Abstract
Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been widely reported in many malignant tumors, and dysregulated miRNAs play an important role in the malignant progression of tumors. It has been reported that miR-29c-3p expression is dysregulated in tumors and promotes the development of tumors, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the specific mechanism of miR-29c-3p in HCC is not clear. The present study demonstrated that miR-29c-3p was expressed at low levels in HCC patients and cell lines and that its decreased expression was closely related to poor prognosis of HCC patients. Overexpression of miR-29c-3p could significantly inhibit the proliferation and migration of HCC cells in vitro and suppress the HCC tumor growth in vivo. The luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-29c-3p directly bound to tripartite motif containing 31 (TRIM31) and suppressed TRIM31 expression. Finally, upregulation of TRIM31 could partially abolish the tumor suppressing roles of miR-29c-3p in HCC. Overall, miR-29c-3p, as a tumor suppressor gene, was revealed to inhibit the malignant progression of HCC by reducing the expression of TRIM31 and may be used as a potential therapeutic target for the precise treatment of HCC.
Keywords: microRNA-29c-3p, TRIM31, hepatocellular carcinoma, proliferation, migration
Introduction
As the second most frequent cancer in the world, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) causes 788,000 deaths each year (1). In addition, HCC is also the main cause of tumor death in China. At the time of diagnosis, most HCC patients are at more advanced stages, which are accompanied by intrahepatic and extrahepatic metastases, and the prognosis is poor. At present, there is a lack of effective prevention and treatment measures clinically. The 5-year metastasis and recurrence rate after radical resection is as high as 61.5% (2). Recurrence and metastasis of tumors are still the main causes of treatment failure in HCC, causing a heavy burden on families and society (3). Therefore, it is urgent to elucidate the mechanism of recurrence and metastasis, and provide new treatment strategies for HCC.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded noncoding small RNA with a length of 21–23 nt (4). When miRNAs are loaded into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), they can play a role in regulating gene expression. Through their seed sequence (5-terminal 2–8 nucleotides), miRNAs can identify binding sites on target gene mRNA 3′-UTRs and carry recruit RISC to play its role, which results in transcriptional inhibition, cleavage and degradation of Mrna (5). It has been reported that miRNA dysfunction is closely related to the invasion and metastasis of tumors (6,7). In HCC, miR-424-5p was revealed to inhibit TRIM29 expression, and then regulate HCC cell proliferation and invasion by inhibiting gene expression of proliferation- and apoptosis-related indicators (8). A recent study revealed that miR-505 inhibited the malignant development of non-small cell lung cancer via the MAP3K3-mediated AKT-NFκB signaling pathway (9). In gastric cancer, miR-125a inhibited the invasion and migration of tumor cells by regulating the expression of HAS1 by targeting STAT3 (10). Recent studies have revealed that miR-29c-3p is abnormally expressed in many malignant tumors including gastric cancer (11), colon cancer (12) and pancreatic cancer (13). A previous study revealed that miR-29c-3p was expressed at low levels in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (14). It was reported that miR-29c-3p overexpression led to decreased migration of GC cells in vitro and in vivo by suppressing the expression of KIAA1199 and several key proteins in the Wnt/β-catenin and EGFR signaling pathways (15). miR-29c-3p regulates CRC cell proliferation and migration by regulating SPARC expression (16). A study also revealed that miR-29c-3p promoted the malignant development of HCC by regulating the methylation of LATS1 caused by DNMT3B and inhibiting the anticancer function of the Hippo signaling pathway (17). However, a single miRNA can regulate the expression of hundreds of target gene mRNAs after transcription. Therefore, the specific roles and molecular mechanisms of miR-29c-3p in HCC have not been fully elucidated (18,19).
In the present study, the expression of miR-29c-3p in HCC was revealed to be significantly decreased, and its low expression was closely related to the poor prognosis of HCC patients. Overexpression of miR-29c-3p could significantly inhibit the proliferation and migration of HCC cells. It was also confirmed that miR-29c-3p could inhibit the malignant progression of HCC by directly acting on tripartite motif containing 31 (TRIM31) to regulate tumor proliferation and migration-related factors.
Materials and methods
HCC patients and specimens
A total of 60 HCC tissue samples were collected in this study, including tumor tissues and paired normal adjacent tissues, which were collected from January 2006 to July 2011 at the West China Hospital of Sichuan University and sample collection used liquid nitrogen for preservation. The histological diagnosis of all HCC samples was performed independently by two pathologists. All patients signed an informed consent form. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University.
Cell culture and transfection
The liver cancer cells (HepG2 and MHCC-97H), which were assessed by STR profiling, used in the present study were obtained from the Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (Chinese Academy of Sciences). All cell lines were cultured with high-glucose DMEM containing 10% FBS (Hyclone; GE Healthcare Life Sciences) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin.
miR-29c-3p mimic (miR-29c-3p), miR-29c-3p inhibitor and miR-29c-3p control were obtained from Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd. The TRIM31 overexpression vector pcDNA-TRIM31 and empty control vector pcDNA were constructed by Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. Lipofectamine 3000 reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used for liver cancer cell (HepG2 and MHCC-97H) transfection according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR)
Total RNA was extracted from HCC tissue samples and cell lines using TRIzol reagent (Takara Bio, Inc.) according to the manufacturer's protocol. miR-29c-3p expression was determined by a TaqMan MicroRNA Assay kit (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Total RNA was reverse-transcribed into cDNA using PrimeScript RT Reagent (Takara Bio, Inc.). qRT-PCR was performed using SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Takara Bio, Inc.). The temperature protocol for qRT-PCR was as follows: 35°C for 5 min, followed by 45°C for 40 min and 70°C for 5 min. U6 and GAPDH were used as internal references. The sequences of the primers used for each gene are presented in Table SI. The mRNA expression of miR-29c-3p and TRIM31 was determined using the 2−ΔΔCq method (20).
Western blotting
Total protein was extracted using RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology). Protein was quantified using the Bradford protein assay (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) with a NanoDrop spectrophotometer. A total of 25 µg/well of protein was electrophoresed on 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). After the transfer was completed, the PVDF membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat powdered milk at 37°C for 1 h. Next, the membranes were incubated with anti-TRIM31 (1:2,000; ab98207; Abcam) and anti-β-actin antibody (1:5,000; ab179467; Abcam) at 4°C overnight. Subsequently, the PVDF membranes were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:5,000; ab6721; Abcam) at room temperature for 1 h. β-Actin was used as an internal reference. Finally, enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) was used to detect the expression of the target proteins. Quantity One software v4.6.5 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.) was used for densitometry, and the values are expressed relative to β-actin.
Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay
The transfected cells were inoculated into 96-well plates. After adding 10 µl/well of CCK-8 solution (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc.), the absorption was determined at 450 nm by microplate spectrophotometer. The OD values at 450 nm were detected at 0, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h according to the manufacturer's instructions.
5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay
In brief, 5×103 cells/wells were plated in 96-well plates and cultured for 24 h. Next, 4% ice formaldehyde was added for cell fixation for 30 min at room temperature, and the cells were permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 solution for 20 min. Cells were incubated with EdU (50 µM) for 2 h at 37°C. After washing the cells three times with PBS, 1X ApolloR reaction cocktail (100 µl) was added, and the reaction proceeded for 30 min at 37°C in the dark. Subsequently, 1X Hoechst 33342 (100 µl) was used to stain the cell nuclei for 30 min at room temperature. Cell proliferation was analyzed using the mean number of the cells in each sample using a fluorescence microscope (Lionheart; BioTek Instruments, Inc.; magnification, ×100).
Wound healing assay
The cells (1×105 cells/wells) were seeded into 6 empty plates, and after the cells were confluent (80–90%), 3 lines were scratched with a 1 ml pipette tip on the plate wells. Non-adherent cells were washed off with PBS. After 0, 24 and 48 h, the distance between the wound edges was measured. Cells were examined under a Leica light microscope (Olympus Corp.; magnification, ×40).
Cell migration assay
After 48 h of cell transfection, the cells were collected in a cell suspension and added to the upper chamber (Corning, Inc.) with 200 µl of serum-free medium. Next, 500 µl of medium containing 10% FBS was added to the lower chamber. After 24 h of culture, the non-migrating cells were wiped off with a cotton swab. The cells were fixed with 4% formaldehyde and then stained with 0.1% crystal violet, both at room temperature. The cells were washed three times with PBS and counted under a microscope.
Luciferase reporter assay
miRanda (http://www.microrna.org/microrna/home.do) and TargetScan (http://www.targetscan.org) were used to identify downstream target genes of miR-29c-3p. The wild-type TRIM31-3′UTR (WT) and mutant TRIM31-3′UTR (MUT) containing the putative binding site of miR-29c-3p were amplified by Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd., and cloned into the firefly luciferase-expressing pMIR-REPORT vector (OBiO Technology Corp., Ltd.). The luciferase reporter vector and miR-29c-3p mimic or miR-NC were transiently co-transfected using Lipofectamine 3000. After transfection for 24 h, luciferase assays were performed using the Luciferase Reporter Assay System (GloMax) according to the manufacturer's protocol.
Mouse xenograft tumor model
BALB/c-nu mice (age, 5 weeks; sex, male; weight, 20–22 g) were purchased from Shanghai Experimental Animal Center and housed in a sterile room at the Experimental Animal Center of West China Hospital of Sichuan University at 25°C and 40–70% humidity, with a 12-h light/dark cycle and free access to food and water. All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the institutional guidelines, and the method of euthanasia was cervical dislocation (when the heart stopped completely, the mouse was determined as dead). Body weight loss >20% was assumed to be a humane endpoint for euthanasia. After transfecting the miR-29c-3p mimic into liver cancer cells (HepG2 and MHCC-97H) and culturing for 48 h, the transfected liver cancer cells (HepG2 and MHCC-97H) (5×106) were subcutaneously injected into the left hip flanks of the mice. The tumor volume was calculated according to the following formula: Volume = (length × width2)/2. Tumor sizes (the length and width of tumor nodules) were measured every 5 days. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Care Ethics Review Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University. Then, 50 days after injection, the mice were sacrificed, and tumors were collected for analysis. The tumor experiments ended when tumor diameters were <20 mm (the maximum tumor volume was 397 mm3).
Statistical analysis
All data are presented as the means ± standard deviation (SD). Statistical analysis of data was performed using GraphPad Prism version 6.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc.) or SPSS 20.0 software (IBM Corp.). Statistical differences were analyzed by Student's t-test, while the significance of differences between multiple groups was determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Newman-Keuls test, and repeated measures ANOVA. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to assess disease-specific survival (DSS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS), the log-rank test and chi-squared analysis were used to analyze the differences between the curves. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were carried out to determine the prognostic significance of miR-29c-3p and TRIM31 expression. The correlation between miR-29c-3p and TRIM31 expression was evaluated by Spearman's correlation analysis. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Expression of miR-29c-3p is reduced in HCC tissues and the low expression of miR-29c-3p is closely related to poor prognosis in HCC
To study the expression of miR-29c-3p in HCC, qRT-PCR analysis of 60 HCC and paired normal samples was performed. The results revealed that the expression of miR-29c-3p was downregulated in the HCC tissues compared with the paired normal samples (Fig. 1A).
Figure 1.
miR-29c-3p is downregulated in HCC. (A) The results of qRT-PCR revealed the expression level of miR-29c-3p in HCC and adjacent non-cancerous tissues (n=60). (B) Kaplan-Meier analysis of DSS between HCC patients with high and low miR-29c-3p expression. (C) Kaplan-Meier analysis of RFS between HCC patients with high and low miR-29c-3p expression. *P<0.05 compared to the control. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; DSS, disease-specific survival; RFS, recurrence-free survival.
Through the analysis of clinical prognosis in HCC, it was revealed that HCC patients with low miR-29c-3p expression had significantly shorter DSS than those with high miR-29c-3p expression (Fig. 1B). Moreover, HCC patients with low miR-29c-3p expression had significantly shorter RFS than those with high miR-29c-3p expression (Fig. 1C).
In addition, miR-29c-3p expression was positively correlated with tumor size (P=0.013), TNM stage (P=0.003) and multiplicity (P=0.047) (Table I). By univariate analysis, TNM stage (P=0.014), tumor size (P=0.009), multiplicity (P=0.046) and miR-29c-3p (P=0.012) were significantly associated with DSS, and TNM stage (P=0.010), tumor size (P=0.005), multiplicity (P=0.034) and miR-29c-3p (P=0.019) were significantly associated with RFS (Tables II and III). The multivariate model revealed that DSS was significantly dependent on TNM stage (P=0.020), tumor size (P=0.016) multiplicity (P=0.035) and miR-29c-3p (P=0.017), while TNM stage (P=0.015), tumor size (P=0.013), multiplicity (P=0.027) and miR-29c-3p (P=0.014) were significantly associated with RFS (Tables II and III), which indicated that miR-29c-3p was an independent prognostic factor for DSS and RFS in patients with HCC.
Table I.
Correlations between miR-29c-3p and clinicopathological features of HCC patients (n=60).
| miR-29c-3p expression | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | No. of cases | Low (n=39) | High (n=21) | P-value |
| Age (years) | 0.515 | |||
| <50 | 28 | 17 | 11 | |
| ≥50 | 32 | 22 | 10 | |
| Sex | 0.548 | |||
| Male | 34 | 21 | 13 | |
| Female | 26 | 18 | 8 | |
| Tumor size (cm) | 0.013 | |||
| ≤5 | 27 | 13 | 14 | |
| >5 | 33 | 26 | 7 | |
| AFP (ng/ml) | 0.399 | |||
| ≤20 | 27 | 16 | 11 | |
| >20 | 33 | 23 | 10 | |
| TNM stage | 0.003 | |||
| I/II | 27 | 12 | 15 | |
| III/IV | 33 | 27 | 6 | |
| Liver cirrhosis | 0.664 | |||
| Presence | 32 | 20 | 12 | |
| Absence | 28 | 19 | 9 | |
| HBsAg | 0.254 | |||
| Positive | 37 | 22 | 15 | |
| Negative | 23 | 17 | 6 | |
| Vascular invasion | 0.183 | |||
| Presence | 27 | 20 | 7 | |
| Absence | 33 | 19 | 14 | |
| Multiplicity | 0.047 | |||
| Single | 24 | 12 | 12 | |
| Multiple (≥2) | 36 | 27 | 9 | |
| Intrahepatic metastasis | 0.217 | |||
| Presence | 25 | 14 | 11 | |
| Absence | 35 | 25 | 10 | |
HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.
Table II.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of various prognostic variables influencing DSS in HCC patients.
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | n | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value |
| Sex | 0.958 (1.306–3.485) | 0.754 | |||
| Male | 34 | ||||
| Female | 26 | ||||
| Age (years) | 0.648 (0.594–1.751) | 0.392 | |||
| <50 | 28 | ||||
| ≥50 | 32 | ||||
| Tumor size (cm) | 0.598 (0.678–1.985) | 0.009 | 0.757 (1.032–2.485) | 0.016 | |
| ≤5 | 27 | ||||
| >5 | 33 | ||||
| AFP (ng/ml) | 1.864 (1.358–2.603) | 0.561 | |||
| ≤20 | 27 | ||||
| >20 | 33 | ||||
| HBsAg | 0.894 (0.754–2.625) | 0.435 | |||
| Positive | 37 | ||||
| Negative | 23 | ||||
| TNM stage | 1.385 (0.677–1.807) | 0.014 | 1.048 (1.986–3.842) | 0.020 | |
| I/II | 27 | ||||
| III/IV | 33 | ||||
| Multiplicity | 0.481 (0.539–1.750) | 0.046 | 0.780 (0.954–1.874) | 0.035 | |
| Single | 24 | ||||
| Multiple (≥2) | 36 | ||||
| Vascular invasion | 1.235 (0.953–4.473) | 0.842 | |||
| Presence | 27 | ||||
| Absence | 33 | ||||
| Liver cirrhosis | 0.684 (0.465–1.383) | 0.796 | |||
| Presence | 32 | ||||
| Absence | 28 | ||||
| Intrahepatic metastasis | 0.597 (1.346–3.846) | 0.480 | |||
| Presence | 25 | ||||
| Absence | 35 | ||||
| miR-29c-3p expression | 1.459 (0.734–1.975) | 0.012 | 1.103 (1.657–3.189) | 0.017 | |
| Low | 39 | ||||
| High | 21 | ||||
DSS, disease-specific survival; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.
Table III.
Univariate and multivariate analysis of various prognostic variables influencing RFS in HCC patients.
| Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | n | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value |
| Sex | 0.672 (0.486–1.485) | 0.509 | |||
| Male | 34 | ||||
| Female | 26 | ||||
| Age (years) | 0.537 (0.389–1.059) | 0.543 | |||
| <50 | 28 | ||||
| ≥50 | 32 | ||||
| Tumor size (cm) | 0.473 (0.571–1.839) | 0.005 | 0.634 (1.007–2.310) | 0.013 | |
| ≤5 | 27 | ||||
| >5 | 33 | ||||
| AFP (ng/ml) | 1.539 (1.409–2.847) | 0.733 | |||
| ≤20 | 27 | ||||
| >20 | 33 | ||||
| HBsAg | 1.003 (0.984–1.530) | 0.527 | |||
| Positive | 37 | ||||
| Negative | 23 | ||||
| TNM stage | 1.219 (0.347–1.595) | 0.010 | 1.180 (1.038–2.641) | 0.015 | |
| I/II | 27 | ||||
| III/IV | 33 | ||||
| Multiplicity | 0.495 (0.671–1.734) | 0.034 | 0.834 (0.734–1.995) | 0.027 | |
| Single | 24 | ||||
| Multiple (≥2) | 36 | ||||
| Vascular invasion | 1.045 (1.048–3.618) | 0.649 | |||
| Presence | 27 | ||||
| Absence | 33 | ||||
| Liver cirrhosis | 1.217 (1.257–2.804) | 0.806 | |||
| Presence | 32 | ||||
| Absence | 28 | ||||
| Intrahepatic metastasis | 0.673 (0.758–2.645) | 0.587 | |||
| Presence | 25 | ||||
| Absence | 35 | ||||
| miR-29c-3p expression | 1.148 (0.687–1.694) | 0.019 | 1.327 (1.224–2.647) | 0.014 | |
| Low | 39 | ||||
| High | 21 | ||||
RFS, recurrence-free survival; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.
Upregulated expression of miR-29c-3p suppresses cell proliferation and migration in HCC cells
Gain-of-function experiments were used for the analysis of miR-29c-3p expression in liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H and HepG2). qRT-PCR results confirmed that the expression of miR-29c-3p was significantly increased after transfection of the miR-29c-3p mimic in liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H and HepG2) (Fig. 2A). The CCK-8 results revealed that overexpression of miR-29c-3p inhibited the proliferation of liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H and HepG2) (Fig. 2B). As revealed in Fig. 2C, EdU assays indicated that overexpression of miR-29c-3p significantly inhibited the uptake of EdU in liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H and HepG2). Wound healing assays revealed that overexpression of miR-29c-3p suppressed the migration of liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H and HepG2) (Fig. 2D). Moreover, upregulated expression of miR-29c-3p inhibited liver cancer cell (MHCC-97H and HepG2) migration (Fig. 2E).
Figure 2.
Overexpression of miR-29c-3p inhibits proliferation and migration in HCC cell lines. (A) qRT-PCR detection of miR-29c-3p expression after overexpression of miR-29c-3p in liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H and HepG2). (B) CCK-8 assay of the proliferative ability of HCC cells after overexpression of miR-29c-3p. (C) HCC cell proliferation was detected with EdU after miR-29c-3p overexpression. (D) Wound-healing assays were conducted to determine the effects of overexpression of miR-29c-3p on the migration of HCC cells. (E) Transwell migration assays were used to detect the effects of overexpression of miR-29c-3p on HCC cell migration. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 compared to the control. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.
miR-29c-3p suppresses tumorigenicity in HCC
The role of miR-29c-3p on proliferation in vivo was further studied. In the subcutaneous tumor formation model of nude mice, overexpression of miR-29c-3p inhibited the growth of subcutaneous tumors, which were thinner and lighter in liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H and HepG2) (Fig. 3A-D).
Figure 3.
Effect of miR-29c-3p on the tumorigenicity of liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H and HepG2). (A) Observation of the tumor formation of subcutaneously inoculated liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H) overexpressing miR-29c-3p into nude mice (n=3 per group). (B) Analysis of the volume and weight of the subcutaneous tumorigenic masses of liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H). (C) Observation of the tumor formation of subcutaneously inoculated liver cancer cells (HepG2) overexpressing miR-29c-3p into nude mice (n=3 per group). (D) Analysis of the volume and weight of subcutaneous tumorigenic masses of liver cancer cells (HepG2). *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 compared to the control.
miR-29c-3p directly interacts and inhibits TRIM31
To further understand the specific mechanism of miR-29c-3p in HCC, TargetScan and miRanda were used to predict the target gene of miR-29c-3p, and the results revealed that miR-29c-3p could partially bind to the 3′-UTR of TRIM31 (Fig. 4A). The luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that overexpression of miR-29c-3p significantly inhibited luciferase activity in cells transfected with the wt-3′-UTR of TRIM31, while no significant inhibition was revealed in cells transfected with the mt-3′-UTR of TRIM31 (Fig. 4B). In addition, qRT-PCR and western blot assay results revealed that overexpression of miR-29c-3p inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of TRIM31 in MHCC-97H cells (Fig. 4C and D). The expression of miR-29c-3p was significantly decreased after transfection of the miR-29c-3p inhibitor in MHCC-97H cells (Fig. S1).
Figure 4.
TRIM31 is a direct target gene of miR-29c-3p. (A) TargetScan and miRanda were used to predict the 3′-UTR binding sites of miR-29c-3p and TRIM31. (B) The luciferase activity of wild-type TRIM31-3′UTR (wt) and mutant TRIM31-3′UTR (mut) in HCC cells overexpressing miR-29c-3p in liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H and HepG2). (C and D) qRT-PCR and western blotting were used to analyze the mRNA and protein levels of TRIM31 in MHCC-97H cells that were co-transfected with miR-29c-3p mimics and miR-29c-3p inhibitor. *P<0.05 compared to the control. TRIM31, tripartite motif containing 31.
miR-29c-3p is highly expressed and negatively correlated with TRIM31 in HCC
The role of TRIM31 in HCC was further explored. qRT-PCR results revealed that TRIM31 was upregulated in HCC tumors compared with paired normal samples (Fig. 5A). Notably, Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that TRIM31 had a negative correlation with miR-29c-3p expression (Fig. 5B). For further experiments, pcDNA-TRIM31 was used to overexpress the expression of TRIM31. qRT-PCR results confirmed that the expression of TRIM31 was significantly increased after transfection of the pcDNA-TRIM31 in liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H and HepG2) (Fig. 5C).
Figure 5.
TRIM31 is upregulated in HCC. (A) The results of qRT-PCR revealed the expression level of TRIM31 in HCC and paired normal adjacent tissues. (B) The correlation between miR-29c-3p and TRIM31 expression was evaluated by Spearman's correlation analysis. (C) qRT-PCR detection of TRIM31 expression after overexpression of TRIM31 in liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H and HepG2). *P<0.05 compared to non-tumor tissue; **P<0.01 compared to the control. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; TRIM31, tripartite motif containing 31.
Overexpression of TRIM31 partially abrogates the inhibitory effect of miR-29c-3p in HCC
To verify whether miR-29c-3p plays a biological function through its target gene TRIM31, TRIM31 was overexpressed using pcDNA-TRIM31 in liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H and HepG2) overexpressing miR-29c-3p. Western blot analysis revealed that TRIM31 expression was restored (Fig. 6A). Cellular functional studies reveealed that overexpression of TRIM31 partially abolished the inhibitory effect of miR-29c-3p on the malignant biological behavior of HCC (Fig. 6B-E).
Figure 6.
Overexpression of TRIM31 partially attenuates the inhibitory effect of miR-29c-3p on proliferation and migration in HCC. (A) Western blot detection of TRIM31 expression after overexpression of TRIM31 in liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H-miR-29c-3p and HepG2-miR-29c-3p). (B) CCK-8 assay analysis of the proliferative ability of HCC cells after overexpression of TRIM31 in liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H-miR-29c-3p and HepG2-miR-29c-3p). (C) HCC cell proliferation was detected by EdU after overexpression of TRIM31 in liver cancer cells (MHCC-97H-miR-29c-3p and HepG2-miR-29c-3p). (D) Wound-healing assays were conducted to determine the effects of overexpression of TRIM31 on the migration of HCC cells. (E) Transwell migration assays were used to detect the effects of TRIM31 overexpression on HCC cell migration. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 compared to the control. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; TRIM31, tripartite motif containing 31.
Discussion
As one of the most significant malignant tumors that threaten human health, HCC causes a large number of deaths every year (2). Therefore, it is urgent to find effective treatments to accurately treat the malignant progression of HCC and improve the quality of life of HCC patients. Numerous studies have confirmed that miRNAs are involved in the malignant progression of HCC and have the ability to predict poor prognosis in HCC patients (21,22). The present study sought to elucidate the potential mechanism of action of miR-29c-3p in HCC. The results revealed that miR-29c-3p was expressed at low levels in HCC and was closely related to the poor prognosis of patients. Moreover, miR-29c-3p inhibited the proliferation and migration of HCC by directly acting on TRIM31. Collectively, the present findings indicated that miR-29c-3p acts as a tumor suppressor gene by targeting TRIM31 in HCC.
There is evidence that dysfunction of miR-29c-3p promotes malignant development of tumors (4,23). Wu et al revealed that miR-29c-3p regulates the DNA methylation of LATS1 via DNMT3B to influence the Hippo signaling pathway and inhibit the malignant development of HCC (17). Another study also revealed that miR-29c-3p has a binding site in the 3′UTR of KDM5B and that miR-29c-3p reduces the resistance of endometrial cancer to paclitaxel through KDM5B (24). In gastric cancer, miR-29c-3p regulated malignant development of cancer cells by regulating KIAA1199 expression and activating the FGFR4/Wnt/β-catenin and EGFR signaling pathways (15). In the present research results, it was revealed that miR-29c-3p was expressed at low levels in HCC and that patients with decreased expression of miR-29c-3p had a poor prognosis. In addition, overexpression of miR-29c-3p could significantly inhibit the proliferation and migration of HCC.
Previous studies have reported that miR-29c-3p can regulate its expression levels by binding to multiple target genes (25,26). In the present study, the molecular mechanism of miR-29c-3p in the development of HCC was further explored. TRIM31 is a member of the tripartite motif (TRIM) family, and the motif includes three zinc-binding domains, a RING, a B-box type 1 and a B-box type 2, and a coiled-coil region (27). TRIM31 has been revealed to be widely involved in cell proliferation, cell cycle regulation and cell response to viruses and other life processes (28). Through bioinformatics software analysis, it was revealed that TRIM31 is a direct target gene of miR-29c-3p. A recent study reported that TRIM31 improved the resistance of pancreatic cancer to gemcitabine by increasing the K63-linked polyubiquitination of TRAF2 and maintaining the activation of NF-κB to upregulate the level of p65 (29). In addition, high expression of TRIM31 was revealed to activate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway to promote tumor cell proliferation and invasion in gallbladder cancer (30). In intestinal epithelial cells, TRIM31 interacted directly with phosphatidylethanolamine in a palmitoylation-dependent manner, resulting in the formation of autolysosomes and providing a preventable pathway for the study of intestinal pathogen infections (31). Notably, it was revealed that TRIM31 was highly expressed in HCC, and overexpression of TRIM31 could partially abrogate the inhibitory effect of miR-29c-3p on HCC. In addition, studies have revealed that TRIMs can participate in tumor development in many ways. Most members of the TRIM family have E3 ligase activity. They are directly involved in the specific recognition of target molecules by acting on the skeleton protein between E3 and the enzyme (32). TRIMs play an important role in numerous tumor-related signaling pathways, such as the NF-kB signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway (33,34). Based on the aforementioned results and previous studies, we will further explore the specific molecular mechanism of miR-29c-3p and TRIM31in HCC.
In conclusion, the present results demonstrated that miR-29c-3p could inhibit the proliferation and migration of HCC by targeting TRIM31, and may be used as an important prognostic indicator for HCC patients. Further study of the specific molecular mechanism of the miR-29c-3p/TRIM31 axis will provide new hope for the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr Zhenru Wu and Dr Yongjie Zhou for pathology technique assistance and animal model establishing.
Funding
The present study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NM. 81470037 and 817700653), the ‘1.3.5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence, West China Hospital, Sichuan University (ZY2017308), and the Projects of the Ministry of Science and Technology (2017ZX10203205-005-002).
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used during the present study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
TL and JY acquired the data and created a draft of the manuscript. TL and LJ prepared the experimental materials and performed the in vitro assays. TL, LJ and LK interpreted the data, performed the statistical analysis and analyzed the results. TL and JY revised and approved the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the research in ensuring that the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The protocol of the present study was approved by the Institutional Research Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University and informed consent was obtained from every patient enrolled in this study. The protocols regarding the in vivo manipulations were approved by the Animal Care Ethics Committee of West China Hospital of Sichuan University.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used during the present study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.