Fig. 2.

Multifactorial interaction on the effect of metformin on cognition. The effect of metformin on cognition is mediated by a variety of factors, including age, sex, blood sugar levels, and associated disease condition. The color-coding in this predictive model is a summary of existing evidence on known mediators of metformin-induced cognitive changes. A more substantial clinical investigation should aim to extend these data to achieve a more accurate precision medicine approach to metformin pharmacotherapy