Abstract
AIM:
This study was to determine the sensitivity of Klebsiella pneumonia isolated from pus specimens of post-surgery patients in Medan, Indonesia to selected antibiotics.
METHODS:
Samples were collected at the Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. The isolated bacteria were identified by Gram’s stain, colony characteristics, and biochemical tests. Susceptibility of K. pneumoniae isolates were tested to selected antibiotics including amikacin, meropenem, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, ceftazidime, cefoperazone, cefuroxime, cefepime, cefotaxime, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin and ampicillin with Kirby Bauer method by measuring the inhibitory zone.
RESULTS:
A total of 20 K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained in this study. The results showed that K. Pneumonia isolates exhibited good sensitivity to amikacin (100%) and meropenem (80%). Sensitivity of levofloxacin (60%), ceftazidime (55%), ciprofloxacin (55%), cefoperazone (50%), and co-trimoxazole (50%) were moderate for the bacterial isolates. K. Pneumoniae isolates indicated low sensitivity to cefuroxime (45%), chloramphenicol (35%), cefepime (30%), cefotaxime (30%), tetracycline (30%), amoxicillin (5%), and ampicillin (5%).
CONCLUSION:
This study concludes that K. pneumoniae isolates are most sensitive to amikacin and less sensitive to ampicillin and amoxicillin.
Keywords: Klebsiella pneumonia, Antibiotics, Pus specimens, Susceptibility testing
Introduction
Klebsiella pneumoniae belongs to the family of Enterobacteriaceae, it is a Gram-negative bacteria, non-motile, and aerobic rod-shaped bacteria. Their mucoid colonies grow on agar media and are capable of fermenting lactose [1]. K. pneumoniae commonly presents in sewage, surface water, soil, and plants, as well as on mucosal surface of mammals. In human, this bacteria is found as saprophyte in nasopharyngeal and intestinal tracts. The bacteria cause hospital-aquired infections including respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, and bloodstream infections [2]. In addition, K. pneumoniae is also identified on wound after skin surgery [3].
World Health Organization reported resistance of K. pneumoniae to third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems in the world [4]. This situation causes treatment of infectious diseases become difficult and produce more serious problem for the human life [5]. The emergence of resistant K. pneumoniae strain to antibiotics in some Asian countries has also been reported [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]. However, there are limited informations regarding the susceptibility of the bacteria to antibiotics in Indonesia regions. Hence this study was performed to investigate the susceptibilty of K. Pneumonia isolated from pus specimens of post-surgery patients in Medan, Indonesia.
Material and Methods
Chemicals
Bacterial growth media including brain heart infusion agar, Mac Conkey agar, eosin methyl blue agar, sugarsbroth, triple sugar iron agar, urea broth, methyl red media, Voges-Proskauermedia, and Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) were obtained from Oxoid (Hampshire, UK). Paper discs containing standard antibiotics namely ampicillin 10 µg, amoxycillin 25 µg, chloramphenicol 30 µg, cefuroxyme 30 µg, cefotaxime 30 µg, cefoperazone 75 µg, cefepime 30 µg, meropenem 10 µg, amikacin 30 µg, tetracycline 30 µg, ciprofloxacin 5 µg, levofloxacin 5 µg, co-trimoxazole 25 µg, and ceftazidime 30 µg were purchased from Oxoid (Hampshire, UK). Reagents (chrystal violet, 96% ethanol, iodin, safranin O, ammonium oxalate, oksalat, para-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, butanol, acid chloride, α-naphtol 5%, KOH 40%, and distilled water) were supplied by Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara (Medan, Indonesia).
Sample collection
Pus specimens of post-surgery patients in Medan, Indonesia were collected in the Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara from August 2, to September 7, 2016.
Antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates
The specimens were aseptically transferred into brain heart infussion, cultured on eosin metil blue agar plates, and then incubated overnight at 37°C. After 24 hours, isolated colony was identified by observing their characteristics through Gram’s staining, viable colonies, motility test, and biochemical tests such as indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, Simon’s citrate, urease, and sugars fermentation [11]. A Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method from the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (2016) was adopted to investigate the antibiotic susceptibility of K. pneumoniae isolates [12].
Results
Bacterial isolates characteristics
The results indicated that the bacterial colonies were mucoid, large dome shaped and pink in colour on eosine methylene blue agar media (Figure 1A). The bacterial isolates were rod-shaped and pink colour with Gram staining which indicated Gram-negative bacteria (Figure 1B). Biochemical testing of the bacterial isolates produced positive results with Voges-Proskauer, Simmons’ citrate, and sugar fermentation tests, but negative reactions were identified by Indol, methyl red, and motility tests. The similar results have also been reported by Patel et al., (2017) and Abdullah and Zghair (2016) [13], [14]. Accordingly, these bacterial isolates characteristics were spesific for K. pneumoniae. A total of 20 K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained in this study.
Figure 1.
Characteristics of Klebsiella pneumoniae on eosin methylen blue agar media (A) and Gram staining (B)
Sensitivity patterns of K. pneumoniae to selected antibiotics
In the present study, susceptibility testing of K. pneumoniaeisolates from pus specimens of post-surgery patients to several antibiotics was determined by measuring the bacterial growth inhibition zone around the antibiotic discs. The bacterial susceptibility to antibiotics is classified into three criteria, namely sensitive, intermediate, and resistant [12]. The results demonstrated that K. Pneumoniae isolates produced different sensitivity to antibiotics class (Table 1).
Table 1.
Sensitivity patterns of K. pneumoniae isolated from pus specimens of post-surgery patients to selected antibiotics
| Antibiotic Class | Antibiotic’sName | Isolate Number (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S | I | R | ||
| Aminoglycoside | Amikacin | 20 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
| Carbapenem | Meropenem | 16 (80.0%) | 1 (5.0%) | 3 (15.0%) |
| Fluoroquinolone | Levofloxacin | 12 (60.0%) | 1 (5.0%) | 7 (35.0%) |
| Ciprofloxacin | 11 (55.0%) | 1 (5.0%) | 8 (40.0%) | |
| Drug Combination | Co-trimoxazole | 10 (50.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 10 (50.0%) |
| Cephalosporin | Ceftazidime | 11 (55.0%) | 2 (10.0%) | 7 (35.0%) |
| Cefoperazone | 10 (50.0%) | 5 (25.0%) | 5 (25.0%) | |
| Cefuroxyme | 9 (45.0%) | 2 (10.0%) | 9 (45.0%) | |
| Cefepime | 7 (35.0%) | 7 (35.0%) | 6 (30.0%) | |
| Cefotaxime | 6 (30.0%) | 1 (5.0%) | 13 (65.0%) | |
| Chloramphenicol | Chloramphenicol | 7 (35.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 13 (65.0%) |
| Tetracycline | Tetracycline | 6 (30.0%) | 2 (10.0%) | 12 (60.0%) |
| Penicillin | Ampicillin | 1 (5.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 19 (95.0%) |
| Amoxicillin | 1 (5.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 19 (95.0%) | |
Discussion
Although some bacterial isolates exhibited good sensivity, but the emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics tested also detected. Ampicillin and amoxicillin which are classified into penicilline derivates were relatively inactive to K. pneumoniaewith the number of resistant isolates of more than 90%. According to Ravichitra et al., (2014), K. pneumoniae isolated from pus, sputum, and urine samples also resistant to some antibiotics, especially amoxyclav and ofloxacin [15]. Penicillin resistance is due to the ability of K. pneumoniae to carry plasmids producing beta-lactamse variants [16]. As we know that beta-lactamase production is the most common mechanism among Gram negative bacteria [17].
This study also indicated that chloramphenicol and tetracycline have low sensitivity to K. pneumoniae isolates. The similar result has been reported by other researchers [18], [19] Pada penelitian yang dilakukan oleh (Refdinita, dkk., 2004) sebesar (15,2%) di Rumah Sakit Fatmawati, Jakarta.. Chloramphenicol resistance is commonly caused by enzymes activity which add acetyl groups to antibiotics. Kloramfenikol yang terasetilasi tidak akan dapat terikat pada subunit 50S ribosom bakteri, sehingga tidak mampu menghambat sintesis protein. Acetylated chloramphenicol cannot be bound to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, so it is unable to inhibit protein synthesis. Mayoritas bakteri resisten terhadap kloramfenikol memiliki plasmid dengan sebuah gen yang mengkode kloramfenikol asetiltransferase. In addition, the bacteria resistant carries a plasmid with a gene that codes for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. Enzim ini menginaktivasi kloramfenikol yang melewati membran plasma dan memasuki sel (Pratiwi, 2008). This enzyme inactivates chloramphenicol pass through the plasma membrane and enters the cell [20]. Jenis antibiotik tetrasiklin memiliki kepekaan sebesar (30%). The low sensitivity of tetracycline in K. Pneumonia due to the mutations in the chromosomes in the outer membrane of bacteria that, it leads to the decreasing of tetracyclines penetration into the cell [21] Bakteri memproduksi protein berinteraksi dengan ribosom sintesis protein meskipun tetrasiklin dalam sel (Schwalbe, 2007)..
Moderate sensitivity of co-trimoxazole, cephalosporin, and fluoroquinolone in K. pneumonia isolates has been detected in our study. This finding also supported by other researchers [22], [23], [24]. Resistensi kloramfenikol mayoritas disebabkan oleh adanya enzim yang menambahkan gugus asetil dalam antibiotik. Co-trimoxazole, a combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, blocks the folate synthesis pathway in bacteria. Sulfametoksazol menghambat enzim yang bertanggung jawab untuk penggabungan asam para-aminobenzoik (PABA) ke dalam prekursor asam folat, oleh karena itu menghalangi produksi asam folat pada bakteri. Sulfamethoxazole inhibits the enzyme responsible for the incorporation of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) into a precursor of folic acid, therefore blocking folic acid production in bacteria. Trimetropim adalah inhibitor potensial enzim dihidrofolat reduktase dan mengganggu konversi asam folat untuk asam folinik. Trimetoprim is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme dihydrofolatereductase and interferes with the conversion of folic acid to folinic acid. Asam folinik diperlukan dalam produksi purin, tulang punggung kedua DNA bakteri (Schwalbe, 2007). Folinic acid is required in the production of purine as the backbone of the bacterial DNA. Co-trimoxazole resistance is due to the bacterial capability Resistensi terhadap antibiotik sulfametoksazol ditemukan pada mikroorganisme yang tidak menggunakan PABA ekstrasel, menggunakan asam folat bentuk jadi bersifat resisten terhadap sulfonamida.the the to produce an enzyme as alternative target which resistant to antibiotic inhibition [25]. K. pneumoniae can also develop biofilm-forming mechanism to survive under prolonged exposure of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin [26], gentamicin, and cefotaxime [27]. The change of the target and decrease the accumulation of fluoroquinolones caused by the impermeability of the membrane and excessive expression of the efflux pump mechanisms of this bacteria resistant to fluoroquinolones [28]. Fluoroquinolone class of antibiotic resistance caused by mutations in the gene encoding the DNA gyrase enzyme produced active cause but cannot be bound by fluoroquinolone [29]. Hasil kepekaan Klebsiella pneumoniae terhadap kloramfenikol sebesar (35 %).
In addition, resistance of K. pneumoniae isolated from pus specimens to carbapenem class were also detected in this study. Carbapenems are highly stable to beta-lactamase hydrolysis, so it is a drug of choice for treatment of serious infections caused by K. pneumonia producing extended spectrum beta-lactamase [30]. However, the bacterial resistance to carbapenem is possible since K. pneumonia capable to produce an enzyme which called carbapenemase [31].
Interestingly, all of K. pneumoniae isolates were sensitive to amikacin. A study by Simanjuntak (2014) also found that the bacteria isolated from urine of patients with infected urinary tract [19]. Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria. Antibiotik ini berikatan dengan subunit 30S ribosom menyebabkan kesalahan pembacaan mRNA yang mengakibatkan bakteri tidak mampu mensintesis protein untuk pertumbuhannya, amikasin merupakan aminoglikosida yang sangat resisten terhadap modifikasi oleh enzim sehingga banyak bakteri sensitif pada antibiotik ini (Pratiwi, 2008). This antibiotic binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit mRNA cause reading errors, so bacteria cannot synthesize proteins for growth. Amikacin is also highly resistant to modification by the bacterial enzymesleading many bacteria are sensitive to this antibiotic [32].
In conclusion, K. penumoniae isolated from pus specimens of post-surgery patients in Medan, Indonesia has been resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefepim, cefotaxime, cefuroxyme, cefoperazone, ceptazidime, tetreacycline, chloramphenicol, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and meropenem. However, the bacterial has shown good sensitivity to amikacin.
Footnotes
Funding: This research did not receive any financial support
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist
References
- 1.Martin RM, Bachman MA. Colonization, infection, and the accessory genome of Klebsiellapneumoniae. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:4. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00004. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2018.00004 PMid:29404282 PMCid:PMC5786545. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Podschun R, Ullmann U. Klebsiella spp. as nosocomial pathogens: epidemiology, taxonomy, typing methods, and pathogenicity factors. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1998;11(4):589–603. doi: 10.1128/cmr.11.4.589. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.11.4.589 PMid:9767057 PMCid:PMC88898. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.da Silva KE, Maciel WG, Sacchi FPC, Carvalhaes CG, Rodrigues-Costa F, da Silva ACR, Croda MG, Negrão FJ, Croda J, Gales AC, Simionatto S. Risk factors for KPC-producing Klebsiella penumoniaewacth out for surgery. J Medical Microbiol. 2016;65:547–53. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.000254. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000254 PMid:27002853. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.World Health Organization. Antimicrobalresistance global report on surveillance. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; 2014. [Google Scholar]
- 5.Paczosa MK, Mecsas J. Klebsiellapneumoniae:going on the offense with a strong defense. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2016;80(3):629–61. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.00078-15. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00078-15 PMid:27307579 PMCid:PMC4981674. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Heidary M, Nasiri MJ, Dabiri H, Tarashi S. Prevalence of drug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Iran:a review article. Iran J Public Health. 2018;47(3):317–26. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.Sakthievel M, Ayyasamy PM, Prasanth A. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of pathogenic micro-organism from dental patients. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2016;9(2):226–30. https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9s2.13668. [Google Scholar]
- 8.Garbati MA, Al Godhair AI. The growing resistance of Klebsiellapneumoniae;the need to expand our antibiogram:case report and review of the literature. Afr J Infect Dis. 2013;7(1):8–10. doi: 10.4314/ajid.v7i1.2. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajid.v7i1.2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Sheth KV, Patel TK, Tripathi CB. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern in neonatal intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital of India. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2012;5(3):46–50. [Google Scholar]
- 10.Lagamayo EN. Antimicrobial resistance in major pathogens of hospital-acquired pneumonia in Asian countries. Am J Infect Control. 2008;36(4):101–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.020 PMid:18468549. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Khan DA, Taj MK, Rehman FU, Mustafa MZ, Taj I, Muhammad G. Isolation and identification of Klebsiella pneumonia causal-agent of pneumoniae from urine of childrens in hospitals of Quetta city. J Bio Env Sci. 2016;9(4):207–12. [Google Scholar]
- 12.Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing;26th informational supplement CLSI document M100-S. Wayne, PA. 2016 [Google Scholar]
- 13.Patel SS, Chauhan HC, Patel AC, Shrimali MD, Patel KB, Prajapati BI, et al. Isolation and identification of Klebsiella pneumoniae from sheep-case report. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2017;6(5):331–4. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.605.037. [Google Scholar]
- 14.Abdullah SM, Zghair ZR. Isolation of Klebsiellapneumoniaefrom urine of human and cattle in Baghdad city with histopathological study experimentally in mice. Int J Adv Res Biol Sci. 2016;3(10):38–45. https://doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2016.03.10.006. [Google Scholar]
- 15.Ravichitra KN, Prakash PH, Subbarayudu S, Rao US. Isolation and antibiotics sensitivity of Klebsiella pneumoniae from pus, sputum, and urine samples. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2014;3(3):115–9. [Google Scholar]
- 16.Pitout JD, Laupland KB. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae:an emerging public-health concern. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:159–66. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70041-0. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70041-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Livermore DM. Beta-lactamase the threat renews. Curr Protein Pept Sci. 2009;10:397–400. doi: 10.2174/138920309789351994. https://doi.org/10.2174/138920309789351994 PMid:19538149. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Refdinita A, Maksum R, Nurgani A, Endang P. Susceptibility pattern of bacteria to antibiotics in intensive care unit of Fatmawati Hospital Jakarta in 2001-2002. Makara Kesehatan. 2004;8(2):41–8. https://doi.org/10.7454/msk.v8i2.293. [Google Scholar]
- 19.Simanjuntak E. Thesis of Faculty of Medicine. Universitas Sumatera Utara; 2014. Identification and susceptibility pattern of isolated bacteria from patients with infected urinary tract in Haji Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan. Medan: Indonesia. [Google Scholar]
- 20.Biswas T, Houghton JL, Garneau-Tsodikova S, Tsodikov OV. The structural basis for substrate versatility of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase CATI. Protein Sci. 2012;21:520–30. doi: 10.1002/pro.2036. https://doi.org/10.1002/pro.2036 PMid:22294317 PMCid:PMC3375752. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Schwalbe R, Steele-Moore L, Goodwin AC. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing protocols. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2007. p. 25. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420014495. [Google Scholar]
- 22.Redgrave LS, Sutton SB, Webber MA, Piddock LJV. Fluoroquinoloneresistance:mechanism impact on bacteria, and role in evolutionarysuccess. Cell Press. 2014;22(8):438–45. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.04.007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2014.04.007 PMid:24842194. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Kumar AR, Kalpana S. Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Klebsiellapneumoniaecausing urinary tract infection and issue related to the rational selection of antimicrobial. Sch J App Med Sci. 2013;1(15):395–9. [Google Scholar]
- 24.Sirkawar AS, Batra HV. Prevelance of antimicrobial drug resistance of Klebsiellapneumoniaein India. Int J Bioscienc Biochem Biofarma. 2001;1(3):211–5. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJBBB.2011.V1.38. [Google Scholar]
- 25.Giedraitienė A, Vitkauskienė A, Naginienė R, Pavilonis A. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms of clinically important bacteria. Medicina (Kaunas) 2011;47(3):137–46. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina47030019. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Anderl JN, Franklin MJ, Stewart PS. Role of antibiotic penetration limitation in Klebsiellapneumoniaebioflm resistance to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:1818–24. doi: 10.1128/aac.44.7.1818-1824.2000. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.44.7.1818-1824.2000 PMid:10858336 PMCid:PMC89967. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Bellifa S, Hassaine H, Balestrino D, Charbonnel N, M'hamedi I, Terki IK, et al. Evaluation of bioflm formation of K. pneumoniaeisolated from medical devices at the University Hospital of Tlemcen, Algeria. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2013;7:5558–64. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.2331. [Google Scholar]
- 28.Ruiz J. Mechanisms of resistance to quinolones:target alterations, decreased accumulation and DNA gyrase protection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;51(5):1109–17. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkg222. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg222 PMid:12697644. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Hooper DC, Jacoby GA. Mechanism of drug resistance: quinolone resistance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2015;1354(1):12–31. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12830. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12830 PMid:26190223 PMCid:PMC4626314. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Colodner R, Raz R, Chazan B, Sakran W. Susceptibility pattern of ESBLproducing bacteria isolated from inpatients to five antimicrobial drugs in a community hospital in northern Israel. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004;24:409–10. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.06.001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.06.001 PMid:15380271. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Nordmann P, Cuzon G, Naas T. The real threat of Klebsiellapneumoniaecarbapenemase-producing bacteria. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009;9:228–36. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70054-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70054-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Xiao Y, Hu Y. The mayor aminoglycoside-modifiying enzyme AAC (3)-II found in E. coli determine a significant disparity in its resistance to gentamicin and amikacin. Microb Drug Resist. 2012;18(1):42–6. doi: 10.1089/mdr.2010.0190. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2010.0190 PMid:22066787. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]