Abstract
Background
High plasma levels of N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) indicate increased probability of congestive heart failure (CHF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) and are associated with poor prognosis.
Objective
We aimed to describe the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of a population of individuals aged 75/76 years old with NT-proBNP ≥900 ng/L without previously known CHF or AF.
Methods
All individuals aged 75/76 years in the Stockholm region were randomised to a screening study for AF. Half of them were invited to screening. Of those invited, 49.5% agreed to participate. Individuals with NT-proBNP ≥900 ng/L without known CHF were invited for further clinical evaluation.
Results
Among 6315 participants without AF who had NT-proBNP sampled, 102 without previously known CHF had ≥900 ng/L. Of these, 93 completed further clinical investigations. In the population that was clinically investigated, 53% were female, and the median NT-proBNP was 1200 ng/L. New AF was found in 28 (30%). The NT-proBNP value in this group was not significantly different from those where AF was not detected (median 1285 vs 1178 ng/L). Patients with newly detected AF had larger left atrial volume and higher pulmonary artery pressure than those without AF. Preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (≥50%) was found in 86% of the participants, mid-range ejection fraction (40%–49%) in 3.2% and reduced ejection fraction (<40%) in 10.8%. Thirteen patients (14%) had other serious cardiac disorders that required medical attention.
Conclusion
Elderly individuals with NT-proBNP levels ≥900 ng/L constitute a population at high cardiovascular risk even in the absence of diagnosed CHF or AF, and therefore merit further investigation.
Keywords: atrial fibrillation, heart failure, echocardiography
Key questions.
What is already known about this subject?
Circulating N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is a biomarker of heart failure and atrial fibrillation, and a marker of poor prognosis.
What does this study add?
High levels of NT-proBNP levels ≥900 ng/L without previous diagnosis of heart failure or atrial fibrillation in an elderly population may indicate the presence of undiagnosed serious cardiovascular comorbidity, including a high risk for atrial fibrillation.
How might this impact on clinical practice?
The finding of an NT-proBNP level exceeding 900 ng/L should merit further cardiovascular work-up, in particular for atrial fibrillation, even in asymptomatic individuals.
Introduction
Circulating N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) is considered an established biomarker of heart failure.1–5 It is also a marker of poor prognosis in populations without a previous diagnosis of heart failure.6 Recent focus has been shed on the prognostic value and role of NT-proBNP in the detection of atrial fibrillation (AF).7–9 The STROKESTOP I study showed that NT-proBNP plasma levels of ≥125 ng/L can be used to identify individuals at high risk for previously undiagnosed AF.10
In the acute setting circulating NT-proBNP levels >900 ng/L are highly discriminatory for diagnosis of acute heart failure in patients above 50 years of age.11 Similar values have been found in patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular (LV) function in the non-acute setting.12 The benefit of screening for high values of NT-proBNP in an elderly population is largely unknown.
We aimed to investigate the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of elderly individuals with levels of NT-proBNP ≥900 ng/L in a population-based screening study for AF.
Methods
This is a substudy to the STROKESTOP II trial, which has been described previously.13 In summary, all individuals aged 75/76 years old in the Stockholm region (n=28 712) were randomised 1:1 to be invited to a screening programme for AF or to serve as a control group. Invited participants without prior diagnosis of AF had NT-proBNP analysed and were stratified into two groups: a low-risk group with NT-proBNP <125 ng/L and a high-risk group with NT-proBNP ≥125 ng/L. The high-risk group was offered extended ECG screening consisting of a 30 s ECG obtained with a handheld one-lead device (Zenicor II device, Zenicor Medical Systems, Stockholm, Sweden). The extended ECG recording was continued with the same device four times daily for 2 weeks. A group of the participants were included in a substudy where extended AF screening was performed during a 2-week period with a continuous event-recording device (R-Test 4 Evolution by Novacor).14 Patients with NT-proBNP ≥900 ng/L without previously known heart failure were offered an additional cardiovascular clinical examination including standard transthoracic echocardiography. Other diagnostic methods such as stress test, ambulatory continuous ECG recording, MRI and coronary angiography were performed when considered essential. The baseline results of the STROKESTOP II trial are already published.14
All echocardiographic examinations were performed using General Electric VIVID 9 device. Experienced sonographers and cardiologists did the assessment of the LV function qualitatively (visually) as referred to eyeballing‘ ’. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was categorised into three groups: preserved ejection fraction defined as LVEF ≥50%, mid-range as LVEF 40%–49% and reduced as LVEF <40%.5
The LV cavity dimension and wall thickness were measured at end diastole, in parasternal long-axis view. LV mass was estimated automatically by the software. LV mass index was calculated by dividing LV mass by body surface area. Systolic pulmonary artery pressure was calculated by measuring the maximal tricuspid regurgitant velocity and estimation of right atrial pressure. The left atrium (LA) endocardial border was traced in apical four-chamber and two-chamber views at ventricular end systole. Confluences of LA appendage and pulmonary veins were excluded. The software uses the disk summation method to estimate LA volume. LA volume index was obtained by dividing LA volume by body surface area.
To calculate the E/é ratio, pulse wave (PW)-Doppler of mitral flow was obtained to measure the mitral peak velocity (E), then the average peak early diastolic tissue velocity (é) of the septal and the lateral wall at the level of the mitral annulus was measured using PW-tissue Doppler imaging. All measurements were performed according to the guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging.15
No patients nor the public were involved in the design, conduct or reporting, or in the dissemination plans of our research.
Statistics
Categorical data were summarised by counts and percentages. For all continuous variables, visual inspection of histograms and Shapiro-Wilk’s test were used to assess the deviation from a normal distribution. Most of the variables were non-normally distributed; therefore, we decided to report all variables as median with IQR. The CHA2DS2-VASc score was regarded as ordinal data. Fisher’s exact test was used to analyse categorical variables. Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of the medians between the two groups. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
The study flow chart and the results of the NT-proBNP analysis and of the extended ECG screening are shown in figure 1. Participants with NT-proBNP ≥900 ng/L and without previously known heart failure (n=93) were clinically examined (including echocardiography) and had a higher proportion of newly discovered AF (30%) than those with NT-proBNP 125–900 ng/L (3.6%). The clinical characteristics of the 93 participants are listed in table 1. The echocardiographic variables are listed in table 2. The most common structural abnormality was enlarged LA (58%). Differences regarding sex, NT-proBNP levels and echocardiographic variables between participants with newly discovered AF and those without are listed in table 3. Enlarged left atrial volume and elevated pulmonary artery pressure were the echocardiographic characteristics indicative of AF.
Figure 1.
Study flow chart. *Number of patients with newly discovered AF within their respective group (%). AF, atrial fibrillation; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide peptide.
Table 1.
Clinical features of the clinically examined participants with NT-proBNP ≥900 ng/L
| Variables | n=93 |
| Female, n (%) | 49 (53) |
| BMI, median (Q1–Q3) | 24.8 (23.2–27.5) |
| NT-proBNP, median (Q1–Q3) | 1200 (1000–1750) |
| New diagnosis of AF, n (%) | 28 (30) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 69 (74) |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 21 (22.6) |
| Vascular disease*, n (%) | 19 (20.4) |
| Previous AMI, n (%) | 11 (11.8) |
| History of ischaemic stroke/TIA | 11 (11.8) |
| Glomerular filtration rate, mL/min, median (Q1–Q3) | 64 (38–74) |
| Glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min, n (%) | 41 (44) |
*Previous AMI (Acute Myocardial Infarction), CABG (Coronary By-Pass Surgery) or PCI.(Percutanous Coronary Intervention)
AMI, acute myocardial infarctio; BMI, body mass index; CABG, coronary by-pass surgery; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-type-B natriuretic peptide; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; Q1, first quartile; Q3, third quartile; TIA, transitory ischaemic attack.
Table 2.
Echocardiographic findings in the clinically examined group of participants with NT-proBNP ≥900 ng/L (n=93)
| Echocardiographic variables | |
| LVEF≥ 50%, n (%) | 80 (86) |
| LVEF 40%–49%, n (%) | 3 (3.2) |
| LVEF <40%, n (%) | 10 (10.8) |
| Atrial volume mL/m2, median (Q1–Q3) | 36 (30–48) |
| Left ventricular mass, g/m2, median (Q1–Q3) | 96 (80–124.5) |
| Mitral E/é ratio, median (Q1–Q3) | 11.2 (9–14) |
| Pulmonary artery pressure, mm Hg, median (Q1–Q3) | 33 (28.8–39.5) |
| Patients with atrial volume >34 mL/m2, n (%) | 53 (58) |
| Patients with left ventricular mass >115 g/m2 in men and >95 g/m2 in women, n (%) | 33 (41.3) |
| Patients with E/é >13, n (%) | 28 (39) |
| Patients with pulmonary artery pressure >35 mm Hg, n (%) | 27 (39) |
é, average peak early diastolic tissue velocity; E, mitral peak velocity; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; Q1, first quartile; Q3, third quartile.
Table 3.
Clinical and echocardiographic differences between participants with new discovered atrial fibrillation and those without (n=93)
| AF (28) | Non-AF (65) | P value | |
| Female, n (%) | 15 (55.6) | 34 (52) | ns |
| NT-proBNP level, median (Q1–Q3) | 1284.5 (1015–2000) | 1178 (989.5–1531) | ns |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 21 (75) | 48 (37.9) | ns |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 6 (21.4) | 15 (23.1) | ns |
| Vascular disease, n (%) | 4 (4.3) | 15 (16.1) | ns |
| Glomerular filtration rate, median (Q1–Q3) | 65 (50–77) | 62 (44–73) | ns |
| Body mass index, median (Q1–Q3) | 24.7 (23.6–27.9) | 25.2 (22.4–27.5) | ns |
| Left atrial volume index, mL/m2 (2*), median (Q1–Q3) | 44 (35.00–50.20) | 34 (29.00–41.50) | 0.002 |
| Left ventricular mass (13*), median (Q1–Q3) | 96 (72.00–123.00) | 96 (83.00–137.00) | ns |
| E/é ratio (21*), median (Q1–Q3) | 13 (9.2–14.30) | 11 (9.00–14.00) | ns |
| Pulmonary artery pressure mm Hg, median (Q1–Q3) | 38 (30.00–41.00) | 32 (26.00–36.00) | 0.025 |
*Missing data (inadequate echocardiographic view).
é, average peak early diastolic tissue velocity; AF, atrial fibrillation; E, mitral peak velocity; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; Q1, first quartile; Q3, third quartile.
There was no difference in AF detection in the group with preserved LVEF (24 of 80, 30%), compared with mid-range LVEF (1 of 3, 33%) or with reduced LVEF (3 of 10, 30%).
There were no significant differences in NT-proBNP level in the group with reduced LVEF (median 1380 ng/L, IQR 1088–1600), compared with mid-range LVEF (median 1200 ng/L, IQR 1000–1400) and those with preserved LVEF (median 1185 ng/L, IQR 1000–1813).
Among the 93 patients who underwent extended cardiovascular examination, 13 were found to have additional clinically relevant comorbidity, apart from the newly discovered AF, as listed in table 4. In addition, two participants suffered from ischaemic stroke and one patient from acute myocardial infarction within 2 months after NT-proBNP screening.
Table 4.
Significant comorbidities discovered in participants with NT-proBNP ≥900 on clinical examination
| Number | Comorbidity | NT-proBNP (ng/L) | Measure |
| 1 | Severe aortic stenosis | 1015 | Aortic valve replacement |
| 2 | Severe aortic stenosis | 1200 | Aortic valve replacement |
| 3 | Moderate aortic stenosis | 2500 | Follow-up |
| 4 | Severe aortic regurgitation | 940 | Aortic valve replacement |
| 5 | Moderate aortic regurgitation | 3936 | Follow-up |
| 6 | Sick sinus syndrome | 1010 | Pacemaker |
| 7 | Sick sinus syndrome | 2133 | Pacemaker |
| 8 | Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy | 1200 | Follow-up |
| 9 | Severe chronic renal failure* | 3258 | Dialysis |
| 10 | Amyloidosis | 1400 | Follow-up |
| 11 | Amyloidosis | 912 | Follow-up |
| 12 | Amyloidosis | 1917 | Follow-up |
| 13 | Angina pectoris with significant ischaemic coronary heart disease | 1000 | PCI of significant LAD stenosis |
*Glomerular filtration rate <10 mL/min.
LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention.
The methods of detection, frequency and the duration of AF are described in detail in online supplementary table 1.
openhrt-2019-001200supp001.pdf (41.3KB, pdf)
Our main finding is that a high proportion of individuals participating in a systematic screening programme with NT-proBNP ≥900 ng/L had previously undiagnosed AF on examination. This was significantly higher than among individuals with lower levels of NT-proBNP and other screened populations of the same age group.16 17 Although only 2 % of the study population had NT-proBNP ≥900 ng/L, these individuals often had significant comorbidity, making it a high-risk population in need of further clinical investigations and extended follow-up.
We found no differences in the proportion of patients with new AF between the different LVEF groups, which may have been due to few individuals with intermediate or reduced LVEF in the study, as patients with known congestive heart failure were not included. This lack of relation between AF and reduced LVEF was also observed in two large registry studies in which AF was more common with increasing LVEF.18 19 Other studies have shown a close relation between AF and heart failure with preserved systolic function, especially in elderly populations.20 However, we found no association between NT-proBNP levels and the likelihood of finding AF, or between NT-proBNP levels and LVEF, which could be due to the small sample size or the lack of discriminatory effect due to the already high threshold of NT-proBNP. This finding is in contrast to the results of the STROKESTOP I study, in which a relation between NT-proBNP levels and newly discovered AF was found. This may possibly be due to a larger sample size.10
The high proportion of individuals with newly detected AF in our study population might be due to common underlying cardiovascular abnormalities which lead to increased levels of NT-proBNP and to the development of AF and heart failure. The ORBIT AF (Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation) trial found an association between NT-proBNP levels and increased risk of AF progression and cardiovascular outcomes.21
Multiple comorbidities, especially cardiovascular, were found among patients with high NT-proBNP. Various cardiac conditions,22 such as amyloidosis23–25 and valvular heart disease,25 26 are associated with high NT-proBNP-levels. Impaired renal function can also be a cause of increased levels of NT-proBNP.27 These findings show the need for a thorough follow-up in elderly patients with elevated circulating levels of NT-proBNP since the underlying cause could be a serious cardiovascular disorder.
It is worth mentioning that cardiac arrhythmias other than AF may also be a cause of elevated NT-proBNP.28 Long-term ECG recordings in these patients revealed not only a high proportion of new AF, but also bradycardia necessitating pacemaker implantation in some patients.
Large LA was closely related to the presence of AF, which is in agreement with previous published observations in the general AF population and in patients with congestive heart failure.29–31 Another variable which differed between the two groups in our study was elevated pulmonary artery pressure in the AF population compared with the patient group without. It has previously been reported that AF is common among patients with pulmonary hypertension.32
Interestingly, most of our patients had normal systolic LV function. This finding could put the validity of NT-proBNP as a screening biomarker for impaired systolic LV function into question. However, a large proportion of the participants had abnormal structural findings or findings suggestive of diastolic dysfunction, which is common among patients with heart failure and preserved LVEF; hence, echocardiography is well merited in this group. In our population AF was a common finding, and increased levels of NT-proBNP might reflect arrhythmia rather than systolic dysfunction.
A limitation is that our results refer to individuals of a certain age group with abnormally high levels of NT-proBNP detected by screening rather than in conjunction with spontaneous healthcare contacts due to symptoms. The results therefore have to be interpreted with caution and may not be directly generalisable to other populations.
Optimal echocardiographic views for adequate analysis could not be obtained in all patients and there could have been some intervariability in the results. Another limitation is that the screening for AF was done using intermittent ECG for 2 weeks, which could have missed some AF episodes and thus underestimated the number of individuals with newly detected AF.
Conclusion
When screening for silent cardiac disorders in an elderly population, high levels of circulating NT-proBNP indicate a need for further clinical action to search for the presence of undiagnosed serious cardiovascular comorbidities, particularly AF.
Footnotes
Contributors: FA-K: conceptualisation, conduct, acquisition, methodology, validation, visualisation, writing, review and editing, and responsible for the overall content. KK-G: conceptualisation, acquisition, methodology, validation, and review and editing. ES, MR: conceptualisation, funding, acquisition, methodology, and review and editing. TF, VF, LF: conceptualisation, acquisition, methodology, and review and editing. JE: conceptualisation, acquisition, methodology, funding, and review and editing.
Funding: The study was funded by Roche Diagnostics, Carl Bennet AB, and The Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation. JE and ES were supported by the Stockholm County Council (clinical research appointment).
Competing interests: FA-K has received lecture fees from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim and BMS/Pfizer. KK-G has received a research grant from Stiftelsen Hjärtat and received lecture fees from BMS/Pfizer. ES has received lecture fees from Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb-Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim and Sanofi. LF has received consultancy fees from Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, BMS/Pfizer and Sanofi. TF has received unrestricted research grants from Boehringer Ingelheim and Stiftelsen Hjärtat. VF has received lecture fees from Merck Sharp & Dohme, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bayer and Medtronic. JE has received consultancy fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer, lecture fees from Merck Sharp & Dohme and Medtronic, and unrestricted research grants from Pfizer. MR received consultancy and lecture fees from Medtronic, Zenicor, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Pfizer, Bristol-Myers Squibb and Abbott, and research grants from Roche Diagnostics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sanofi, Boehringer Ingelheim and Bayer.
Patient consent for publication: Not required.
Ethics approval: Informed consent was obtained from all patients. The study was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board (DNR 2015/2079–31/1) and conformed to the Declaration of Helsinki.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement: Data are available upon reasonable request. Pseudonymised individual data will be available upon request.
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Associated Data
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Supplementary Materials
openhrt-2019-001200supp001.pdf (41.3KB, pdf)