Table B.2.
Formulations categories. Grouping of formulation types in four categories based on the tested product types in the data set (ECPA + BfR): (1) Primarily organic solvent‐based, (2) Primarily water‐based/dispersed, (3) Solid, (4) Other
| Code | Description | Number of studies | Details and justification for groupinga | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | EC | Emulsifiable concentrate | 90 | The active substance is dissolved in suitable organic solvents, together with any other necessary formulants. It should be in the form of a stable homogeneous liquid, free from visible suspended matter and sediment, to be applied as an emulsion after dilution in water |
| DC | Dispersible concentrate | 1 | The active substance is dissolved in suitable organic solvents, together with any other necessary formulants. It should be in the form of a stable homogeneous liquid, free from visible suspended matter and sediment, to be applied as a dispersion after dilution in water | |
| EW | Emulsion, oil in water | 15 | A stable emulsion of active substance(s) in an aqueous phase, intended for dilution with water before use. The active substance is normally a liquid and forms the dispersed oil phase, but it is also possible to emulsify a solid or liquid active ingredient dissolved in a water‐immiscible solvent. EW are emulsions with organic solvents as the inner phase in which the active substance is dissolved | |
| SE | Suspo‐emulsion | 29 | Multiphase formulation whereby an emulsified active substance is combined with active suspended in water. SEs are emulsions/suspensions with an organic solvents(s) as a phase in which the active substance is dissolved | |
| OL/OF | Oil‐miscible liquids | 1 | A solution of the active substance, together with any other necessary formulants, in an organic solvent; no water is contained. It should be free of visible suspended matter and sediment, intended for dilution with organic liquid before use | |
| OD | Oil‐based suspension concentrate | 18 | An oil dispersion is a stable suspension of active substance(s) in an organic fluid, which may contain other dissolved active substance(s); no water is contained. It is intended for dilution with water before use | |
| ES | Emulsion for seed treatment | 1 | A water‐based emulsion containing the active substance, together with large amounts of organic solvents and any necessary formulants including colouring matter. It should be easy to homogenise, and suitable for dilution with water if necessary, application to the seed either directly or after dilution. ES are emulsions with organic solvents as inner phase in which the active substance is dissolved | |
| ME | Microemulsion | 3 | A mixture of water, water‐insoluble and water‐soluble components forming a visually homogeneous, transparent liquid. One or more active substances may be present in either the aqueous phase, the non‐aqueous phase, or in both phases. A variety of microemulsion formulations may be prepared in which the aqueous phase can be considered the dispersed phase, the continuous phase or, alternatively, where the two phases are considered bicontinuous. In all cases, microemulsions will disperse into water to form either conventional emulsions or dilute microemulsions | |
| 2 | SL | Soluble concentrate | 21 | Water‐based formulation in which a salt of pesticide acid is dissolved in water, together with any other necessary formulants. It should be in the form of a clear or opalescent liquid, free from visible suspended matter and sediment, to be applied as a true solution of the active substance in water |
| SC | Suspension concentrate | 121 | A stable suspension of active substance(s) in an aqueous continuous phase, intended for dilution with water before use | |
| FS | Flowable concentrate for seed treatment | 18 | A suspension of fine particles of the active substance in an aqueous phase together with suitable formulants, including colouring matter. After gentle stirring or shaking, the material shall be homogeneous and suitable for further dilution with water if necessary | |
| FL | Flowable | 1 | As described for the product, it is a SC formulation | |
| 3 | WP | Wettable powder | 12 | A homogeneous mixture of the active substance(s) together with filler(s) and any other necessary formulants. It should be in the form of a fine powder free from visible extraneous matter and hard lumps |
| WG/WDG | Water‐dispersible granules | 57 | Intended for application after disintegration and dispersion in water by conventional spraying equipment | |
| SG | Water‐soluble granules | 5 | Granules containing the active substance, and, if required, suitable carriers and/or necessary formulants. It shall be homogeneous, free from visible extraneous matter and/or hard lumps, free flowing, and nearly dust‐free or essentially non‐dusty. The active substance should be soluble in water | |
| SP | Water‐soluble powder | 2 | A homogeneous mixture of the active substance, together with any necessary formulants. It should be in the form of a powder to be applied as a true solution of the active substance after solution in water, but which may contain insoluble inert ingredients | |
| DS | Powder for dry seed treatment | 1 | A powder for application in the dry state directly to the seed; a homogeneous mixture of the active substance together with suitable fillers and any other necessary formulants including colouring matter. It should be in the form of a fine free‐flowing powder, free from visible extraneous matter and hard lumps | |
| 4 | CB | Bait concentrate | 1 | A solid or liquid intended for dilution before use as a bait. Sugar or other food ingredients or components like talcum are often the main compounds |
| CS | Capsule suspension | 6 | A stable suspension of microencapsulated active substance in an aqueous continuous phase, intended for dilution with water before use | |
| GEL/GD | Gel for direct application | 1 | A gel‐like preparation, intended to be applied undiluted. A gel for direct application consists of one or more active substances, a structuring agent and other formulants if appropriate. The active substance is homogenised in suitable solvents, together with any other necessary formulants. It should be in the form of a clear or opalescent gel, free from visible suspended matter and sediment. These formulations are different from organic or water‐based formulations | |
| RB/Pellets/Wax block/Pasta bait | Bait (ready for use; paste, wax bloc, pasta bait included) | 6 | A formulation designated to attract and be eaten by the target pests. Wax blocs or paste baits are included. For example, in the case of a rodenticide, it is a solid bait and is based on grains, cereals and/or large amounts of wax. RB differs from other solid formulations | |
| ZC | CS and SC mixture | 3 | A mixed formulation of CS and SC and is a stable suspension of microcapsules and solid fine particles, each of which contains one or more active substances. The formulation is intended for dilution into water prior to spray application | |
| PS | Seed coated with a pesticide | 1 | Seed coated with a pesticide. PS formulations probably contain only the active substance, colour and carrier formulants | |
| AI | Experimental solution of active substance in solvent | 4 | The vehicle can be organic or water‐based. Because of the absence of other co‐formulants, these solutions are not comparable with organic‐ or water‐based formulations | |
| Excluded from statistical analysis: | ||||
| XX/NA | 6 | No information on formulation type available | ||
Numbers of studies are reported for each formulation type in the data set (ECPA + BfR).
a
Based on the FAO/WHO, 2016.