8 bibliographic management software (Clarivate Analytics). Duplicate entries were removed using EndNote and the remaining records were uploaded on DistillerSR online2 together with the full texts in portable document format (pdf). Additional redundant references were excluded by the Duplicate Detection function of DistillerSR.

Nineteen references (e.g. from grey literature, information obtained via official requests to the different research groups, national authorities, references cross‐check in publications, conference proceedings) were included at a later stage of the process. Moreover, additional information was retrieved consulting the EUROPHYT outbreak notification database on 8 May 2018. Some data were also provided through personal communications by experts.

2.2. Study selection

The collected references were screened for relevance in two steps in the DistillerSR Web‐Based Systematic Review Software (Evidence Partners):

1. Title/abstract screening of all the references.

2. Full‐text screening of those references that passed the previous step.

Specific inclusion/exclusion criteria (described in Tables 3 and 4, respectively) were applied at each step and two reviewers worked in parallel screening all the references. Whenever a discrepant outcome was identified by the software, the reviewers had to solve the conflict and reach a common agreement on that reference.

Table 3.

Inclusion criteria for the title/abstract screening

Question text	Type of answer	Answer text	Exclusion criteria
Is Xylella/a Xylella‐associated disease/a Xylella synonym the topic of the study?	Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selected	Yes	Included
		No	Excluded
Is it a primary research study?	Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selected	Yes	Included
		No	Excluded

Table 4.

Inclusion criteria for the full‐text screening

Question text	Type of answer	Answer text	Exclusion criteria
Is an English abstract present?	Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selected	Yes	Neutral
		No	Neutral
Which is the type of the publication?	Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selected	Peer‐reviewed article	Neutral
		Article	Neutral
		Book	Neutral
		Conference proceedings	Neutral
		Abstract	Neutral
		Technical publication/Report	Neutral
		Other	Neutral
Is the Xylella host plant the main scope of the study?	Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selected	Yes	Neutral
		No	Neutral
Is Xylella/a Xylella‐associated disease/a Xylella synonym studied in association to a host plant?	Only one of the possible alternative answers can be selected	Yes	Included
		No	Excluded

The first step required the reviewers to reply to two questions (Table 3) considering only the title and abstract (if available) of the reference. The aim of this step was to include only the publications presenting original research data (i.e. primary research studies) on Xylella or Xylella‐associated disease. So, in both questions, a positive answer was needed to select the reference.

A negative reply to one of the two questions was enough to exclude the reference. Whenever the information provided in the title and abstract was insufficiently clear, the reference was accepted and passed to the following step for further consideration.

All publications that passed the title/abstract screening were subjected to the full‐text screening (second step), except for 10 publications for which the full text was not retrieved (despite best efforts to carry this out).

This step required the reviewers to reply to four questions (Table 4): the first three questions were descriptive (neutral), whereas the fourth question had an inclusion/exclusion role. The descriptive questions were added to collect information about the type of reference. On the fourth question, only publications describing Xylella studied in association with a host plant (i.e. in vivo) were selected for the data extraction phase.

2.3. Data extraction

The last step of the procedure was the extraction of informative data from the selected references. The data extraction covered the information listed in Table 5. For each reference, one or more forms were filled to extract all relevant data reported in the publication. Each form represents a unique combination of data.

Table 5.

Data extraction structure

Extracted data	Description
General information	In this section, the general information about the study is reported
RecordID	Unique number allocated to each row
RefID	Unique number allocated to each reference within the DistillerSR software
Reference	Full reference
Publication year	Year of the publication
Starting year	Starting year of the study, as reported in the publication
Ending year	Ending year of the study, as reported in the publication
Botanical identification	The botanical identification of the plant, both as reported in the publication and according to the updated taxonomy of the EPPO Global Database, is reported in this section
Plant EPPO code	EPPO code of the plant species, from the EPPO global databasea
Plant family	Plant family, from the EPPO global databasea
Plant genus	Plant genus, from the EPPO global databasea
Plant species	Plant species, from the EPPO global databasea
Reported plant species	Name of the plant species as reported in the publication
Common name	Common name of the plant species, as reported in the publication
Cultivar	Cultivar or plant variety, as reported in the publication
Infection information	Detailed information about the infection and location of the plant is reported in this section
Infection method (Level 1)	The infection of the plant can be natural, artificial or not specified
Infection method (Level 2)	Subcategories of natural infection: during survey activity, during research activity. ‘Research activity’ is used when plants are planted under natural inoculum pressure and infection development was monitored without interfering. Subcategories of artificial infection: mechanical inoculation (detailed at level 3a), vector transmission (detailed at level 3b)
Mechanical inoculation (Level 3a)	Subcategories of mechanical inoculation: budding, grafting, needle, root uptake, stem absorption, syringe
Infection vector species (Level 3b)	Insect species used in the artificial vector transmission
Location type	The place where the plant was placed or found: natural habitat, greenhouse, screenhouse, interception, not specified
Geographical information	In this section, the geographical location of the plant is reported, as detailed as possible. In case of intercepted plant, the reported location is the geographical origin of the plant and not the country and location where it was intercepted
Country code	From the EFSA catalogue
Country	From the EFSA catalogue
Location	From the EFSA catalogue, with additional detailed information as reported in the publication
Coordinates explanation	The reported coordinates (latitude and longitude) can represent the centroid of the area (region or country), or the exact location XY coordinates of the point of sample, or the near location XY coordinates based on village, town or identifiable geographical features (national park, lake, river etc.), or XY of study site coordinates indicates the centroid of the area sampled
Latitude	Latitude as reported in the publication or derived from Google maps (use WGS84, decimal format)
Longitude	Longitude as reported in the publication or derived from Google maps (use WGS84, decimal format)
Pest description	Information about the pest is reported in this section, together with genetic data
Pest EPPO code	EPPO code of the pest, from the EPPO global databasea
Pest species	Name of Xylella spp. as reported in the publication (from 1930 up to now): Alfalfa dwarf virus, Morus suffodiens virus, Phony peach bacterium, Pierce's disease bacterium, Pierce's disease virus, Rickettsia‐like bacteria, Rod‐shaped bacteria, Xylella fastidiosa, Xylella taiwanensis, Xylem‐inhabiting bacteria
Pest subspecies	Xylella fastidiosa subspecies reported in the publication: fastidiosa, morus, multiplex, pauca, sandyi, tashke
Reported pest	Name of Xylella spp. as reported in the publication (from 1930 up to now).
Disease	Name of the disease caused by Xylella spp., as reported in the publication: Alfalfa dwarf, Almond leaf scorch, Bacterial leaf scorch, Blueberry bacterial leaf scorch, Citrus variegated chlorosis, Coffee leaf scorch, Crespera, Elm leaf scorch, Leaf scorch disease, Mulberry leaf scorch, Oleander leaf scorch, Olive quick decline syndrome, Pear leaf scorch, Pecan bacterial leaf scorch, Periwinkle wilt, Phony peach disease, Pierce disease, Plum leaf scald, Potato purple top disease, Ragweed stunt, Sweetgum dieback, Sycamore leaf scorch
Strain	Name of the strain of Xylella spp., as reported in the publication
MLST (multilocus sequence type)	Sequence type (ST) of Xylella fastidiosa, as reported in the publication. If the ST is inferred from another publication, a note is added in the genotyping comment
Genotyping comment	Additional information retrieved in the publication about the Xylella spp. strain or sequence type
Methods of identification	In this section, the identification methods applied to detect a Xylella spp. infection are listed. Eight detection methods were considered and for each of them the outcome of the analysis (positive or negative), together with the number of infected plants and the total number of analysed plants, were reported. Moreover, additional information could be added in the comment column beside each detection method
Symptoms	Observation of symptoms in the plant, as reported in the publication
Symptoms expression in test plants	Observation of symptom development in test plants after an attempt to transmit the pathogen through vectors
Culture	Isolation of cultivable bacteria from tissue samples on solid culture media
Microscopy	Observation of Xylella bacteria through microscopic analysis techniques
ELISA	Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Other immunological techniques	Immunological techniques other than ELISA
PCR‐based methods	Polymerase chain‐reaction‐based methods (PCR, nested PCR, qPCR, etc.)
Sequencing	Sequencing technique (Sanger, next generation sequencing, etc.) and sequence analysis (MLST, phylogenetic tree, etc.)
Host status	Information about the tolerance and resistance response of the plant
Tolerance/Resistance reported	Tolerant/Resistant status of the plant, as reported in the publication
Tolerance/Resistance category	Categories describing the response of the tolerant/resistant plant: lack of infection or negative reading, Lack of systemic movement, Lack or reduction of symptoms, Lack or reduction of symptoms – Lower bacterial population, Lack or reduction of symptoms – Lower bacterial population – Lower disease incidence, Lack or reduction of symptoms – Lower disease incidence, Lower bacterial population, Lower bacterial population – Lower disease incidence, Lower disease incidence, Infection not persistent, Reported as tolerant/resistant (no details)
Tolerance/Resistance comment	Comment reporting detailed information about the tolerant/resistant response of the plant, as reported in the publication
General comment	General comment on the study
Comment	Additional relevant information

^aEPPO (2018) EPPO Global Database (available online). https://gd.eppo.int

Two reviewers worked in sequence: the first reviewer performed the data extraction whereas the second reviewer conducted the quality control of the extracted data.

There was no language limit in the search and also publications written in different languages than English, such Chinese, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Slovenian, Spanish and Russian, were retrieved. Those publications were sent for an official translation and some of these were included in the data extraction step.

2.4. Data warehouse

The Xylella spp. host plant database has been considered a good candidate for the prototyping of a pest in the plant data repository within the EFSA Scientific Data Warehouse (S‐DWH).

A harmonised data model has been established, also taking into account the feedback of a previous pilot focusing on the creation of a database about pests in apple. The aim was to establish a harmonised data flow for the collection and the collation of an extensive literature review generated data in the plant health domain.

2.4.1. Data management

Data have been collected through DistillerSR and then submitted to the EFSA Data Collection Framework (DCF). DCF is the upfront system in the EFSA pipeline of data collection tools and allows a first step of harmonisation against the EFSA controlled reference terminology (as known as EFSA catalogues). Data have been then included in the S‐DWH by means of a standardised Extract Transform Load (ETL) procedure and they have been further analysed and managed to generate needed statistics.

Raw data and related metadata are published in Zenodo in the EFSA Knowledge Junction community (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1339344).

Data will be available soon as interactive reports at the following link (expected to be active by end September 2018): https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/microstrategy/xylella

2.4.2. Data reporting

Data reporting was designed to distinguish the Xylella spp. host plant species, based on the number and type of detection methods applied for each finding. Different combinations of detection methods were considered:

1. Plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among: symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), other immunological techniques, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based methods, sequencing and culture) or positive with one method (between: sequencing, culture).

2. The same as point A, but also including microscopy: plant species positive with at least two detection methods (among: microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and culture) or positive with one method (between: sequencing, culture).

3. Plant species positive with at least one detection method (among: symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and culture).

4. Plant species positive with at least one detection method including microscopy (microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing and culture).

5. All positives plant species reported, regardless of the detection methods (positive records but without the detection method specified, symptom observations, microscopy, symptoms observation on the test plant in experimental vector transmission, ELISA, other immunological techniques, PCR‐based methods, sequencing, culturing).

3. Results

3.1. Results of the literature review

3.1.1. Collected literature and screening for relevance

The literature search was conducted twice, in May and in November 2017, and 3,595 references were obtained. Nineteen additional references were retrieved by other sources.

All the collected references were uploaded in DistillerSR and 3,098 references were selected after the removal of duplicates. These references were then screened (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Flow diagram of the screening process in the DistillerSR tool

In the first step, the title and abstract screening, 1,565 references were excluded because they either did not focus on Xylella or Xylella‐associated diseases and/or because they were not primary research studies.

The accepted 1,533 references went through to the second step, the full‐text screening. Ten references were not evaluated as the full text was not retrieved and 670 references were excluded at this step.

The 853 references in which Xylella or Xylella‐associated diseases were studied in association with a host plant (i.e. in vivo) were selected for the data extraction phase. To catch the latest available information on the topic, the EUROPHYT outbreak database was consulted on 8 May 2018 and additional information was provided by scientific experts and national authorities. The full list of the selected references used for data extraction step is reported in Appendix E.

In total, 8,391 data extraction forms were filled in with informative data and subsequently analysed to retrieve the list of Xylella host plants.

3.1.2. Trend of publications

The oldest publications retrieved through the literature search and included in the data extraction step were published in the USA in 1930 on the phony disease of peach (Hutchins, 1930). The publication of Saponari et al. (2017) that describes the isolation and pathogenicity of X. fastidiosa‐associated with the olive quick decline syndrome in southern Italy was published in December 2017 and it is the most recent publication retrieved through the literature search.

The temporal trend of published publications about Xylella spp. and related diseases is shown in Figure 3. The number of publications used to extract data for this database stayed more or less constant between 1930 and the 1960s, increased to 10–20 per year between the 1970s and the 1990s, increased again in the period 2000–2010, with the highest number of publications in 2007 (47 publications).

Figure 3.

Number of publications published per year from 1930 to 2017 and used for data extraction

3.1.3. Unconfirmed records

A subset of unconfirmed studies (or of dubious relevance) or single records, included in the data extraction, was excluded from the data analysis. The records excluded from the data analysis are as follows:

• Berisha et al. (1996, 1998) were considered unconfirmed/dubious. The EPPO Global Database states: ‘Absent, invalid record. EPPO Reporting Service (98/006): in an abstract (Berisha et al., 1996), it was claimed that X. fastidiosa had been isolated from diseased grapevine grown in Kosovo. The authors of the abstract have not, when requested, provided any details to substantiate this claim, which can only be regarded as dubious. EPPO Reporting Service (98/157): a fuller report (Berisha et al., 1998) stated that the material came from Cermjan, Kosovo (near Albanian border). Isolations and further study were undertaken in the USA. Lack of further study in the concerned area leaves considerable doubt about the nature of the original material. So the report remains dubious’.

• Fliege (1974) was considered unconfirmed/dubious as the symptoms described in roots of Erica gracilis do not resemble those of X. fastidiosa.

• Güldür et al. (2005) was considered unconfirmed/dubious. The EPPO Global Database states: ‘Absent, invalid record. EPPO Reporting Service (2016/192): the results of the study by Güldür et al. (2005) which suggested the occurrence of almond leaf scorch in Turkey have not been confirmed by any other studies or surveys. The NPPO of Turkey confirmed in 2014 that this record should be considered as invalid, and restated its declaration in 2016’.

• Gutierrez‐Ibanez et al. (2009) was considered unconfirmed/dubious for Solanum tuberosum in Mexico as for the described disease (potato purple top disease or ‘zebra chip’) there are no further reports or publications associating it with X. fastidiosa.

• The publications of Sadovskii (1985), Sadovskii and Shevchenko (1991) and Gvozdyak et al. (1990) were considered unconfirmed/dubious as the presence of X. fastidiosa has never been confirmed in Russia and Ukraine and the given publications describe only symptoms of the disease on plums.

• The record by Jindal and Sharma (1987) in India was considered unconfirmed/dubious. The EPPO Global Database states: ‘Unreliable record. The identification requires confirmation by modern techniques’.

• Temsah et al. (2015) was considered an unconfirmed/dubious record, as a later publication (Habib et al., 2016) stated that X. fastidiosa does not occur in Lebanon. The EPPO Global Database states: ‘Absent, invalid record. EPPO Reporting Service (2016/037): in 2015, a publication suggesting the presence of Xylella fastidiosa (EPPO A1 List) in Lebanon was published (Temsah et al., 2015). However, later studies confirmed that the ELISA‐positive samples initially obtained were false‐positive’.

• The report stating the presence of Pyrus sp. infected by X. fastidiosa in Oregon (United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Clonal Germplasm Repository – Corvallis, Oregon/Xylella fastidiosa response plan, 2015) is not confirmed so far, as no further information has been published or released about this finding since the first reporting.

• In Wendland et al. (2003), the Australian origin of the X. fastidiosa strain (9715 (755/95)) isolated from Vitis vinifera was considered unconfirmed/dubious according to a personal communication of Rui P. Leite Junior (Instituto Agronomico do Paranà, Brazil).

• The record of Rosa floribunda infected by X. fastidiosa in Corsica reported in Cabassut (2015) and Denancé et al. (2017) was considered unconfirmed/dubious, according to a personal communication of Marie‐Agnès Jacques (INRA, France).

• The record of Malus domestica infected by X. fastidiosa in France reported in Denancé et al. (2017) was considered unconfirmed/dubious as the same publication reported that ‘The contamination of this apple tree appeared transient, as subsequent samplings of the same tree maintained in containment conditions failed to reveal any contamination.’

In addition to the above unconfirmed records, some publications report findings of Xylella ST types which are divergent from previous analyses performed by other laboratories. Such is the case for example of the paper by Denancè et al. (2017) which reports from four samples from Corsica (France) a complete MLST profile while stating that the samples were not detected positive based on the EPPO protocol for MLSA used by the French National Laboratory of Reference. Such cases are included in the database and the stated divergences are reported in the column ‘Comment_PCR’ of the ‘observation’ spreadsheet of the Excel in Zenodo.

3.2. Host plants of Xylella spp. – data analysis

3.2.1. Identity of Xylella spp. – different aspects

Xylella spp. – the agent of many plant diseases – has been known by researchers and agronomists from the end of 19th and beginning of 20th century (Hutchins, 1930; Anonymous, 1984) when it was called by various names (Table 6). Very often the name followed the host plant name, e.g. ‘phony peach virus’ in peaches or ‘alfalfa dwarf virus’ in alfalfa plants. Sometimes the name of the agent was related to the outbreak zone or the person who first described the disease phenomenon, e.g. Anaheim disease in California (Anonymous, 1984), which was later called Pierce's disease after Newton B. Pierce (a Californian plant pathologist). The currently recognised taxonomic description and nomenclature of this organism were given by Wells et al. in 1987 with the name of Xylella fastidiosa. In 2016, X. taiwanensis – a new species within the Xylella genus – was proposed (Su et al., 2016). The X. fastidiosa species is divided into at least six genetically different subspecies but only the subspecies fastidiosa and multiplex are officially considered viable by the International Society of Plant Pathology Committee on the Taxonomy of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria (ISPP‐CTPPB) (Bull et al., 2012). The other remaining subspecies are: morus, pauca, sandyi and tashke. All the subspecies are listed in the Xylella spp. host plant database and a list of hosts for each subspecies is shown in Appendices A and B.

Table 6.

Temporal development of the nomenclature for Xylella spp

Decades	Names of the disease/causal agent	Selected references
1920s	Phony peach virus	Hutchins (1930); Hutchins and Rue (1949)
1930s	Alfalfa dwarf virus, Phony peach virus, Xylem‐inhabiting bacteria	Hewitt et al. (1946); Hutchins et al. (1953); Hutchins and Rue (1949); Millikan (1955); Turner and Pollard (1958); Turner (1949)
1940s	Alfalfa dwarf virus, Phony peach virus, Pierce's disease virus, Xylem‐inhabiting bacteria	Cochran (1951); Hewitt et al. (1946); Hutchins et al. (1953); Hutchins and Rue (1949); Kenknight (1951); Turner (1949)
1950s	Morus suffodiens virus, Phony peach virus, Pierce's disease bacterium, Pierce's disease virus, Xylem‐inhabiting bacteria	Bruer (1951); Cochran (1951); Hewitt (1958); Loomis (1961); Millikan and Anderson (1954); Millikan (1955); Mortensen et al. (1977); Stoner (1953a,b); Stoner et al. (1951); Wester and Jylkka (1959)
1960s	Pierce's disease bacterium, Pierce's disease virus, Rickettsia‐like bacteria	Goheen et al. (1973); Mortensen and Knight (1968); Mortensen (1968); Mortensen et al. (1977)
1970s	Pierce's disease bacterium, Rickettsia‐like bacteria, Rod‐shaped bacteria, Xylem‐inhabiting bacteria	Auger et al. (1974); Brlansky and Timmer (1982); Davis et al. (1980); Evert et al. (1981); Feldman (1984); French (1977); Goheen et al. (1973); Hearon et al. (1980); Hopkins and Adlerz (1980); Hopkins and Mollenhauer (1975); Hopkins and Mortensen (1974); McCoy et al. (1978); Purcell (1975); Raju et al. (1983); Weaver et al. (1980); Wells and Weaver (1980)
1980s	Phony peach bacterium, Pierce's disease bacterium, Rickettsia‐like bacteria, Xylem‐inhabiting bacteria, Xylella fastidiosa	Evert (1987); Hopkins (1984); Hopkins and Thompson (1984); Jimenez (1985); Kostka et al. (1984); Yonce and Chang (1987); Wells et al. (1981, 1987)
1990s onwards	Xylella fastidiosa	Chang and Donaldson (1993); Laranjeira et al. (1998); Leite et al. (1997); McElrone et al. (1999); Purcell and Saunders (1995); Su and Leu (1995)

3.2.2. Host plant species in artificial vs natural infections for different Xylella species and subspecies

The EFSA Xylella spp. host plant database contains data from different types of studies. Some of the studies reported natural infections (e.g. surveys in the fields) and some were performed under controlled artificial conditions (laboratory or controlled conditions screenhouses).

Following the classification of the species into A, B, C, D, E detection categories (see Section 2.4.2), two lists of host plant species were created:

• Appendix A and Table 9 – Xylella fastidiosa subspecies in experimentally infected plants.

• Appendix B and Table 10 – Xylella fastidiosa subspecies in naturally infected plants.

Table 9.

Number of host plant species, experimentally infected, susceptible to the different X. fastidiosa subspecies

Category	fastidiosa	multiplex	pauca	sandyi	tashke	Unknown
A	35	12	7	3	0	93
B	35	12	7	3	0	98
C	41	17	17	3	1	209
D	41	17	17	3	1	215
E	42	18	17	3	1	224

Table 10.

Number of host plant species, naturally infected, susceptible to the different X. fastidiosa subspecies

Category	fastidiosa	fastidiosa/sandyi	morus	multiplex	pauca	sandyi	tashke	Unknown
A	32	2	4	108	41	6	1	148
B	32	2	4	108	41	6	1	154
C	32	2	4	116	43	7	1	345
D	32	2	4	116	43	7	1	353
E	33	2	4	117	43	7	1	363

Both appendices show the results for the subspecies fastidiosa, multiplex and pauca, as they are the most studied in the database. Few records are available for the subspecies sandyi, morus and tashke, which are presented in the tables below (Tables 7 and 8).

Table 7.

Xylella fastidiosa subspecies in experimentally infected plants (subspecies: sandyi and tashke)

Xylella subspecies	sandyi					tashke
Plant species in different classifications (A–E)	A	B	C	D	E	A	B	C	D	E
Nerium oleander	6	6	6	6	9
Nicotiana benthamiana						0	0	1	1	1
Prunus dulcis	1	1	1	1	1
Vinca major	2	2	2	2	2

Table 8.

Xylella fastidiosa subspecies in naturally infected plants (subspecies: morus and sandyi)

Xylella subspecies	morus					sandyi
Plant species in different classifications(A–E)	A	B	C	D	E	A	B	C	D	E
Nandina domestica	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1

The total number of positive host plant species of X. fastidiosa was counted, regardless of the detection method (Category E: 563 species, 264 genera, 82 families). Excluding the records with only symptoms observation or when the detection method was not specified (Category D), the total number of host plant species recorded was reduced to 554. When microscopy was also excluded (Category C), 543 host plant species were recorded. When considering only records determined with at least two detection methods (excluding only symptoms and unspecified detection method) or by sequencing or culturing (Category B), 316 host plant species remained. When microscopy was also excluded (Category A), the number of host plants resulted in 312 species, 152 genera and 61 families (Figure 4). The sample size for this calculation was 853 scientific publications published between 1930 and 2017, with 6,464 records (positive findings) in the extraction table.

Figure 4.

Number of host plant species according to different classification systems described in Section 2.4.2

Artificial inoculations were positive in 122 plant species while 234 plant species were reported positive in natural infections (according to the classification A described in Section 2.4.2).

The number of the host plant species was calculated according to the reporting system, described in Section 2.4.2 and it is presented in the triangle scheme below (Tables 9 and 10).

Xylella taiwanensis was recorded only in one publication (Su et al., 2016) naturally infecting Pyrus pyrifolia in Taiwan.

Host plants of X. fastidiosa were detected using different methods and some of the results were contradictory. Those contradicting host plant species were compared with all other host plant species in the database and if there was the same host plant species in the other studies without contradiction positive, we counted it as positive. If the host plant species occurred in the extraction table only once and it was contradictory, the species was not counted in the total number of species but is listed in Table 11. In most cases, contradictions of results occurred for positive ELISA and negative PCR‐based methods, but in a few cases three detection methods were used.

Table 11.

Contradictory resultsa

Plant species	Contradicting methods	Citation
Heteromeles arbutifolia (Rosaceae)	ELISA POS vs PCR‐based methods NEG	Costa et al. (2004)
Hibiscus syriacus (Malvaceae)	ELISA POS vs PCR‐based methods NEG	McGaha et al. (2007)
Juglans californica (Juglandaceae)	ELISA POS vs PCR‐based methods NEG	Costa et al. (2004)
Phyla nodiflora (Verbenaceae)	ELISA and PCR‐based methods POS vs Other immunological technique NEG	Buzombo et al. (2006)
Pistacia vera (Anacardiaceae)	ELISA POS vs PCR‐based methods NEG	Costa et al. (2004)
Platanus racemosa (Platanaceae)	ELISA POS vs PCR‐based methods NEG	Costa et al. (2004)
Rubus trivialis (Rosaceae)	ELISA and PCR‐based methods POS vs Other immunological technique NEG	Buzombo et al. (2018)
Schinus molle (Anacardiaceae)	ELISA POS vs PCR‐based methods NEG	Costa et al. (2004)
Solanum elaeagnifolium (Solanaceae)	ELISA POS vs PCR‐based methods NEG	Costa et al. (2004)
Tillandsia usneoides (Bromeliaceae)	ELISA POS vs PCR‐based methods NEG and Other immunological technique NEG	Buzombo et al. (2006)

^aComplete list of contradicting results is available in Appendix D.

3.2.3. Geographical distribution of Xylella spp. host plant species

The geographical distribution of plant species infected by Xylella spp. is shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Geographical distribution of Xylella spp.

Confirmed findings of X. fastidiosa have been reported in several countries of North, Central and South America, in Asia (only in Iran) and more recently in Europe (Italy, France and Spain). The species Xylella taiwanensis has been reported so far only in Taiwan (China).

Unconfirmed findings (Section 3.1.3), such as in Kosovo, Turkey and India, are also shown on the map.

3.2.4. Host plants and Xylella fastidiosa sequence type association

Information about the genetic characterisation, such as the sequence type (ST), has also been recorded from all the selected publications. The full list of records of plant species infected by the different STs in artificial and natural conditions is shown in Appendix C. The country has been reported for plant species that have been found naturally infected.

In total, 889 records have been reported in the database, describing 176 plant species in which the X. fastidiosa ST has been characterised. Actually, 81 different STs have been described world‐wide.

The highest number of records refers to plant species in which the detected X. fastidiosa STs belong to the subspecies pauca. Those plants have been identified in Central and South America (Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica and Ecuador) and in European countries (Italy, France and Spain).

STs of subspecies multiplex have been found in plant species distributed in USA, France, Spain and Brazil. In USA, Costa Rica, Spain and Mexico several plant species have been identified as infected by STs of subspecies fastidiosa.

The plant species with more reported records are Olea europaea, Prunus dulcis and V. vinifera, whereas the most recorded STs are ST53 (subspecies pauca) and ST1 (subspecies fastidiosa).

Experiments of artificial infection have been especially performed using X. fastidiosa STs belonging to subspecies fastidiosa, with 89 records reported in the table.

3.2.5. Botanical characterisation of the hosts

The most abundant families in different plant species are: Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Vitaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Fagaceae, Rubiaceae, Lamiaceae and Oleaceae (Figure 6). Many host plant species are very well studied (such as citrus and grapevine) by many research groups in different parts of the world. Among the listed host plants, there are many important crops, different tree species, shrubs, weeds and ornamentals. Xylella spp. are polyphagous, but many different host plant species can play different roles in the pathogen epidemiology, for example asymptomatic reservoir plants. Xylella spp. can be hosted by plants classified in the different botanical higher clades, such as Monocotyledons, Dicotyledons and also Gymnosperms.

Figure 6.

Xylella spp. host plant families – the most abundant in species

3.2.6. Tolerant or resistant host plants

Eighty‐seven out of 853 publications contained information about the tolerance and resistance status of 64 plant species. As expected, the most studied genera belonged to economically important crops: Vitis and Citrus followed by Prunus. The fourth more studied genus, and with the most recent publications, was Olea. The full list of plant species together with the number of records of tolerant/resistant response for each plant species is listed in Table 12.

Table 12.

Number of records in Xylella host plant database of tolerant/resistant response for each plant species

Plant species	Number of records
Arabidopsis thaliana	4
Citrus celebica	1
Citrus clementina	2
Citrus jambhiri	2
Citrus junos	1
Citrus latifolia	1
Citrus limettioides	1
Citrus limon	14
Citrus medica	1
Citrus natsudaidai	1
Citrus paradisi	4
Citrus reticulata	9
Citrus reticulata × C. sinensis × C. paradisi	1
Citrus sinensis	7
Citrus spp.	82
Citrus tangerina	32
Citrus × nobilis	11
Citrus × tangelo	13
Coffea arabica	4
Coffea spp.	1
Fortunella margarita	1
Olea europaea	13
Platanus spp.	2
Poncirus trifoliata	3
Prunus angustifolia	1
Prunus armeniaca	3
Prunus avium	4
Prunus cerasus	2
Prunus domestica	4
Prunus dulcis	8
Prunus persica	8
Prunus salicina	10
Prunus spp.	13
Prunus × amygdalo‐persica	8
Quercus ilex	4
Vaccinium corymbosum	5
Vitis aestivalis	2
Vitis arizonica	5
Vitis arizonica hybrid	6
Vitis arizonica × V. rupestris	6
Vitis arizonica × V. vinifera	1
Vitis arizonica/candicans	3
Vitis arizonica/candicans × V. rupestris	2
Vitis arizonica/girdiana	1
Vitis berlandieri × riparia hybrids	6
Vitis berlandieri × V. rupestris	4
Vitis candicans	2
Vitis cinerea × V. berlandieri	2
Vitis girdiana	2
Vitis munsoniana	3
Vitis popenoei	1
Vitis rotundifolia	58
Vitis rotundifolia × V. rupestris	1
Vitis simpsonii	1
Vitis spp.	76
Vitis tiliaefolia	1
Vitis vinifera	25
Vitis × champinii	1
Vitis aestivalis var. smalliana	5
Vitis aestivalis var. smalliana × V. simpsonii	4
Vitis aestivalis var. smalliana × V. vinifera	1
Vitis nesbittiana	1
Vitis rufotomentosa	1
Vitis shuttleworthii	5
Total	507

For each record, the host status as reported in the publication has been inserted in the database. Moreover, categories have been created to group and analyse the outcome of the tolerant/resistance response. Those categories reflect the response (one or more than one) for which the authors of the studies considered the plant species as tolerant or resistant. The most described outcomes of the tolerant/resistant behaviour are the lack or reduction of symptoms expression, the lower amount of bacterial population, the lack of infection and the lack of systemic movement of bacteria (Table 13).

Table 13.

Number of records and publications for each tolerant/resistance response category

Category	Number of records			Number of publications
	Artificial infection	Natural infection	Not specified
Lack or reduction of symptoms	74	75		10
Lower bacterial population	47	6		19
Lack of systemic movement	71			7
Lack of infection or Negative reading	41	77		12
Lack or reduction of symptoms – Lower bacterial population	11	2		5
Lack or reduction of symptoms – Lower disease incidence		2		1
Lower bacterial population – Lower disease incidence		2		2
Lack or reduction of symptoms – Lower bacterial population – Lower disease incidence		2		2
Lower disease incidence		3		1
Not persistent infection	5			2
Reported as tolerant/resistant – no details	16	22	51	42

The lack or reduction of symptoms is the most considered outcome of the tolerant/resistant status, with 166 records equally distributed between natural (81) and artificial (85) way of infection. The lack of infection, both under natural inoculum pressure and artificial conditions, demonstrated the tolerant/resistant behaviour of the plant in 12 publications and 118 single records.

The lack of systemic movement was retrieved in 71 records through artificial inoculation, so in these plant species the infection occurred but the bacteria remain localised in proximity to the point of inoculum.

The occurrence of the bacterial population was tested 70 times in 23 different publications and the lower rate compared with other plant species or varieties let the authors of the studies consider these plants as tolerant/resistant.

In 89 records, the plant was considered tolerant/resistant but no details were described. In 51 of those records, the kind of infection was also not specified.

Table 14 proposes a list of plant species with negative result(s) in artificial infection, and never detected positive under natural conditions. Nevertheless, it should be stated that such a list was drafted by compiling the results of different studies performed under different conditions of inoculum, strains, incubation period, etc. Therefore, one should keep in mind that there is so many unknown (bacterial diversity, insect vectors, environmental conditions) that such experiments are fraught with difficulty and uncertainty, and should be considered with caution (EFSA, 2015).

Table 14.

List of plant species with negative results in artificial infection and never detected positive under natural conditions

Plant family	Plant species	Number of records
Aizoaceae	Tetragonia tetragonioides	1
Amaranthaceae	Beta vulgaris	1
Anacardiaceae	Pistacia lentiscus	1
Anacardiaceae	Rhus laurina	1
Anacardiaceae	Rhus ovata	1
Asteraceae	Acmella ciliata	2
Asteraceae	Artemisia californica	1
Asteraceae	Eclipta prostrata	1
Asteraceae	Matricaria discoidea	1
Asteraceae	Solidago microglossa	1
Brassicaceae	Brassica rapa	1
Calycanthaceae	Calycanthus occidentalis	2
Commelinaceae	Commelina virginica	1
Convolvulaceae	Jacquemontia grandifolia	1
Cyperaceae	Cyperus acuminatus	1
Ericaceae	Vaccinium ashei	3
Fabaceae	Acacia cowleana	2
Hydrangeaceae	Philadelphus californicus	1
Juglandaceae	Juglans californica	1
Lamiaceae	Prostanthera ovalifolia	2
Myrtaceae	Callistemon viminalis	2
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus erythrocorys	2
Myrtaceae	Melaleuca lateritia	2
Nyctaginaceae	Bougainvillea sp.	1
Phrymaceae	Mimulus aurantiacus	1
Pinaceae	Pseudotsuga menziesii	1
Poaceae	Distichlis spicata	1
Poaceae	Poa pratensis	1
Poaceae	Polypogon monspeliensis	1
Polygonaceae	Eriogonum fasciculatum	1
Proteaceae	Banksia serrata	2
Rhamnaceae	Frangula californica	1
Rosaceae	Cotoneaster franchetii	1
Rosaceae	Heteromeles arbutifolia	2
Rosaceae	Malus sylvestris	1
Rosaceae	Prunus davidiana	3
Rosaceae	Prunus tomentosa	2
Rosaceae	Prunus virginiana var. demissa	1
Rosaceae	Pyracantha angustifolia	1
Rutaceae	Citrus limettioides	1
Rutaceae	Citrus maxima	1
Rutaceae	Correa glabra	2
Salicaceae	Populus sp.	1
Salicaceae	Salix sessilifolia	1
Verbenaceae	Aloysia virgata	2
Vitaceae	Vitis popenoei	1

4. Conclusions

Following the request of the European Commission, EFSA was asked to update and regularly maintain a Xylella spp. host plant database. In July 2018, the ‘Updated Xylella fastidiosa pest categorisation’ was published, which was an update of part of the EFSA PLH Panel, 2015 scientific opinion. Some of the information from the Xylella spp. host plant database was used in this categorisation.

The Xylella host plant database was enriched with recent world‐wide scientific literature, grey literature, EUROPHYT notifications, internet sources and communications from different scientific groups.

An ELS was performed in 2017 starting from 3,614 publications with no time and language limits. In total, 853 publications were selected for data extraction and information on botanical identification of the plant, kind of infection, geographical data, detection methods, host status (resistance/tolerance) were retrieved from the publications. A new detailed distribution map has been drawn and findings of unconfirmed records distinguished. The nomenclature of the host plants was linked to the automatic EPPO codes, to facilitate further updates or changes. All data have been stored in Data Warehouse, which allows the storage and harmonisation of data.

The data of natural and artificial studies were distinguished and all numeric data recalled. A total of 122 species with evidence of artificial infection and 234 from natural infections were recorded.

In this scientific report, a comprehensive list of host plant species of X. fastidiosa and X. taiwanensis was created taking into account different detection methods and new genetic characterisations (multilocus sequence typing). The total number of plants reported infected by X. fastidiosa regardless of the detection method was 563 species, 264 genera and 82 families. When considering only records determined with at least two detection methods (excluding only symptoms, microscopy and unspecified detection method) or by sequencing or culturing, 312 host plant species remained from 152 genera and 61 botanical families.

Host status has been considered in the current database. Special categories with extensive comments have been added. In total, 87 publications were identified having information on resistance, tolerance response of the plants.

This update of the database of host plants of Xylella spp. reported world‐wide provides a key tool for risk management, risk assessment and research on this polyphagous bacterial plant pathogen.

Abbreviations

DCF

Data Collection Framework

EFSA PLH Panel

EFSA Panel on Plant Health

ELISA

enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay

ELS

extensive literature search

EPPO

European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization

ETL

Extract Transform Load

ISPP‐CTPPB

International Society of Plant Pathology Committee on the Taxonomy of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria

MLST

multilocus sequence type

PCR

polymerase chain reaction

S‐DWH

EFSA Scientific Data Warehouse

ST

sequence type

USDA

United States Department of Agriculture

Appendix A – Xylella fastidiosa subspecies in experimentally infected plants

1.

Xylella subspecies	fastidiosa					multiplex					pauca
Plant species in different classifications(A‐E)	A	B	C	D	E	A	B	C	D	E	A	B	C	D	E
Acer rubrum						1	1	1	1	1
Amaranthus blitoides	1	1	1	1	1
Ambrosia acanthicarpa	2	2	2	2	2
Ambrosia artemisiifolia	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Carya illinoinensis						4	4	12	12	12
Catharanthus roseus	2	2	2	2	2						3	3	6	6	6
Chenopodium quinoa	2	2	2	2	2
Citrus sinensis											2	2	3	3	3
Citrus sp.											0	0	20	20	20
Conium maculatum	2	2	2	2	2
Convolvulus arvensis	1	1	1	1	1
Cyperus esculentus	1	1	1	1	1
Datura wrightii	1	1	1	1	1
Dendranthema × grandiflorum	0	0	1	1	1
Echinochloa crus‐galli	1	1	1	1	1
Erigeron canadensis	1	1	1	1	1
Eriochloa gracilis	1	1	1	1	1
Erodium moschatum	2	2	2	2	2
Eucalyptus camaldulensis	2	2	2	2	2
Eucalyptus globulus	1	1	1	1	1
Helianthus annuus	3	3	3	3	3
Ipomoea purpurea	2	2	2	2	2
Lactuca serriola	3	3	3	3	3
Liquidambar styraciflua						1	1	1	1	1
Malva parviflora	2	2	2	2	2
Medicago sativa	18	18	18	18	18	15	15	15	15	15
Nerium oleander											4	4	8	8	8
Nicotiana clevelandii											1	1	1	1	1
Nicotiana glauca	2	2	2	2	2
Nicotiana tabacum	0	0	10	10	12	0	0	3	3	4	1	1	1	1	1
Olea europaea	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	4	4	4	11	11	29	29	30
Platanus occidentalis						3	3	4	4	4
Polygala myrtifolia						1	1	2	2	2	3	3	5	5	5
Portulaca oleracea	1	1	1	1	1
Prunus avium											0	0	4	4	4
Prunus cerasifera						2	2	2	2	2
Prunus domestica											0	0	1	1	1
Prunus dulcis	23	23	23	23	26	12	12	12	12	16	0	0	5	5	5
Prunus persica											0	0	1	1	1
Prunus persica × P. webbii	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1
Prunus salicina											0	0	1	1	1
Prunus sp.	3	3	4	4	4	3	3	4	4	5
Prunus webbii	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	1
Prunus × amygdalo‐persica											0	0	6	6	6
Quercus ilex											0	0	1	1	1
Quercus pubescens											0	0	1	1	1
Rubus ursinus	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1
Rumex crispus	1	1	1	1	1
Simmondsia chinensis	2	2	2	2	2
Solanum lycopersicum	1	1	1	1	1
Solanum melongena	1	1	1	1	1
Sonchus oleraceus	1	1	1	1	1
Sorghum halepense	1	1	1	1	1
Vaccinium corymbosum	0	0	4	4	6	0	0	3	3	4
Vaccinium sp.	0	0	0	0	4	0	0	0	0	4
Vicia faba	1	1	1	1	1
Vicia sativa	1	1	1	1	1
Vitis vinifera	28	28	32	33	35	2	2	2	2	2	0	0	2	2	2
Xanthium strumarium	3	3	3	3	3
Grand Total (Sum of records)	120	120	143	144	157	46	46	69	69	80	25	25	95	95	96
Plant species	35	35	41	41	42	12	12	17	17	18	7	7	17	17	17

Appendix B – Xylella fastidiosa subspecies in naturally infected plants

1.

Xylella subspecies	fastidiosa					multiplex					pauca
Plant species in different classifications (A–E)	A	B	C	D	E	A	B	C	D	E	A	B	C	D	E
Acacia dealbata						1	1	2	2	2
Acacia saligna						0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	2
Acacia sp.						1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Acer griseum						1	1	1	1	1
Acer platanoides						0	0	2	2	2
Acer pseudoplatanus						2	2	3	3	3
Acer rubrum						1	1	2	2	2
Acer sp.	1	1	1	1	1
Alnus rhombifolia						2	2	2	2	2
Ambrosia psilostachya						2	2	2	2	2
Ambrosia trifida						9	9	9	9	9
Ambrosia trifida var. texana						2	2	2	2	2
Ampelopsis cordata						2	2	2	2	2
Anthyllis hermanniae						1	1	1	1	1
Artemisia arborescens						2	2	3	3	3
Asparagus acutifolius						2	2	3	3	3	1	1	1	1	1
Baccharis halimifolia						1	1	1	1	1
Calicotome spinosa	1	1	1	1	1
Calicotome villosa						1	1	1	1	1
Carya illinoinensis						11	11	12	12	12
Carya sp.						4	4	4	4	4
Catharanthus roseus											2	2	2	2	2
Celtis occidentalis						1	1	1	1	1
Cercis canadensis						3	3	3	3	3
Cercis occidentalis	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3	3
Cercis siliquastrum						1	1	1	1	1
Chenopodium album											2	2	2	2	2
Chionanthus sp.						1	1	1	1	1
Cistus creticus						1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Cistus monspeliensis	1	1	1	1	1	2	2	4	4	4
Cistus salviifolius						2	2	3	3	3
Cistus sp.						1	1	1	1	1
Citrus sinensis	2	2	2	2	2						54	54	60	60	60
Citrus sp.											36	36	36	36	36
Coffea arabica	17	17	17	17	17						74	74	74	74	74
Coffea sp.											25	25	25	25	25
Coronilla valentina						2	2	3	3	3
Coronilla valentina subsp. glauca						0	0	1	1	1
Cytisus scoparius						1	1	1	1	1
Cytisus sp.						1	1	2	2	2
Cytisus villosus						1	1	1	1	1
Dodonaea viscosa											1	1	1	1	1
Encelia farinosa						4	4	5	5	5
Eremophila maculata											1	1	1	1	1
Erigeron bonariensis											2	2	2	2	2
Erigeron sumatrensis											1	1	1	1	1
Erysimum hybrids	1	1	1	1	1
Euphorbia terracina											1	1	1	1	1
Euryops chrysanthemoides						1	1	2	2	2
Fallopia japonica						1	1	1	1	1
Ficus carica						2	2	2	2	2
Fraxinus americana						1	1	1	1	1
Fraxinus angustifolia						1	1	1	1	1
Fraxinus sp.						1	1	1	1	1
Genista corsica						1	1	1	1	1
Genista ephedroides						2	2	3	3	3
Genista lucida	1	1	1	1	1
Genista sp.						1	1	1	1	1
Genista × spachiana						1	1	2	2	2
Ginkgo biloba						3	3	3	3	3
Gleditsia triacanthos						1	1	1	1	1
Grevillea juniperina											1	1	1	1	1
Hebe sp.						2	2	3	3	3	1	1	1	1	1
Helianthus annuus						1	1	1	1	1
Helianthus sp.						3	3	3	3	3
Helichrysum italicum						2	2	2	2	2
Heliotropium europaeum											2	2	2	2	2
Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis											1	1	1	1	1
Iva annua						2	2	2	2	2
Juglans regia	1	1	1	1	1
Koelreuteria bipinnata						1	1	1	1	1
Lagerstroemia indica						2	2	2	2	2
Lagerstroemia sp.						1	1	1	1	1
Laurus nobilis											1	1	1	1	1
Lavandula angustifolia						2	2	3	3	3	1	1	1	1	1
Lavandula dentata						3	3	4	4	4	1	1	1	1	1
Lavandula sp.						3	3	4	4	4
Lavandula stoechas						2	2	3	3	3	1	1	1	1	1
Lavandula × heterophylla						1	1	2	2	2
Lavandula × intermedia						2	2	3	3	3
Liquidambar styraciflua						12	12	12	12	12
Liriodendron tulipifera						0	0	1	1	1
Lupinus aridorum	1	1	1	1	1
Lupinus villosus						1	1	1	1	1
Magnolia grandiflora	1	1	1	1	1
Medicago sativa	4	4	4	4	4	1	1	2	2	2
Metrosideros excelsa						1	1	2	2	2
Metrosideros sp.	1	1	1	1	1
Myoporum insulare											1	1	1	1	1
Myrtus communis						2	2	3	3	3	1	1	1	1	1
Nerium oleander	1	1	1	1	1						9	9	12	12	13
Olea europaea						9	9	10	10	10	93	93	151	151	160
Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris						2	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1
Olea sp.						1	1	1	1	1
Pelargonium fragrans											1	1	1	1	1
Pelargonium graveolens						3	3	4	4	4
Pelargonium sp.						5	5	6	6	6
Periwinkle (common name)						1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Phagnalon saxatile						1	1	1	1	1
Phillyrea latifolia											1	1	1	1	1
Platanus occidentalis						9	9	11	11	11
Pluchea odorata	1	1	1	1	1
Polygala myrtifolia	2	2	2	2	2	55	55	60	60	60	5	5	9	9	10
Polygala sp.						0	0	1	1	1
Polygala × dalmaisiana						0	0	1	1	1
Polygala × grandiflora nana						1	1	1	1	1
Prunus armeniaca						1	1	1	1	1
Prunus avium	6	6	6	6	6	0	0	1	1	1	4	4	8	8	9
Prunus cerasifera						19	19	21	21	21
Prunus cerasus						0	0	1	1	1
Prunus domestica						11	11	11	11	11	1	1	1	1	1
Prunus dulcis	20	20	20	20	20	21	21	21	21	22	6	6	6	6	7
Prunus persica	1	1	1	1	1	4	4	4	4	4	0	0	1	1	1
Prunus sp.						23	23	23	23	23
Quercus coccinea						3	3	4	4	4
Quercus falcata						1	1	1	1	1
Quercus ilex											0	0	1	1	1
Quercus laevis						2	2	2	2	2
Quercus macrocarpa						1	1	2	2	2
Quercus nigra						1	1	1	1	1
Quercus palustris						14	14	16	16	16
Quercus phellos						2	2	3	3	3
Quercus robur						1	1	1	1	1
Quercus rubra						8	8	10	10	10
Quercus shumardii						1	1	1	1	1
Quercus sp.						6	6	6	6	6
Quercus suber						2	2	3	3	3
Ratibida columnifera						3	3	3	3	3
Rhamnus alaternus	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Rosa canina						1	1	1	1	1
Rosa sp.						1	1	1	1	1
Rosmarinus officinalis	1	1	1	1	1	4	4	5	5	5	2	2	2	2	2
Rubus sp.						2	2	2	2	2
Salvia mellifera						3	3	4	4	4
Sambucus canadensis	2	2	2	2	2
Sambucus sp.	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1
Sapindus saponaria						2	2	2	2	2
Solidago virgaurea						1	1	1	1	1
Spartium junceum	2	2	2	2	2	5	5	7	7	7	1	1	1	1	2
Spartium sp.						1	1	1	1	1
Streptocarpus hybrids	1	1	1	1	1
Ulmus americana						4	4	6	6	6
Ulmus crassifolia						2	2	2	2	2
Vaccinium corymbosum						0	0	0	0	3
Vaccinium sp.						8	8	8	8	8
Vinca minor											1	1	1	1	1
Vinca sp.						1	1	1	1	1
Vitis aestivalis	2	2	2	2	2
Vitis aestivalis hybrid	1	1	1	1	1
Vitis candicans	1	1	1	1	1
Vitis cinerea var. helleri × V. vulpina	1	1	1	1	1
Vitis girdiana	1	1	2	2	2
Vitis rotundifolia	3	3	3	3	3
Vitis sp.	44	44	44	44	45
Vitis vinifera	31	31	31	31	39
Westringia fruticosa						1	1	1	1	1	4	4	4	4	5
Westringia glabra											1	1	1	1	1
Xanthium strumarium						1	1	2	2	2
Grand Total(Sum of records)	157	157	158	158	168	379	379	440	440	444	346	346	423	423	439
Plant species	32	32	32	32	33	108	108	116	116	117	41	41	43	43	43

Appendix C – Xylella sequence types (STs)

1.

List of records of plant species infected by different Xylella sequence types (STs) in artificial, natural or not specified kind of infection. The records of plant species naturally found infected are divided per country.

X. fastidiosa subspecies ST Plant species	Natural infection											Artificial infection	Not specified	Grand Total
	Argentina	Brazil	Costa Rica	Ecuador	France	Italy	Mexico	Spain	USA	unknown	Total	Total	Total
fastidiosa			22				2	11	93		128	89		217
ST1							2	11	81		94	89		183
Acer sp.									1		1			1
Amaranthus blitoides												1		1
Ambrosia acanthicarpa												2		2
Calicotome spinosa								1			1			1
Catharanthus roseus												2		2
Cercis occidentalis									1		1			1
Chenopodium quinoa												2		2
Cistus monspeliensis								1			1			1
Citrus sinensis									1		1			1
Conium maculatum												2		2
Convolvulus arvensis												1		1
Cyperus esculentus												1		1
Datura wrightii												1		1
Echinochloa crus‐galli												1		1
Erigeron canadensis												1		1
Eriochloa gracilis												1		1
Erodium moschatum												2		2
Eucalyptus camaldulensis												2		2
Eucalyptus globulus												1		1
Genista lucida								1			1			1
Helianthus annuus												3		3
Ipomoea purpurea												2		2
Juglans regia								1			1			1
Lactuca serriola												3		3
Malva parviflora												2		2
Medicago sativa									3		3	6		9
Metrosideros sp.									1		1			1
Nicotiana glauca												2		2
Olea europaea												1		1
Pluchea odorata									1		1			1
Polygala myrtifolia								2			2			2
Portulaca oleracea												1		1
Prunus avium								2	2		4			4
Prunus dulcis								1	17		18	18		36
Rhamnus alaternus								1			1			1
Rubus ursinus												2		2
Rumex crispus												1		1
Sambucus canadensis									2		2			2
Simmondsia chinensis												2		2
Solanum lycopersicum												1		1
Solanum melongena												1		1
Sonchus oleraceus												1		1
Sorghum halepense												1		1
Spartium junceum									1		1			1
Vicia faba												1		1
Vicia sativa												1		1
Vitis aestivalis									2		2			2
Vitis girdiana									1		1			1
Vitis sp.							1		29		30			30
Vitis vinifera							1	1	19		21	17		38
Xanthium strumarium												3		3
ST17			1								1			1
Coffea arabica			1								1			1
ST18			1								1			1
Vitis sp.			1								1			1
ST19			1								1			1
Coffea arabica			1								1			1
ST2									8		8			8
Vitis rotundifolia									3		3			3
Vitis sp.									5		5			5
ST20			1								1			1
Coffea arabica			1								1			1
ST21			1								1			1
Coffea arabica			1								1			1
ST3									1		1			1
Lupinus aridorum									1		1			1
ST33			1								1			1
Coffea arabica			1								1			1
ST4									3		3			3
Vitis sp.									3		3			3
ST47			2								2			2
Coffea arabica			1								1			1
Vitis sp.			1								1			1
ST52			1								1			1
Coffea arabica			1								1			1
ST54			1								1			1
Coffea arabica			1								1			1
ST55			1								1			1
Coffea arabica			1								1			1
ST56			1								1			1
Coffea arabica			1								1			1
ST57			1								1			1
Coffea arabica			1								1			1
ST59			1								1			1
Vitis vinifera			1								1			1
ST60			1								1			1
Vitis vinifera			1								1			1
ST61			3								3			3
Citrus sinensis			1								1			1
Coffea arabica			2								2			2
ST72			1								1			1
Coffea arabica			1								1			1
ST76			2								2			2
Coffea arabica			2								2			2
ST77			1								1			1
Coffea arabica			1								1			1
fastidiosa/sandyi			3				1				4			4
ST72			2								2			2
Coffea arabica			2								2			2
ST75							1				1			1
Coffea canephora							1				1			1
ST76			1								1			1
Coffea arabica			1								1			1
morus									22		22			22
ST29									7		7			7
Morus alba									3		3			3
Morus rubra									4		4			4
ST30									5		5			5
Morus alba									4		4			4
Nandina domestica									1		1			1
ST31									6		6			6
Morus sp.									6		6			6
ST62									4		4			4
Morus alba									4		4			4
multiplex		3			77			21	159		260	19	12	291
ST10									7		7			7
Prunus domestica									1		1			1
Prunus persica									3		3			3
Prunus sp.									3		3			3
ST15									3		3			3
Prunus cerasifera									3		3			3
ST22									3		3		1	4
Ambrosia psilostachya									1		1			1
Ambrosia trifida									2		2		1	3
ST23									10		10			10
Acer rubrum									1		1			1
Ambrosia trifida									2		2			2
Helianthus sp.									2		2			2
Iva annua									1		1			1
Quercus rubra									1		1			1
Ratibida columnifera									2		2			2
Solidago virgaurea									1		1			1
ST24									5		5			5
Cercis occidentalis									1		1			1
Liquidambar styraciflua									3		3			3
Ulmus crassifolia									1		1			1
ST25									4		4			4
Encelia farinosa									4		4			4
ST26		1							12		13			13
Alnus rhombifolia									1		1			1
Prunus cerasifera									2		2			2
Prunus domestica		1							1		2			2
Prunus sp.									8		8			8
ST27									6		6		2	8
Ginkgo biloba									1		1			1
Lagerstroemia sp.									1		1			1
Prunus cerasifera													1	1
Prunus dulcis									2		2		1	3
Prunus sp.									2		2			2
ST28									4		4		1	5
Ambrosia trifida									2		2		1	3
Helianthus sp.									1		1			1
Iva annua									1		1			1
ST32									2		2		1	3
Rubus fruticosus													1	1
Rubus sp.									2		2			2
ST34									1		1			1
Prunus cerasifera									1		1			1
ST35									1		1			1
Xanthium strumarium									1		1			1
ST36									1		1			1
Prunus sp.									1		1			1
ST37									1		1			1
Lupinus villosus									1		1			1
ST38									1		1			1
Platanus occidentalis									1		1			1
ST39									6		6			6
Koelreuteria bipinnata									1		1			1
Liquidambar styraciflua									4		4			4
Prunus sp.									1		1			1
ST40									4		4		1	5
Prunus cerasifera									3		3		1	4
Sambucus sp.									1		1			1
ST41									3		3			3
Prunus sp.									1		1			1
Ulmus americana									2		2			2
ST42									6		6		3	9
Ambrosia trifida									2		2		1	3
Sapindus saponaria									1		1			1
Vaccinium corymbosum													1	1
Vaccinium corymbosum × V. angustifolium hybrid											1	1
Vaccinium sp.									3		3			3
ST43									4		4		2	6
Vaccinium corymbosum													1	1
Vaccinium corymbosum × V. angustifolium hybrid											1	1
Vaccinium sp.									4		4			4
ST44									2		2			2
Quercus palustris									1		1			1
Quercus rubra									1		1			1
ST45									6		6			6
Acer griseum									1		1			1
Ampelopsis cordata									1		1			1
Cercis canadensis									3		3			3
Gleditsia triacanthos									1		1			1
ST46									3		3			3
Celtis occidentalis									1		1			1
Chionanthus sp.									1		1			1
Prunus armeniaca									1		1			1
ST48									1		1			1
Sapindus saponaria									1		1			1
ST49									1		1			1
Prunus sp.									1		1			1
ST50									2		2			2
Fraxinus americana									1		1			1
Fraxinus sp.									1		1			1
ST51									2		2			2
Periwinkle (common name)									1		1			1
Vinca sp.									1		1			1
ST58									1		1		1	2
Ambrosia trifida									1		1		1	2
ST6					2			2	10		14	11		25
Medicago sativa												3		3
Olea europaea								1			1	1		2
Polygala myrtifolia												1		1
Prunus dulcis								1	10		11	4		15
Rubus ursinus												1		1
Spartium junceum					2						2			2
Vitis vinifera												1		1
ST6 and ST7					1						1			1
Cistus monspeliensis					1						1			1
ST6 and/or ST7					72						72			72
Acacia dealbata					1						1			1
Acer pseudoplatanus					2						2			2
Anthyllis hermanniae					1						1			1
Artemisia arborescens					2						2			2
Asparagus acutifolius					2						2			2
Calicotome villosa					1						1			1
Cercis siliquastrum					1						1			1
Cistus creticus					1						1			1
Cistus monspeliensis					2						2			2
Cistus salviifolius					2						2			2
Coronilla valentina					2						2			2
Cytisus scoparius					1						1			1
Cytisus sp.					2						2			2
Cytisus villosus					1						1			1
Euryops chrysanthemoides					1						1			1
Genista corsica					1						1			1
Genista ephedroides					2						2			2
Genista × spachiana					2						2			2
Hebe sp.					2						2			2
Helichrysum italicum					2						2			2
Lavandula angustifolia					2						2			2
Lavandula dentata					2						2			2
Lavandula sp.					3						3			3
Lavandula stoechas					2						2			2
Lavandula × heterophylla					2						2			2
Lavandula × intermedia					3						3			3
Medicago sativa					1						1			1
Metrosideros excelsa					2						2			2
Myrtus communis					2						2			2
Pelargonium graveolens					2						2			2
Pelargonium sp.					2						2			2
Phagnalon saxatile					1						1			1
Polygala myrtifolia					4						4			4
Polygala sp.					1						1			1
Prunus cerasifera					2						2			2
Prunus dulcis					1						1			1
Quercus suber					2						2			2
Rosa canina					1						1			1
Rosmarinus officinalis					2						2			2
Spartium junceum					3						3			3
Westringia fruticosa					1						1			1
ST63		1									1			1
Prunus domestica		1									1			1
ST67		1									1			1
Prunus domestica		1									1			1
ST7					1			2	10		13	8		21
Medicago sativa												1		1
Olea europaea									1		1	3		4
Olea sp.									1		1			1
Polygala myrtifolia					1			1			2	1		3
Prunus dulcis								1	4		5	3		8
Prunus sp.									1		1			1
Salvia mellifera									3		3			3
ST79					1						1			1
Polygala myrtifolia					1						1			1
ST8									9		9			9
Alnus rhombifolia									1		1			1
Carya illinoinensis									1		1			1
Platanus occidentalis									5		5			5
Quercus palustris									1		1			1
Ulmus americana									1		1			1
ST81								17			17			17
Acacia sp.								1			1			1
Ficus carica								2			2			2
Fraxinus angustifolia								1			1			1
Lavandula dentata								1			1			1
Olea europaea								2			2			2
Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris								2			2			2
Polygala myrtifolia								2			2			2
Prunus domestica								1			1			1
Prunus dulcis								2			2			2
Rhamnus alaternus								1			1			1
Rosmarinus officinalis								2			2			2
ST9									28		28			28
Quercus coccinea									2		2			2
Quercus falcata									1		1			1
Quercus laevis									2		2			2
Quercus nigra									1		1			1
Quercus palustris									11		11			11
Quercus phellos									1		1			1
Quercus robur									1		1			1
Quercus rubra									5		5			5
Quercus shumardii									1		1			1
Quercus sp.									3		3			3
pauca	3	94	8	2	3	167		7		1	285	40		325
ST11		48									48			48
Citrus sinensis		18									18			18
Citrus sp.		29									29			29
Coffea sp.		1									1			1
ST12		3									3			3
Citrus sinensis		2									2			2
Citrus sp.		1									1			1
ST13		7									7			7
Citrus sinensis		1									1			1
Citrus sp.		6									6			6
ST14		7									7			7
Coffea arabica		1									1			1
Coffea sp.		6									6			6
ST16		22									22	1		23
Coffea arabica		1									1			1
Coffea sp.		17									17			17
Olea europaea		4									4	1		5
ST53		1	7		3	167					178	39		217
Acacia saligna						1					1			1
Asparagus acutifolius						1					1			1
Catharanthus roseus						2					2	4		6
Chenopodium album						2					2			2
Cistus creticus						1					1			1
Citrus sinensis												1		1
Coffea arabica			2								2			2
Coffea sp.		1									1			1
Dodonaea viscosa						1					1			1
Eremophila maculata						1					1			1
Erigeron bonariensis						2					2			2
Erigeron sumatrensis						1					1			1
Euphorbia terracina						1					1			1
Grevillea juniperina						1					1			1
Hebe sp.						1					1			1
Heliotropium europaeum						2					2			2
Laurus nobilis						1					1			1
Lavandula angustifolia						1					1			1
Lavandula stoechas						1					1			1
Myoporum insulare						1					1			1
Myrtus communis						1					1			1
Nerium oleander			5			6					11	5		16
Olea europaea						113					113	18		131
Pelargonium fragrans						1					1			1
Periwinkle (common name)						1					1			1
Phillyrea latifolia						1					1			1
Polygala myrtifolia					1	5					6	3		9
Prunus avium						6					6	2		8
Prunus dulcis						4					4	4		8
Prunus persica					1						1			1
Prunus × amygdalo‐persica												1		1
Quercus ilex					1						1			1
Quercus pubescens												1		1
Rhamnus alaternus						1					1			1
Rosmarinus officinalis						1					1			1
Spartium junceum						1					1			1
Vinca minor						1					1			1
Westringia fruticosa						3					3			3
Westringia glabra						1					1			1
ST64		1									1			1
Citrus sinensis		1									1			1
ST65		1									1			1
Citrus sinensis		1									1			1
ST66		1									1			1
Coffea arabica		1									1			1
ST68		1									1			1
Coffea arabica		1									1			1
ST69	2										2			2
Citrus sinensis	2										2			2
ST70		1									1			1
Hibiscus rosa‐sinensis		1									1			1
ST71		1									1			1
Prunus domestica		1									1			1
ST73										1	1			1
Coffea arabica										1	1			1
ST73 and ST53			1								1			1
Coffea arabica			1								1			1
ST74				2							2			2
Coffea arabica				2							2			2
ST78	1										1			1
Prunus dulcis	1										1			1
ST80								7			7			7
Acacia sp.								1			1			1
Lavandula dentata								1			1			1
Olea europaea								1			1			1
Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris								1			1			1
Polygala myrtifolia								1			1			1
Prunus dulcis								1			1			1
Rosmarinus officinalis								1			1			1
sandyi		2			1				23		26	4		30
ST5									23		23	4		27
Hemerocallis sp.									1		1			1
Jacaranda mimosifolia									1		1			1
Magnolia grandiflora									1		1			1
Nerium oleander									20		20	1		21
Prunus dulcis												1		1
Vinca major												2		2
ST72		1									1			1
Coffea sp.		1									1			1
ST76		1			1						2			2
Coffea sp.		1									1			1
Polygala myrtifolia					1						1			1
Grand Total	3	99	33	2	81	167	3	39	297	1	725	152	12	889

Appendix D – List of contradictive findings

1.

Plant family	Plant species	Detection methods	POS/NEG	Reference
Asteraceae	Baccharis pilularis	ELISA	POS	Costa et al. (2004)
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Rutaceae	Citrus limon	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Rutaceae	Citrus sp.	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Asteraceae	Encelia farinosa	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Araliaceae	Hedera helix	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Rosaceae	Heteromeles arbutifolia	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Juglandaceae	Juglans californica	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Apocynaceae	Nerium oleander	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Oleaceae	Olea europaea	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Anacardiaceae	Pistacia vera	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Platanaceae	Platanus racemosa	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Rosaceae	Prunus americana	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Rosaceae	Prunus sp.	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Fagaceae	Quercus agrifolia	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Salicaceae	Salix sp.	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Adoxaceae	Sambucus sp.	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Anacardiaceae	Schinus molle	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Solanaceae	Solanum elaeagnifolium	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Rutaceae	Citrus sinensis	Immunological detection method	POS	Damsteegt et al. (2006)
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Rutaceae	Citrus clementina	ELISA	NEG	GonzaLez et al. (2002)
		PCR‐based methods	POS
Rutaceae	Citrus clementina × C. sinensis	ELISA	NEG
		PCR‐based methods	POS
Rutaceae	Citrus clementina × C. sinensis	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Rutaceae	Citrus reticulata	ELISA	NEG
		PCR‐based methods	POS
Rutaceae	Citrus × tangelo	ELISA	NEG
		PCR‐based methods	POS
Fagaceae	Quercus palustris	ELISA	NEG	Harris et al. (2013)
		PCR‐based methods	POS
Fagaceae	Quercus rubra	ELISA	NEG
		PCR‐based methods	POS
Ginkgoaceae	Ginkgo biloba	ELISA	POS	Harris et al. (2014)
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Magnoliaceae	Liriodendron tulipifera	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Apocynaceae	Nerium oleander	ELISA	POS	Hernandez‐Martinez et al. (2006)
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Vitaceae	Vitis vinifera	ELISA	POS
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Rosaceae	Prunus persica	ELISA	NEG	Hopkins and Adlerz (1988)
		Immunological detection method	POS
Anacardiaceae	Rhus sp.	ELISA	POS
		Immunological detection method	NEG
Asteraceae	Solidago fistulosa	ELISA	POS
		Immunological detection method	NEG
Rutaceae	Citrus × tangelo	Immunological detection method	NEG	Laranjeira et al. (1998)
		PCR‐based methods	POS
Malvaceae	Hibiscus syriacus	ELISA	POS	McGaha et al. (2007)
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Vitaceae	Vitis vinifera	ELISA	POS	Amanifar et al. (2014)
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Vitaceae	Vitis sp.	ELISA	NEG	Qi (2007)
		PCR‐based methods	POS
Rutaceae	Citrus sinensis	ELISA	POS	Souza et al. (2000)
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Rutaceae	Citrus sinensis	ELISA	NEG	Souza et al. (2000)
		PCR‐based methods	POS
Oleaceae	Olea sp.	ELISA	NEG	Yaseen et al. (2015)
		PCR‐based methods	POS
Verbenaceae	Phyla nodiflora	ELISA	POS	Buzombo et al. (2006)
		Immunological detection method	NEG
		PCR‐based methods	POS
Rosaceae	Rubus trivialis	ELISA	POS
		Immunological detection method	NEG
		PCR‐based methods	POS
Bromeliaceae	Tillandsia usneoides	ELISA	POS
		Immunological detection method	NEG
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Apocynaceae	Vinca minor	ELISA	POS
		Immunological detection method	NEG
		PCR‐based methods	NEG
Vitaceae	Vitis candicans	ELISA	POS
		Immunological detection method	NEG
		PCR‐based methods	POS

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Suggested citation: EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) , 2018. Scientific report on the update of the Xylella spp. host plant database. EFSA Journal 2018;16(9):5408, 87 pp. 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5408