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. 2019 Dec 25;577(7789):235–238. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1872-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 3 — a–d, Average educational attainment for women (a) and men (c) and proportion with no primary school for women (b) and men (d) aged 20–24 years in 2017. e, f, The absolute difference in average educational attainment between men and women aged 20–24 years in 2017 (e) and proportion of individuals with no primary school education (f). Maps reflect administrative boundaries, land cover, lakes and population; grey-coloured grid cells were classified as ‘barren or sparsely vegetated’ and had fewer than ten people per 1 × 1-km² grid cell^{49,58–60,62}, or were not included in these analyses. Interactive visualization tools are available at https://vizhub.healthdata.org/lbd/education. Maps were produced using ArcGIS Desktop 10.6.