Figure 1. Eyespot/spot size plasticity is widespread across butterfly lineages but the response to rearing temperature has different norms of reaction across species.
(A) Size of hindwing ventral Cu1 eyespots (arrowheads). Thirteen species of butterflies were reared at two different rearing temperatures. Eyespot size corrected for wing size is plotted for two different temperatures (low temperature 17°C or 20°C is marked with blue symbols, while high temperature of 27°C or 30°C is marked with red symbols). Error bars represent 95% CI of means. (B) Mapping origins of eyespot size plasticity via maximum parsimony phylogenetic analysis suggests three independent origins for two different patterns of plasticity in the lineage with eyespots (eyespot size decreases with increasing temperatures: red lineages, and eyespot size increases with increasing temperature: blue lineage). The lineage leading to Satyrid butterflies gained a positive response to plasticity (blue arrowhead), whereas most other Nymphalids had either no response, or limited negative plasticity response (red arrowhead).
Figure 1—figure supplement 1. Phenotypic plasticity in wing patterns is observed across a wide variety of species in wild.
Figure 1—figure supplement 2. Data from Wahlberg et al. (2009) show high support value for the basal nodes across different analysis methods.
Figure 1—figure supplement 3. Ancestral state reconstruction using maximum likelihood models suggest that positive directionality of plasticity is a derived trait in Satyrid butterflies.
Figure 1—figure supplement 4. Tree used for ancestral state hypotheses tests.
