Abstract
凝血酶敏感蛋白-1(TSP-1)作为一种重要的抑制血管生成物质,在人体组织中广泛分布,并且在不同组织部位肿瘤的形成、生长、分化、转移中占据不可代替的地位。TSP-1在各类肿瘤(如膀胱癌、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、非小细胞肺癌、胰腺癌等)的发生、发展中起着重要的作用,近年研究证实凝血酶敏感蛋白-1对口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤血管生成及肿瘤发生、发展的抑制作用也尤为明显。本文对TSP-1在全身肿瘤及口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤中的研究进展进行综述。
Keywords: 口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤, 凝血酶敏感蛋白-1, 实体肿瘤, 血管抑制
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) is widely distributed in human tissues and is important in inhibiting angiogenesis.It also occupies an indispensable position in the formation, growth, differentiation, and metastasis of tumors in different tissues.TSP-1 plays an important role in the occurrence and development of various types of tumors. The inhibitory effect of TSP-1 on the angiogenesis and tumor development of oral and maxillofacial malignant tumors has been demonstrated in recent years. This paper reviews the findings and progress of TSP-1 research involving all kinds of tumors as well as oral and maxillofacial malignancies.
Keywords: oral and maxillofacial malignancy, thrombospondin-1, solid tumor, vascular suppression
血管生成在肿瘤发生、发展中起着关键性作用,是肿瘤浸润和转移的必要条件[1]。实体肿瘤的血管形成前期由于缺乏新生血管滋养,肿瘤细胞增殖和凋亡速度基本相当,肿瘤长期处于静止状态,一旦肿瘤内血管开始生成,肿瘤便得以快速生长,侵袭力及转移能力均增强。凝血酶敏感蛋白-1(thrombospondin-1,TSP-1)作为一种强效的肿瘤血管生成负性调节分子,能够通过调节肿瘤新生血管的生成,从而对肿瘤的产生、发展、治疗、预后具有重要的影响[2]。
根据全球癌症统计报告(Global Cancer Statistics)2008年数据显示,头颈部恶性肿瘤的发病率居于全身恶性肿瘤第6位。口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤是头颈肿瘤的重要组成部分,约占全身恶性肿瘤的8.2%[3]。口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤大多生长较快,并具有较大的破坏性,常造成周围器官破坏和功能障碍。目前常用治疗方式包括手术治疗、放射治疗及化学药物治疗。TSP-1相关药物或生物治疗手段对肿瘤具有较好的效果[4],或可成为治疗口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤的新方式。
1. TSP-1的生物学特性、结构及功能
TSP-1是一种多功能糖蛋白,可由血小板、成纤维细胞、上皮细胞、间皮细胞、肾小球系膜细胞等多种细胞合成并分泌,具有激活转化生长因子-β、抑制血管生成、抗肿瘤活性、参与组织修复等多种生物学效应[5]。研究发现一些培养的人肿瘤细胞系(如鳞状细胞癌、黑色素瘤、乳腺癌等)也可以合成TSP-1。TSP-1还可调节肿瘤细胞的生长、黏附、迁移等生物学行为[6]。TSP-1是一种相对分子质量为4.5×105的同源三聚体蛋白,具有多个功能结构域,可介导细胞与细胞、细胞与基质之间的相互作用。TSP-1可与整合素、CD36、CD47等受体相互作用而产生不同的生物学作用[7]。在透射显微镜下,TSP-1蛋白分子由三条相同肽链组成,每一条肽链都呈现出一端为球状氨基末端,另一端为球状梭基末端,中间以细长杆状臂连接的结构[8]。根据与其他分子的相互作用,可将TSP-1的每条单链分为6个功能区:1)NH2-末端;2)原胶原同源区;3)typeⅠ序列;4)typeⅡ序列;5)typeⅢ序列;6)COOH-末端。TSP-1可与硫酸乙酰肝素糖蛋白、整合素、CD36等多种分子结合发挥不同的生物学作用,其中原胶原同源区和typeⅠ序列是发挥抗血管生成作用的功能区段[9]–[11]。TSP-1还可与内皮细胞上CD47分子结合,抑制NO信号转导通路从而调控血管生成过程、血液流量及血小板的止血作用[12]–[15]。
2. TSP-1对肿瘤生物学行为的影响
2.1. TSP-1的表达对全身各类肿瘤生物学行为的影响
肿瘤的血管生成受促血管生成因子和抗血管生成因子之间的平衡调节。Watnick等[16]证实人类肿瘤细胞血管生成抑制能力建立的关键步骤是TSP-1的分泌。
在膀胱癌组织中发现TSP-1的表达与其分级分期有密切关系[17],正常组织或肿瘤早期TSP-1的表达较高。Yap[18]研究证实TSP-1可以抑制膀胱癌血管的生成。在乳腺癌的研究[19]中发现,低剂量节律紫杉醇通过上调TSP-1表达来促进乳腺癌细胞凋亡。在TSP-1缺乏的乳腺癌动物中,肿瘤脉管系统显著增加[20]–[21]。Rice[22]报道,在乳腺癌中TSP-1的表达与肿瘤组织的微血管密度呈显著负相关。
TSP-1可作为鉴别前列腺癌及前列腺增生的指标之一[23]–[25]。良性前列腺病变中TSP-1的表达高于前列腺癌[26]。TSP-1是判断前列腺癌恶性程度和预后的重要指标[27]–[28]。上调前列腺癌患者TSP-1的表达可以达到治疗的目的[29]。
血清TSP-1是判断原发性非小细胞肺癌患者手术预后的标志物之一[30]。非小细胞肺癌中,血清TSP-1的低表达是提示其预后差的一项重要指标[31]–[32],TSP-1通过协同相关分子可以减小肿瘤体积和抑制血管生成[33]。
研究[34]–[36]显示,TSP-1对胰腺癌组织的血管新生和癌细胞具有抑制作用。TSP-1可能成为胶质瘤治疗的潜在靶点[37]。Bocci等[38]研究发现,神经酰胺类似物通过上调TSP-1的表达来达到抗肿瘤和抗血管生成的目的。TSP-1同样对恶性血液病、多发性骨髓瘤的治疗和预后也具有预测和评估作用[39]。
2.2. TSP-1的表达对口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤生物学行为的影响
目前国内外关于TSP-1与口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤侵袭性和转移之间关系的研究较少,其中多项研究均显示了TSP-1的抗肿瘤性,即可以抑制肿瘤的生长及发展。
口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤以鳞状细胞癌最多见,一般占80%以上。Hayashido等[40]检测发现,TSP-1在人正常口腔黏膜和口腔鳞状细胞癌(oral squamous cell carcinoma,OSCC)中的表达主要分布在结缔组织中。抗TSP-1抗体免疫沉淀检测结果表明,TSP-1由培养的OSCC细胞和成纤维细胞合成,其中成纤维细胞产生大量TSP-1,而SCC细胞分泌少量TSP-1。口腔鳞状细胞癌间质中的TSP-1可能由间充质细胞合成。Yao等[41]研究发现,TSP-1的表达水平与肿瘤浸润性和淋巴结状态呈负相关。TSP-1高表达肿瘤的5年生存率高于低表达者,TSP-1的表达对肿瘤血管生成有抑制作用,且具有评估口腔鳞状细胞癌侵袭性和预后的价值。
黏液表皮样癌是最常见的原发性涎腺恶性肿瘤。研究[42]–[43]发现,临床上Ⅰ、Ⅱ期黏液表皮样癌的TSP-1阳性表达显著高于Ⅲ、Ⅳ期,并且与肿瘤的血管生成呈负相关,TSP-1可能具有抑制黏液表皮样癌血管生成的作用,而这是TSP-1抑制肿瘤发生、发展的途径之一。无淋巴结转移或远处转移的黏液表皮样癌TSP-1表达率高于有淋巴结转移或远处转移者。分化程度较高的黏液表皮样癌,TSP-1表达也相应较高,二者具有相关关系[44]–[45]。
但也有学者对TSP-1与口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤侵袭性和转移之间关系的研究与上述结果不同。腺样囊性癌约占唾液腺恶性肿瘤的24%,在颌下腺和舌下腺恶性肿瘤中居第一位。龚仁国[46]研究发现TSP-1的表达水平在唾液腺腺样囊性癌早、晚期的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),晚期高于早期;有转移腺样囊性癌中的表达高于无转移者;腺样囊性癌组织中的表达高于正常组织。其研究结果认为TSP-1可能促进唾液腺腺样囊性癌的发生发展。关于TSP-1在口腔颌面部各类恶性肿瘤组织中的作用机制,今后尚需要进一步的研究。
3. TSP-1的抗肿瘤机制及其相关应用的探索
TSP-1具有多种生物学功能,既可以促进细胞黏附、增殖、血管生成及肿瘤生长,也可以降低细胞的黏附、诱导凋亡、抑制血管新生及肿瘤形成,功能的不同可能是TSP-1与不同受体相结合产生的结果。TSP-1对血管生成的作用取决于其有效浓度,当浓度为5~50 mg·L−1时可呈剂量依赖性刺激内皮细胞迁移,当浓度较低时则可抑制内皮细胞迁移[47]。CD47作为TSP-1的受体之一,可以与TSP-1的COOH-端结合。阻断CD47-SIRPα信号可以增强免疫细胞(单核细胞、巨噬细胞、间充质细胞和树突状细胞)在实体肿瘤(包括但不限于膀胱、乳腺、结肠、肺、胰腺肿瘤)和血液系统恶性肿瘤中对肿瘤细胞的吞噬作用[11],[48]–[50]。Chawla[51]、Streit等[52]研究表明,TSP-1并非直接作用于肿瘤细胞,而是通过作用于血管内皮细胞CD36受体使血管密度降低,致使肿瘤细胞坏死。Lindner等[53]研究发现,甲基化沉默的TSP-1可以增强血管生成抑制和诱导抗肿瘤作用,从而抑制黑色素瘤的生长。
Ferdous等[54]发现,节拍化疗治疗口腔鳞状细胞癌就是通过诱导TSP-1的分泌发挥抗血管生成作用。TSP-1的typeⅠ序列能明显抑制内皮细胞的增殖,从而抑制肿瘤的新生血管形成[55]。TSP-1的type Ⅰ重复序列重组蛋白作用于B16F10黑色素瘤和Lewis肺癌,可调节肿瘤细胞的生长并诱导细胞凋亡[56]。TSP-l在抗肿瘤血管新生及联合放疗中起作用[57]–[58] 。
4. 前景及展望
综上所述,TSP-1是一种有效的内源性血管生成抑制因子,能够抑制多种恶性肿瘤的发展、侵袭等行为。通过检测手段检测TSP-1的表达可以判断疾病及其预后。肿瘤治疗中可通过药物调节TSP-1的有效含量来达到治疗疾病的目的。口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤目前仍以手术治疗为主,常伴随功能障碍甚至颜面畸形。如果切除不彻底,容易复发,且再次手术常不能获得满意的效果。TSP-1可应用于抗血管生成治疗,具有特异性高、作用直接、不易耐药等优点,但由于TSP-1分子量大并且在血液中可与纤维连接蛋白等多种分子结合发挥不同的功能(具有促进血管生成和抑制血管新生的双重作用),因此TSP-1的临床应用尤其是在口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤治疗中的应用仍需要进一步的研究。
Funding Statement
[基金项目] 中华口腔医学会西部行口腔医学临床科研基金(CSA-W2016-01);四川省科技支撑计划项目(2014SZ0038);四川省医学科研青年创新课题(Q14054);四川省科技计划重点研发项目(2018FZ0113)
Supported by: Clinical Research Foundation for Stomatology in Western China of Chinese Society of Stomatology (CSA-W2016-01); Sichuan Science and Technology Support Project (2014SZ0038); Sichuan Province Medical Research Youth Innovation Topic (Q14054); The Key Research and Development Projects of Sichuan Science and Technology Plans (2018FZ0113)
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