Abstract
Background
We have studied the growth of Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma (JCOT), the official journal of the Delhi Orthopaedic Association indexed in PubMed, Scopus and Embase, along with an analysis of citation trends and levels of evidence of published articles in the last five years.
Methods
SCOPUS and PubMed databases (2015–19) were used to extract publication-related data for the last five years. The official website of the journal was also used to retrieve issue-specific data. An audit of recent publications in the JCOT was conducted focusing on number of issues and publications(year wise), types of articles published, review speed, level of evidence of publications, types of publication(speciality wise), number of publications in PubMed and SCOPUS, number of citations(year wise), national and international authorship and the Cite Scores.
Results
The submissions were increased by 2.8 times and the citations rocketed to 16.6 times in 2019, compared to 2015. A total of 890 papers were there and the journal was cited 1702 times in the last five years. More articles with higher levels of evidence papers are now being published.
Conclusion
There has been a significant increase in the numbers of submissions, publications, citations, Cite Score, h-index and contribution by the International authors. Its Editorial efficiency has also been outstanding with timely reviews and editorial decisions. The JCOT has become increasingly internationally relevant in the last five years, in the orthopaedic community. However, JCOT needs to publish more papers with a higher level of evidence like Systematic reviews, Meta-analyses, Randomized Controlled Trials and should only publish top-class lower hierarchy papers (like Case reports, Case-controlled and Retrospective studies).
Keywords: Orthopaedic, Trauma, Journal, Audit, Publications, Research, Pubmed, SCOPUS, Scientometrics, Bibliometrics
1. Introduction
All peer-reviewed scientific journals play an important role in the dissemination of knowledge gained by new research findings and in introducing new innovations. In the medical field, these help doctors in treating patients at large, by creating awareness about updated knowledge and thereby enabling them to make evidence-based patient care decisions. Such journals give us a mechanism for preserving documentary evidence of research output for the present and future generations besides providing a forum for constructive criticism and scientific scrutiny of the research work by the peers and stimulate researchers for future research on the subject. Good scientific journals also have a short review and decision time and are globally accessible.1, 2, 3
The Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma (JCOT) is the official publication of the Delhi Orthopaedic Association (DOA).Its purpose is to publish papers on topics of interest for both general orthopaedic surgeons as well as those focusing on various orthopaedic subspecialities, and to serve as the official mouthpiece for orthopaedic surgeons serving in India and South Asia region in particular (providing them a global platform) besides those in the rest of the world. It is a successor of the ‘Delhi Journal of Orthopaedics. The JCOT has seen remarkable growth since its launch in 2010, and particularly in the last five years. The JCOT was listed in SCOPUS in 2010, and therefore all the articles from 2010 are searchable on SCOPUS. However, it was included in Pubmed/PMC in 2012.1,4
In this Scientometric analysis, we hypothesized that JCOT has shown marked growth in the last five years as far as the number of publications and citations are concerned, and is publishing more manuscripts with higher levels of evidence and by the International authors.
2. Materials and methods
It is a cross-sectional Scientometric analysis of JCOT over the last five years (2015–2019), in which we have analyzed journal metrics from the Scopus and PubMed databases. To retrieve all the papers published in the JCOT from the SCOPUS, we have used the advanced search feature and the following search strategy: SRCTITLE (Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma). The search was restricted to the last five years (1st January 2015 to 31st December 2019). SCOPUS (Elsevier) had released citation data for 2018 on 3rd June 2019. Crude Data from 2019 (till December) is also available and finally, it would be calculated using data from 30 April 2020. We have also searched the PubMed database, from 2015 to 2019. In PubMed, we used the search terms ‘Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma’. The official website of the journal was also used to retrieve issue-specific data. Data from all issues for each year was tabulated and analyzed separately in five excel sheets (one for each year from 2015 to 2019) and this data was combined in the sixth excel sheet. Microsoft excel for Mac (2008 version) was used for all analysis.
We have analyzed various parameters in our audit of recent publications in the JCOT including the number of issues and publications(year wise), types of articles published, review speed, level of evidence of publications, types of publication(speciality wise), number of publications in PubMed and SCOPUS, number of citations(year wise), national and international authorship and cite scores. We also studied the pattern of submissions, rejection rate, review time and editorial decision times (submission to first decision and submission to final decision). Orthopaedic specialities into which articles were allocated include Basic science, Paediatric fractures and disorders, Adult Trauma and Reconstruction, Arthroplasty, Arthroscopy and Sports Medicine, Spine, Musculoskeletal (MSK) Tumours, Hand and wrist disorders, Foot and Ankle Disorders, and miscellaneous (general orthopaedics). We ensured that there was no overlap during allocation into any group. Traumatic spine injuries were included under ‘Spine’ and all fracture-related articles in adults, including periprosthetic fractures, were included under ‘Adult Trauma and Reconstruction’. The latter group also included all manuscripts related to Ilizarov and other external fixators.
3. Results
3.1. Papers published and publication trends
In the last five years (1st January 2015 to 31st December 2019), the JCOT published 890 papers. An increasing trend in the number of publications was seen in the last five years, reflecting its rapid growth. There were 7 supplementary issues and 22 regular issues. The number of issues was increased from four (per year) in 2015 to six (per year) in 2019 and the number of manuscripts per issue has also increased markedly. (Fig. 1a, Table 1). This has been done to meet the demand of increasing submissions and allowing the earlier publication of the accepted articles. The JCOT has seen an accelerating increase in the submission rate, especially over the last five years, with a total of 2307 submissions and a growth of 2.8 times in the submissions in 2019 compared to 2015 (Fig. 1a, Fig. 2). The rejection rate has been stable and hovering around 60% (54–64%, Fig. 3).
Fig. 1a.
Submissions and Citations of JCOT in the last five years.
Table 1.
Performance indicators, of JCOT, over the last five years.
| 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Submissions | 249 | 347 | 432 | 571 | 708 | 2307 |
| Publications | 56 (+86) | 110 | 109 | 126 | 403 | 890 |
| Indian Authors | 41 | 77 | 57 | 61 | 140 | 376 |
| Foreign Authors | 15 | 33 | 52 | 49 | 134 | 283 |
| Citations received in SCOPUS | 63 | 145 | 296 | 462 | 736 | 1702 |
| Cite Score | 0.36 | 0.63 | 0.89 | 0.81 | 1.21 (YTD) | Not applicable |
| Rejection Rate (in per cent) | 57 | 64 | 54 | 58 | 62 | 59 (Average) |
| Time to First Decision (in weeks) | 10.5 | 13.3 | 9.3 | 9.9 | 5.9 | 9.8 (Average) |
| Time to Final Decision (in weeks) | 13.7 | 17.8 | 13.0 | 14.2 | 15.8 | 14.9 (Average) |
*YTD = Year Till Date.
Fig. 2.
Increase in article Submissions in JCOT in the last five years.
Fig. 3.
Rejection rates in JCOT in the last five years.
3.2. Review speed
The average number of days taken for review has been reducing gradually, over the last five years. An average time taken from the submission to the first decision has been reduced to just less than six weeks in the year 2019 (Fig. 4).
Fig. 4.
Editorial speed in JCOT in the last five years.
3.3. Citation trends
JCOT was cited 1702 times in the period 2015–19. The number of citations increased significantly by 16.6 times, within the last five years. The h index of JCOT, as calculated on the SCOPUS database, is 15, in 2019, compared to 12 in 2018. A rising trend in the citations received by the papers can be seen (Fig. 1a, Fig. 1ba and b, Table 1), and this reflects their popularity, global acceptance, and scientific respect increasingly being received by the journal in the last few years. Both the Indian and Foreign authors have received an equally good number of citations (Indian authors: 121.8% and the foreign authors 115.6%).
Fig. 1b.
Rising trend in the Citations in JCOT in the last five years.
Self-citation analysis has also been performed in the Scopus database for years 2015–19.A total of 760 citable papers published in the last 5 years in the JCOT were cited 910 times, as analyzed in the Scopus database. Out of these, only 56 citations were from JCOT(self-citations by the journal)(Fig. 1c). Other citations have come from other journals including well established premier orthopaedic journals like Journal of Arthroplasty (26), Injury(24), Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy (22), Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research(13) and International Orthopaedics (12), in descending order (Fig. 1d). Citation patterns are routinely presented and discussed in quarterly editorial committee meetings of JCOT and the issue of self-citation is also discussed there.
Fig. 1c.
Citations vs self-citations.
Fig. 1d.
Citations by other premier journals.
3.4. Comparison with other orthopaedic journals
The presently available Cites score (2019) of JCOT is 1.21 (until December. 2019, with the final citation and Cite score calculation would be done in June 2020, using the data from 30 April 2020, by the SCOPUS), which has risen from 0.81 in the last year. Due to sustained and rapid increase in the Cite Score of JCOT, it has equalled or surpassed that of other major prestigious Orthopaedic journals published from Asia in the past five years (Fig. 5). The Impact Factor of JCOT is not available as of now but the application for inclusion in the Science Citation Index (SCI) is pending with Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics), since April 2018, and the outcome is likely to be available soon.
Fig. 5.
A comparison of Cite score of JCOT with the other Asian orthopaedic Journals, in the last five years.
3.5. Level of evidence
The level of evidence of the publications in JCOT has shown continuous rise after 2015, with an increasing number of manuscripts and increasing citations. (Fig. 6).The level of evidence of the published articles in JCOT is the maximum for level 5, followed by closely by level 4. However, in the last five years, the journal has been publishing an increasing number of levels 2 and level 1 study.
Fig. 6.
The level of evidence of the publications in JCOT in the last five years.
3.6. Types of articles
The number of original Research and Review articles has been constantly increasing in the last five years, although the journal still accepts publishes a large number of case reports and supplementary issues were created in the last four years for this purpose. In 2015, the journal also published conference proceedings of ‘DOACON 2015’ which constituted 86 manuscripts in the first main issue of the year (Fig. 7).
Fig. 7.
Types of manuscripts published in JCOT in last five years, speciality wise.
3.7. Subspecialty representation
The top three specialities in the publication include Adult trauma and reconstruction, Arthroplasty, and Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy (Fig. 8). The minor subspecialties of hand and wrist, foot and ankle etc. have lesser number of publications.
Fig. 8.
Manuscripts from various subspecialties published in JCOT in the last five years.
3.8. Authorship
Contributors from foreign authors have been increasing over the last five years and these manuscripts have also shown an increasing citation trend (Fig. 9a–b). The contribution by the Indian authors was 412 and that by the foreign authors was 378 and these received citations of 502 and 437 respectively. Most of these citations came from the USA 107 for the Indian papers and 127 for the foreign author’s papers), followed by China. We have also studied the submission and statistics from different countries and regions (Fig. 9c,d) and number of downloads from different countries via Science Direct.
Fig. 9.
Authorship and citation pattern(Indian vs foreign) in JCOT in the last five years(9a,9b), Submission(9c) and publications(9d) from different countries and regions and articles downloaded from science direct from different countries(9e).
4. Discussion
The growth of JCOT has seen a healthy increasing trend in the last five year. The numbers of citations have increased by 16.6 times in the last five years. It has been publishing an increasingly larger number of papers. The number of citations has also seen significant growth and the Cite Score is increasing satisfactorily. Cites Score is calculated from all citations recorded in Scopus within one year to content published in the last three years, divided by the number of items published. Increased number of publications may act as a double-edged sword, as it may dilute the Cite Score and the Impact factor of the Journal. But, we have noticed that more and faster publications attract more citations and help to improve the Cite Score (Fig. 1a, Fig. 1ba and b).
The JCOT is publishing all types of articles related to general orthopaedics and traumatology as well as various orthopaedic subspecialities. Every submitted article is offered a fair consideration by the editor, and only poor quality manuscripts are desk rejected. Rest of the submitted manuscripts, undergo peer review by minimum two subject experts, before decision is taken by an associate editor and the editor in chief. For rejected manuscripts, authors are advised to submit their manuscript to a more suitable journal and are referred to Journal finder (http://journalfinder.elsevier.com). Reviewer and editor comments are also provided to improve manuscript quality. The number of original Research and Review articles has been increasing and special issues are being published regularly, focusing on a burning topic. These issues contained invited articles from global experts in the field, and submission of manuscripts on relevant topics were also welcomed from all interested authors, by publishing advertisements regularly a few months before the editors plan the special issue. All the special issues have been received warmly by the readership, and serve to refresh them about the current trends in an incoming or popular topic. The publications of these special issues have also received significantly higher readerships and citations. Around 40% of the published articles in these special issues are contributed by the International authors. The healthy trend of growth of JCOT is reflective of its global popularity and it has been a preferred journal for the authors from across the world and from India to publish their good scientific work.
The articles related to the popular subspecialties of Orthopaedics are being published more in the JCOT, which is similar to the observation made in a publication related to the Indian Journal of Orthopaedics.5 However, we do not entirely agree with the authors of this paper, as to the reasons offered by them for the larger number of publications, being due to ‘market forces fostering research and bias of editorial team’. Papers like the present one, highlighting the history and evolution, and on publication patterns and trends have been published earlier by several Orthopaedic journals.5, 6, 7, 8
Scientometrics is a sub-field of bibliometrics. While scientometrics studies and analyze the scientific literature only, bibliometrics is the statistical method of analyzing all types of books, articles and other types of publications. Hence, we chose the title of our study as a scientometric analysis, as it was aimed to measure the impact of research papers published in the JCOT. Such studies also help in the understanding of scientific citations, and the use of such measurements in the policy and management contexts.9 Such studies help the readers, authors, reviewers, editorial board members and researchers to evaluate the quality of the journal.
Recent research has shown a poor representation of papers from developing countries in Orthopaedic journals published from the western countries. The authors have gone to the extent of concluding that they are neglecting Orthopaedic problems encountered by 3/4th of the world.10 The JCOT has been able to fulfil one of its essential aims of bridging the knowledge gap in the global Orthopaedic literature, by accepting and publishing quality papers from developing countries, which are relevant to their inherent problems.
Both, PubMed and SCOPUS are internationally acclaimed indexing agencies which index JCOT, and both show an increasing trend of published documents and citations of the journal. Representation in these databases might have contributed to popularity and citations received by the journal. The JCOT is one of the three Orthopaedic journals from India, which is indexed in both the PubMed and SCOPUS, the two others being Indian journal of Orthopaedics and Journal of Orthopaedics. Its application is pending for approval with Clarivate analytics, to be included in the Web of Science and once approved this journal should see further increase in the submissions, citations and Cite Score and should become one of the top Orthopaedic Journal of India and Asia. The trend in scientific research can be depicted by the number of citations received per year and a paper receiving increasing citation counts reflects an increasing trend in that specific topic. It indicates the importance given by the author of an article to others’ work on related areas. Citation numbers also vary markedly with different databases. We believe that SCOPUS may be considered a better database, as it is quite comprehensive in its coverage, compared to others.11 The present global ranking, as per Cite Score ranking system for the journal, is 158 (34th percentile) and is likely to improve significantly in 2020, as indicated by significant growth in the Cite Score of JCOT.
We have performed manual issue wise analysis of data available on the journal website and some discrepancy observed with data derived from Scopus may be due to untimely/early allocation of papers in Scopus and some papers (e.g. conference proceedings in 2015) are not available on Scopus.
Self-Citation can artificially inflate the ranking of an Orthopaedic Journal. It is to be noted that there was a 16.6 times increase in the citations received by JCOT over the last five years, out of which less than 9% citations were self-citations. Self-citation is a common practice amongst the researchers and seems to be a growing problem. The possible reasons for it could be multifold viz. referring to the author’s previous work on the subject, for raising his citation index or for promoting himself. It is impossible to do without self-citations at all, as these are used to compare the present results of the research with earlier findings when continuing to study the same subject. But, it is considered unethical if the self-citations are done inappropriately and are too many in numbers. Moreover, some authors deliberately cite the work of their colleagues than their competitors. Some journals go to the extent to advise the authors to cite the articles published in their journal, to increase their citations and H-index. These issues are also regularly discussed in the quarterly editorial committee meetings of JCOT and help the editors to enlighten the future path for the journal.
The top three specialities in the publication include Adult trauma and reconstruction, Arthroplasty, and Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy. The other subspecialty of Orthopaedics like Foot & Ankle, Hand & Wrist, Spine, Paediatric Orthopaedics and MSK tumours require more representation in the journal and hence special issues based on the themes related to these subspecialties are being published in the JCOT in the recent past. The level of evidence of the published articles in JCOT is maximum for level 5, followed closely by level 4.However, in the last five years, the journal has been publishing an increasing number of level 2 and level 1 studies (Fig. 6).
Since, January 2019, the numbers of submissions, publications and citations have seen significant growth (Fig. 1a, Fig. 1b, Fig. 2). The review times have shown a reducing trend and this might have also contributed to the journal becoming a preferred destination for the authors from both India and Overseas, who want to get their work to be published fast in a popular, impartial and authentic indexed journal with global acclaim. Presently, the JCOT has a hybrid publication policy, with an option of immediate open Access publication.
Quality research work should be made readily available for other researchers globally so that further research can be performed on that subject, and the results can be used in the clinical practice. The rejection rate has increased over the last few years and now almost 2/3rd of manuscripts are rejected, thereby ensuring the publication of only good quality papers. The JCOT publishes articles within a few days of acceptance as ‘Article in Press’ on the platform of Science Direct, with a DOI number. It ensures that the article can be cited immediately and will not have to wait for it to be published in a regular issue. The metadata of the articles along with Article Title, Author information, Abstract and References are published on PubMed, in about 15 days. All the articles are indexed in Scopus, and after 2012, in PubMed. The journal supports both the traditional publishing model and open access. Free to use, full text is available in PubMed Central after an embargo period of one year. The increased global visibility makes the journal attract more good quality manuscripts and also enhances citations received by the published articles.
Innovation, research, and publication are felt essential for both clinicians and scientists to learn and progress further. It has now become a necessity for most, as even promotions and career progression are linked to it. Developing countries are faced with unique problems like neglected trauma, chronic bone and joint infections, viral arthralgia and resistant osteoarticular tuberculosis. So, it is imperative to research and publish on these problems and provide a solution to society in this part of the world. The JCOT provides an apt platform for the same.12
To improve review quality, a standardized format may be provided to the reviewers to fill in their report while submitting it to the journal. Since the reviewers are required to devote considerable quantum of time to review a manuscript, there is often a dejected feeling in most, and only a few do it for love. There must be due recognition of the reviewers by the journal. It could be done in many ways like giving certificates and free access journals.13 Free access to Scopus is provided by the JCOT for reviewers and they are also provided certificates for their work by the JCOT’s publishers (Elsevier). JCOT recognizes their top reviewers by publishing their names in the journal editorial and certificates of excellence are also provided.14
In a recent editorial published in the Injury journal, it has been recognized that the publications from low-income countries have increased five times between 1996 and 2018, but still remain quite disproportionate to the population of these countries. Several factors have been postulated to contribute to this dichotomy viz. a lack of funding, English language barriers, limited access to scientific articles in spite of efforts made via HINARI and lack of appropriate technology. It is suggested that more research funding, greater free journal access, education of scientists on proper research methodology (online webinars), waiving of article-processing charges and greater participation in Editorial Boards would be some of the first steps for correcting this imbalance.12,15,16
Analysis of citation rates across multiple scientific and research domains has shown that most articles in any journal will not reach the expected number of citations as reflected by the journal impact factor. This phenomenon is known as citation skew and it has been examined in the orthopaedic literature also.17
We have also enquired about the presence of skew in the citation pattern of JCOT in general. Citation skew exists in JCOT, as out of total 971 papers published till now, the first 15 papers, which constitute the ‘h core’ of the journal, have been cited 508 times whereas rest 956 papers(actually 418 papers) have been cited 1147 times. Out of these, 538 papers haven’t been cited at all (Fig. 10). However, it is expected to improve in future with improvement in quality and citation potential of manuscripts published in JCOT.
Fig. 10.
Citation skew graph of JCOT.
The journal had humble beginings as Delhi Journal of Orthopaedics and has now grown to be a globally recognized orthopaedic journal. The journal is fulfilling its mandate. But, there is always a scope of further growth in any area of endeavour and we have some suggestions for the JCOT. In future, the journal must strive for Indexing in Science Citation Index (SCI) and Medline. More publications with a higher level of evidence would also enhance the value of contributions of the journal to orthopaedic literature and are likely to enhance the citation potential. Rejection rates could also be increased further while ensuring that the journal is still a venue for good quality manuscripts from the developing world. JCOT needs to publish scientific guidelines for the management of diseases prevalent in developing countries made by indigenous societies and state-of-the-art reviews with a focus on clinical practice, and should also collaborate with major scientific organizations in India and aboard for the same. It may also improve its visibility among global readers and attract the best research from around the world. The JCOT should also do manuscript level studies in future focusing on the existence of publication bias (i.e. positive outcome of a study affecting the chances of its acceptance by the journal), other nonscientific factors affecting publication and the fate of manuscripts rejected by JCOT, and this may give us further insights into the hitherto unknown factors affecting publication, and also help JCOT in serving science in an even better way.18, 19, 20, 21 Promotion of sub-specialities by publishing more special or hybrid issues containing both general and invited subspecialty papers (as was done in 2019) should be continued.
Funding
No grant or external support was received for conducting or reporting this study.
Declaration of competing interest
All authors are on the editorial board of JCOT.
Footnotes
Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2020.01.009.
Contributor Information
Raju Vaishya, Email: raju.vaishya@gmail.com.
Mohit Kumar Patralekh, Email: mohit_patralekh@yahoo.co.in, mohitkumarpatralekh@gmail.com.
Abhishek Vaish, Email: drabhishekvaish@gmail.com.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
The following are the Supplementary data to this article:
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