Table 2. Summary of research studies on psychological sequelae associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).

Adapted from [16].

Reference	Study characteristics	No. of GBS patients	Conclusions
Bahnasy et al. [10]	Prospective study	20	Residual psychiatric symptoms and sleep abnormalities associated with GBS
Bernsen et al. [37]	Retrospective study	86	Problems of daily living and social dysfunction affect relatives of GBS patients
Bernsen et al. [25]	Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study	85	Residual depression associated with GBS; psychosocial health impaired at one year
Bussmann et al. [29]	Case series	20	Changes in residual fatigue independent of actual physical fitness of GBS patients
Cochen et al. [36]	Prospective study	139	Visual hallucinations and paranoid delusions peaked on day 9 in intensive care unit (ICU)-admitted GBS patients
Davidson et al. [22]	Prospective survey	884	Increased anxiety, depression, and fatigue in GBS patients
Eisendraht et al. [23]	Prospective study	8	Physical disability in GBS leads to anxiety, disorientation, and terror; educate patient and family with regards to psychological needs
Gao et al. [35]	Case series	49	Reduced sleep quality related to anxiety in GBS
Garssen et al. [38]	Case series	20	Physical exercise reduces anxiety in GBS independent of increased physical fitness of patients
Garssen et al. [30]	Case series	16	Residual fatigue in GBS is independent of nerve dysfunction measured using conventional nerve conduction studies
Garssen et al. [31]	Prospective study	100	Residual fatigue is independent of physical disability in GBS patients
Garssen et al. [24]	Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study	80	Residual anxiety and depression associated with GBS is refractory to amantadine
Karkare et al. [27]	Prospective study	60	Sleep disturbance in GBS is associated with depression
Khan et al. [18]	Prospective study	76	Residual depression, anxiety, and stress associated with GBS
Kogos Jr. et al. [26]	Retrospective study	18	Residual depression is related to pain associated with GBS
Kuitwaard et al. [32]	Retrospective study	240	Severe residual fatigue experienced by 70% of GBS patients
Le Guennec et al. [19]	Retrospective study	13	Post-traumatic stress syndrome associated with GBS independent of anxiety and depression
Merkies et al. [33]	Retrospective study	113	Residual fatigue persists for years after recovery phase of GBS
Rhanjani et al. [28]	Retrospective study	90	Residual fatigue persists beyond recovery phase of GBS despite improvement in motor fatigue
Rekand et al. [34]	Retrospective study	50	Fatigue is a common symptom in GBS patients
Sharshar et al. [21]	Retrospective study	110	Anxiety should be evaluated early in order to provide psychological support to GBS patients
Tzeng et al. [11]	Retrospective study	4,548	High risk for development of psychiatric disorders in GBS patients necessitates regular follow-up
Weiss et al. [20]	Prospective study	49	Residual anxiety, acute stress disorder, depression, and psychosis associated with GBS
Witsch et al. [39]	Retrospective study	110	Residual fatigue, chronic pain, and low energy levels associated with GBS