Abstract
目的
系统评价钙钠磷硅酸(CSPS)与硝酸钾牙膏抗牙本质敏感效果的临床疗效。
方法
计算机检索The Cochrane Library(2017年6期)、PubMed、Embase、WanFang Data、CBM和CNKI数据库,查找CSPS与硝酸钾牙膏对牙本质敏感症状疗效的随机对照试验(RCT),检索时限均为从建库至2017年6月。由2名评价员独立筛选文献、提取资料和评价纳入研究的偏倚风险后,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。
结果
共纳入8个RCT,包括411例患者,其中试验组203例,对照组208例。Meta分析结果显示:试验组2、4、6、8周吹气敏感值优于对照组[SMD=−1.85,95%CI(−2.89,−0.81),P=0.000 5,I2=93%],[SMD=−1.61,95%CI(−1.96,−1.26),P<0.000 01,I2=49%], [SMD=−3.79,95%CI(−7.18,−0.40),P=0.03,I2=98%],[SMD=−2.13,95%CI(−2.69,−1.58),P<0.000 01]。试验组12周吹气敏感值与对照组差异无统计学意义[SMD=−0.63,95%CI(−1.47,0.20),P=0.14,I2=71%]。试验组2、4、6、8、12周冷水刺激敏感值优于对照组[SMD=−1.07,95%CI(−1.48,−0.66),P<0.000 01,I2=69%],[SMD=−1.29,95%CI(−1.81,−0.76),P<0.000 01,I2=64%],[SMD=−1.20,95%CI(−1.57,−0.83),P<0.000 01,I2=86%],[SMD=−1.30,95%CI(−2.51,−0.08),P=0.04,I2=82%],[SMD=−0.79,95%CI(−1.27,−0.31),P=0.001]。试验组1周冷水刺激敏感值与对照组差异无统计学意义 [SMD=0.00,95%CI(−0.62,0.62),P=1]。试验组2、4、8周探诊敏感值优于对照组[SMD=−1.31,95%CI(−2.00,−0.62),P=0.000 2,I2=67%],[SMD=−1.37,95%CI(−1.74,−0.99),P<0.000 01,I2=23%],[SMD=−1.33,95%CI(−1.82,−0.84),P<0.000 01]。试验组1周探诊敏感值与对照组差异无统计学意义[SMD=−0.32,95%CI(−0.94,0.31),P=0.32]。
结论
CSPS比硝酸钾牙膏更有效地降低牙本质敏感。受纳入研究的数量和质量限制,上述结论尚需更多高质量、大样本RCT予以验证。
Keywords: 钙钠磷硅酸, 硝酸钾, 牙本质敏感, 随机对照试验, Meta分析, 系统评价
Abstract
Objective
This systematic review and Meta-analysis aimed to compare the efficacy of calcium sodium phosphosilicate (CSPS) and potassium nitrate as desensitizing agents for the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity (DH).
Methods
A thorough search in The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Embase, Chinese WanFang Data, CBM, and CNKI were conducted for studies published up to June 2017. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of the treatment of DH with CSPS and potassium nitrate toothpaste were included. Quality assessment and data extraction were performed by two reviewers independently, and Meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software.
Results
Eight RCTs involving 411 patients were included. Experimental group comprised 203 and control group had 208 patients. The Meta-analysis indicated the superior effect of CSPS dentifrice on air blast sensitivity at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of follow-up [SMD=−1.85, 95%CI (−2.89, −0.81), P=0.000 5, I2=93%], [SMD=−1.61, 95%CI (−1.96, −1.26), P<0.000 01, I2=49%], [SMD=−3.79, 95%CI (−7.18, −0.40), P=0.03, I2=98%], and [SMD=−2.13, 95%CI (−2.69, −1.58), P<0.000 01] , respectively. No significant effects were seen at 12 weeks [SMD=−0.63, 95%CI (−1.47, 0.20), P=0.14, I2=71%]. CSPS dentifrice showed a better desensitizing effect at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks of follow-up on cold water sensitivity [SMD=−1.07, 95%CI (−1.48, −0.66), P<0.000 01, I2=69%], [SMD=−1.29, 95%CI (−1.81, −0.76), P<0.000 01, I2=64%], [SMD=−1.20, 95%CI (−1.57, −0.83), P<0.000 01, I2=86%], [SMD=−1.30, 95%CI (−2.51, −0.08), P=0.04, I2=82%], and [SMD=−0.79, 95%CI (−1.27, −0.31), P=0.001], respectively. No significant effects at 1 week of follow-up [SMD=0.00, 95%CI (−0.62, 0.62), P=1]. The favorable effect of CSPS dentifrice on tactile sensitivity was more obvious than the control group at 2, 4, and 8 weeks of follow-up [SMD=−1.31, 95%CI (−2.00, −0.62), P=0.000 2, I2=67%], [SMD=−1.37, 95%CI (−1.74, −0.99), P<0.000 01, I2=23%], and [SMD=−1.33, 95%CI (−1.82,−0.84), P<0.000 01], respectively. No significant effects at 1 week of follow-up [SMD=−0.32, 95%CI (−0.94, 0.31), P=0.32] were observed.
Conclusion
Current evidence indicated that CSPS was more effective than potassium nitrate at reducing DH. The evidence generated by this review was based on a small number of individuals. High-quality and large sample size as well as ideally-designed clinical trials are required in the future before definitive recommendations can be made.
Keywords: calcium sodium phosphosilicate, potassium nitrate, dentin hypersensitivity, randomized controlled trial, Meta-analysis, systematic review
牙本质敏感症又称过敏性牙本质(dentine hypersensitivity,DH),是指牙齿在受到外界刺激如温度(冷、热)、化学(酸、甜)、机械(摩擦或咬硬物)等出现的一种异常酸痛症状,其特点为发作迅速、疼痛尖锐、时间短暂[1]–[2]。牙本质的患病率很高,世界范围内报道的患病率为8%~74%[3]–[5],通常发生在尖牙和前磨牙,好发于20~70岁,女性多于男性[6]。随着经济社会的发展,人口结构老龄化,以及人们越来越多酸性饮食的摄入,DH的酸痛不适症状严重影响人们的生活质量,有效治疗和控制已成为不可忽视的问题。
许多临床试验研究[7]–[9]已经证实硝酸钾牙膏能有效地缓解DH。然而,有系统评价研究[10]–[11]发现,没有找到足够的证据来支持硝酸钾牙膏对DH的功效,至今仍没有治疗DH的金标准。目前市面上的一种新型生物活性材料钙钠磷硅酸(calcium sodium phosphosilicate,CSPS)[12]矿化液诱导钙磷离子在牙齿表面生成相似的羟磷灰石层,封闭牙本质小管。已有临床试验研究[13]–[14]发现CSPS能有效地缓解DH,因此,本研究对CSPS和硝酸钾抗敏感牙膏效果的临床试验进行系统评价,比较两种治疗效果,为DH临床治疗方案的选择提供依据。
1. 材料和方法
1.1. 纳入和排除标准
纳入标准:1)研究类型:随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)。2)研究对象:年龄大于18岁的健康成人,确诊为DH的患者,且在半年内未行牙周及DH治疗。3)干预措施:试验组使用CSPS牙膏,对照组使用硝酸钾牙膏。4)结局指标:临床检查敏感指标或患者主观敏感评价指标(visual analog scale,VAS)值,包括吹气敏感、冷水刺激敏感、探诊敏感指标。
排除标准:体外研究;无法提取数据的文献;重复发表文献等。
1.2. 检索策略
计算机检索The Cochrane Library(2017年6期)、PubMed、Embase、WanFang Data、CBM和CNKI数据库,查找RCT,检索时限均为自建库至2017年6月。英文检索主题词包括:potassium nitrate,calcium sodium phosphosilicate,dentine hypersensitivity,randomized controlled trial;中文检索词包括:硝酸钾、钙钠磷硅酸、牙本质敏感等。
1.3. 文献筛选与资料提取
由2名评价员独立筛选文献和提取资料,如有分歧则通过讨论或由第3位评价者决定。文献筛选时首先阅读文题,在排除明显不相关的文献后,进一步阅读摘要和全文,以确定是否纳入。资料提取内容包括:1)一般资料:题目、作者姓名、发表日期等;2)研究特征:患者例数、平均年龄、随访时间、失访人数等;3)观察指标:吹气敏感、冷水刺激敏感、探诊敏感指标。
1.4. 纳入研究的偏倚风险评价
由2名评价者根据Cochrane手册针对随机试验的偏倚风险评估工具(Version 5.1.0)对纳入研究的偏倚风险进行评价,评价内容包括:1)随机方法;2)分配隐藏;3)患者与研究者盲法实施情况;4)结局评价者盲法实施情况;5)结果是否完整;6)选择性报告研究结果;7)有无其他偏倚来源。所有评价条目根据研究具体情况按“低风险、不清楚、高风险”进行评价。
1.5. 统计分析
采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。连续变量资料作为效应指标,其结果以均数(mean difference,MD)或标准化均数差(standardized mean difference,SMD)效应量及其95%的可信区间(confidence internal,CI)表示。纳入研究结果间的异质性采用χ2检验进行分析(检验水准为α=0.1),结合I2定量判断异质性的大小。若各研究结果间无统计学异质性,采用固定效应模型进行Meta分析;若各研究结果间存在统计学异质性,则进一步分析异质性来源,在排除明显临床异质性的影响后,采用随机效应模型行Meta分析。明显的临床异质性采用亚组分析或敏感性分析等方法处理,或只行描述性分析。
2. 结果
2.1. 文献筛选结果
初检共获得817篇相关文献,经过逐层筛选,最终纳入8个研究[15]–[22],共计患者411例,其中试验组203例,对照组208例。
2.2. 纳入研究的基本特征与偏倚风险评价
纳入文献的基本特征见表1。纳入文献质量根据Cochrane手册“对随机试验的偏倚风险评估工具”(Version 5.1.0)对纳入研究的方法学质量进行评价,所纳入8项研究均为RCT(低风险、不清楚、高风险),详细评价结果见表2。
表 1. 纳入研究的基本特征.
Tab 1 Characteristics of the included studies
纳入研究 | 例数(T/C) | 年龄/岁 | 干预措施 |
随访/周 | 回访/失访 |
结局指标 | ||
T | C | T | C | |||||
Salian 2010[15] | 10/10 | 20~50 | 5%CSPS | 5%硝酸钾 | 2,4 | 10/0 | 10/0 | ①②③ |
Narongdej 2010[16] | 20/20 | 26~70(44.8) | 7.5%CSPS | 5%硝酸钾 | 1,2,4 | 20/0 | 20/0 | ①③ |
Sharma 2010[17] | 40/40 | 20~60 | 7.5%CSPS | 5%硝酸钾 | 2,4,12 | 40/0 | 40/0 | ②③ |
Pradeep 2010[18] | 40/40 | 20~60(39.4) | 5%CSPS | 5%硝酸钾 | 2,6 | 36/4 | 37/3 | ②③ |
Pradeep 2012[19] | 40/40 | 20~60(40.3) | 5%CSPS | 5%硝酸钾 | 2,6 | 36/4 | 39/1 | ②③ |
Acharya 2013[20] | 10/10 | 18~65 | 5%CSPS | 5%硝酸钾 | 2,4,8 | 10/0 | 10/0 | ③ |
Majji 2016 [21] | 40/40 | 20~60(36.9) | 5%CSPS | 5%硝酸钾 | 2,4,8 | 40/0 | 40/0 | ①②③ |
Athuluru 2017[22] | 17/17 | 18~75(42.95) | 5%CSPS | 5%硝酸钾 | 6,12 | 15/2 | 15/2 | ② |
注:T:试验组;C:对照组。①探诊敏感;②吹气敏感;③冷水刺激敏感。年龄一列中括号内为平均年龄。
表 2. 纳入研究的偏倚风险评价.
Tab 2 Assessment of methodological quality of the included studies
纳入研究 | 随机方法 | 分配隐藏 | 患者与研究者盲法 | 结果评价者盲法 | 结果完整性 | 选择性报告 | 其他偏倚 |
Salian 2010[15] | 不清楚 | 不清楚 | 低风险 | 不清楚 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 不清楚 |
Narongdej 2010[16] | 不清楚 | 不清楚 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 不清楚 |
Sharma 2010[17] | 不清楚 | 不清楚 | 低风险 | 不清楚 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 不清楚 |
Pradeep 2010[18] | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 |
Pradeep 2012[19] | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 |
Acharya 2013[20] | 不清楚 | 不清楚 | 低风险 | 不清楚 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 |
Majji 2016[21] | 不清楚 | 不清楚 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 不清楚 | 低风险 | 不清楚 |
Athuluru 2017[22] | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 | 低风险 |
2.3. Meta分析结果
2.3.1. 吹气敏感值
2、4、6、8周试验组吹气敏感值优于对照组[SMD=−1.85,95%CI(−2.89,−0.81),P=0.000 5,I2=93%],[SMD=−1.61,95%CI(−1.96,−1.26),P<0.000 01,I2=49%],[SMD=−3.79,95%CI(−7.18,−0.40),P=0.03,I2=98%],[SMD=−2.13,95%CI(−2.69,−1.58),P<0.000 01]。12周试验组吹气敏感值与对照组间差异无统计学意义[SMD=−0.63,95%CI(−1.47,0.20),P=0.14,I2=71%](图1、2,表3)。
图 1. 试验组和对照组2周吹气敏感值比较.
Fig 1 Comparison of air blast sensitivity between the experimental group and control group for 2 weeks
图 2. 试验组和对照组4周吹气敏感值比较.
Fig 2 Comparison of air blast sensitivity between the experimental group and control group for 4 weeks
表 3. 其余纳入研究结果分析.
Tab 3 The remainder analysis outcomes of the included studies
随访时间/周 | 吹气敏感 |
冷水刺激敏感 |
探诊敏感 |
|||||||||
n | SMD | 95%CI | P值 | n | SMD | 95%CI | P值 | n | SMD | 95%CI | P值 | |
1 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 0.00 | (−0.62, 0.62) | 1 | 1 | −0.32 | (−0.94, 0.31) | 0.32 |
6 | 4 | −3.79 | (−7.18,−0.40) | 0.03* | 2 | −1.20 | (−1.57,−0.83) | <0.000 01* | - | - | - | - |
8 | 1 | −2.13 | (−2.69,−1.58) | <0.000 01* | 2 | −1.30 | (−2.51, −0.08) | 0.04* | 1 | −1.33 | (−1.82, −0.84) | <0.000 01* |
12 | 2 | −0.63 | (−1.47,0.20) | 0.14 | 1 | −0.79 | (−1.27, −0.31) | 0.001 | - | - | - | - |
注:*为结果差异有统计学意义。
2.3.2. 冷水刺激敏感值
2、4、6、8、12周试验组冷水刺激敏感值优于对照组[SMD=−1.07,95%CI(−1.48,−0.66),P<0.000 01,I2=69%],[SMD=−1.29,95%CI(−1.81,−0.76),P<0.000 01,I2=64%],[SMD=−1.20,95%CI(−1.57,−0.83),P<0.000 01,I2=86%],[SMD=−1.30,95%CI(−2.51,−0.08),P=0.04,I2=82%],[SMD=−0.79,95%CI(−1.27,−0.31),P=0.001]。试验组1周冷水刺激敏感值与对照组差异无统计学意义 [SMD=0.00,95%CI(−0.62,0.62),P=1] (图3、4,表3)。
图 3. 试验组和对照组2周冷水刺激敏感值比较.
Fig 3 Comparison of cold water sensitivity between the experimental group and control group for 2 weeks
图 4. 试验组和对照组4周冷水刺激敏感值比较.
Fig 4 Comparison of cold water sensitivity between the experimental group and control group for 4 weeks
2.3.3. 探诊敏感值
2、4、8周试验组探诊敏感值优于对照组[SMD=−1.31,95%CI(−2.00,−0.62),P=0.000 2,I2=67%],[SMD=−1.37,95%CI(−1.74,−0.99),P<0.000 01,I2=23%],[SMD=−1.33,95%CI(−1.82,−0.84),P<0.000 01]。试验组1周探诊敏感值与对照组差异无统计学意义[SMD=−0.32,95%CI(−0.94,0.31),P=0.32] (图5、6,表3)。
图 5. 试验组和对照组2周探诊敏感值比较.
Fig 5 Comparison of tactile sensitivity between the experimental group and control group for 2 weeks
图 6. 试验组和对照组4周探诊敏感值比较.
Fig 6 Comparison of tactile sensitivity between the experimental group and control group for 4 weeks
2.3.4. 其余纳入研究结果
根据试验周期及结果测量方法分类合并研究结果,其余1、6、8、12周结果分析情况见表3。
3. 讨论
针对DH的临床特点,疼痛症状的缓解和预防复发是治疗的关键。临床医师在选择时应遵循一个合理的治疗程序[23]。应用含抗敏感活性成分的脱敏牙膏是最经济、最有效,同时也是治疗牙本质敏感的首选方法,其操作简单,成本-效益比最高。基于Brannstrom提出的流体动力学理论[24],DH的治疗原则是减少牙本质小管内的液体流动和阻断牙本质小管内的神经传导[25]。而阻断牙本质小管内的神经传导常采用含钾化合物,如硝酸钾。本文纳入研究5%硝酸钾抗敏感牙膏的活性成分为2%的K+,其机制主要是增加牙髓感觉神经感受器周围的K+浓度,产生去极化现象,以降低神经兴奋性[26]。同时,可使牙本质表面钙化程度显著提高,促使修复性牙本质形成,钾盐其结晶阻塞牙本质小管而隔绝外界刺激[27]。
目前也有多种脱敏材料致力于如何有效减少牙本质小管内的液体流动以缓解DH[25],如粘接剂、氯化锶、精氨酸等,这些材料非牙体固有成分,只能机械封闭小管。牙本质的基本成分羟磷灰石属磷酸钙盐类材料,是治疗DH的有前景的生物材料。本文纳入研究的新型生物活性材料CSPS,钙磷比(1.67)接近牙齿和骨骼[28],其机制是在水溶液或唾液环境中发生反应,Na+与H+交换,升高局部唾液的pH值,从而达到羟磷灰石形成所需的阈值,钙和磷酸根以磷酸钙的形式沉淀,磷酸钙结晶形成新的羟磷灰石修复层,覆盖暴露的牙本质并深入牙本质小管内[29]–[30]。CSPS颗粒能与暴露牙本质中的胶原发生反应,沉积到牙本质表面,并深入牙本质小管内形成类羟磷灰石修复层,颗粒将持续发生反应并作为持续释放钙离子和磷离子的蓄积池,可深度封闭牙本质小管[31]。所释放的离子作用于牙本质小管的神经末梢,使神经去极化,阻止刺激的传播,降低小管内神经的兴奋性,干扰神经细胞对疼痛的传导,缓解DH症状[32]。
本研究根据试验周期及结果测量方法分类合并研究结果,合并1、2、4、6、8、12周吹气敏感、冷水刺激敏感、探诊敏感值显示。本研究结果显示,随访1周后冷水刺激敏感、探诊敏感值差异均无统计学意义。其原因可能是CSPS的反应机制是一种与体液的化学反应:先释放钙磷离子,再与唾液形成碳酸羟磷灰石,这需要一定时间来完成,因此延缓了沉积物的形成。而在最近的一项研究中发现含有CSPS的脱敏剂每天使用2次,每次1 min,需要至少1周时间才能达到很好的牙本质小管封闭效果[33]。
随访12周后吹气敏感值差异无统计学意义,冷水刺激敏感值差异有统计学意义。其原因:1)有研究[1]推荐DH治疗随访时间为8周,随访至12周的研究较少。体外研究[34]报道含钾离子的脱敏有效性是短暂且可逆的,而有关CSPS脱敏阻塞牙本质小管的持久性鲜有报道,有待进一步研究;2)本次纳入研究CSPS的浓度不完全一致,7.5%CSPS脱敏效果是否优于5%CSPS,有待进一步研究。3)口腔是一个复杂的生物环境,随着治疗时间的延长,饮食中的酸性物质和唾液都能够溶解CSPS在牙本质表面新生矿物层,使其脱敏作用降低。4)牙本质敏感存在着一种“自愈”现象,它能够通过生理性或病理性原因封闭牙本质小管,抗敏感牙膏的作用降低。
随访2、4、6、8周,两组吹气敏感、冷水刺激、探诊敏感值差异有统计学意义,但研究中出现的异质性较高。对其做异质性分析,其原因可能有:1)不充分的RCT,部分研究并没有明确报道随机的具体方法,这对系统评价的有效性有限。2)纳入研究的人群不一样,多数研究集中在印度地区,因此数据的有效性并不能代表所有人群。本次研究中人群中男女性别未做具体的描述,研究中牙本质敏感的牙位不尽相同,样本量较少;3)DH是一种主观疼痛表现,VAS值很难做到客观地测量和评价。对患者痛苦大小反应的测量,很难避免主观因素,患者对疼痛程度的理解,患者的情绪,和其他无法客观衡量的因素,可能会产生较大的差异。4)效果评价的规范程度。DH治疗效果评价试验要求至少采用 2种敏感测量方法且重复测量[1],首先应选用影响结果较重的测量方法,本次纳入的研究选用的测量方法不一致,检查先后的顺序不一致及间隔的时间不完全相同,且部分研究只采用一种测量方法,使其难以得到一致的结论。
综上所述,目前的8个RCT证据表明,CSPS牙膏相对硝酸钾牙膏更有效地降低了牙本质敏感并值得推荐使用。受纳入研究的数量和质量限制,上述结论尚需更多高质量、大样本RCT予以验证。
Funding Statement
[基金项目] 国家自然科学基金(81360167)
Supported by: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (81360167).
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