Abstract
Signal transduction and activators of transcription factor (STAT) 3 is associated with a poor prognosis in certain types of cancer. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the clinical and prognostic significance of STAT3/p-STAT3 expression in esophageal squamous cell cancer (ESCC) patients. A total of 71 patients were enrolled in the study. STAT3 and p-STAT3 expression were detected by Western Blot and immunohistochemistry assays. Stattic, the STAT3 inhibitor, was used to block the activation of STAT3 in ESCC cell lines Eca-109 and Kyse-30, and the CCK8 assay was performed to detect the effect of Stattic on the viability of ESCC cells. The expression of associated genes was assessed by RT-PCR and Western blot at RNA and protein levels, respectively. STAT3 expression was correlated with infiltration degree (pT) and pTNM. And p-STAT3 expression was correlated with pT, lymphatic metastasis (pN) and pTNM. The expression of VEGF, Bcl-xl and Cyclin D1 was up-regulated in ESCC tissues and positively correlated with p-STAT3 level, besides Bcl-xl. In vitro, Stattic inhibited the viability of Eca-109 and Kyse-30 cells in a dose- and time- dependent manner, and significantly inhibited the expression of VEGF, Bcl-xl and CyclinD1 at mRNA and protein level. The 5-year survival rate of the 71 patients was significantly associated with pT, pN, pTNM stage, p-STAT3 level, VEGF expression and Cyclin D1 expression. pN and p-STAT3 expression were independent relevant factors. Our results showed that p-STAT3 might serve as an essential biomarker for tumor invasion and metastasis in ESCC.
Keywords: STAT3, p-STAT3, Esophageal squamous cell cancer, Western Blot, Immunohistochemistry.
Introduction
Esophageal cancer is one of the ten malignant tumors in China, of which esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the major histological type. Esophagostomy is the major treatment method at present. However, the prognosis is not satisfactory, and the 5-year survival rate of the ESCC patients is less than 30% 1. The tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system, according to histopathologic findings, lacks sufficient predictive value as significant differences in survival are often observed for the same TNM stage. Therefore, a combination of a number of biomarkers to more accurately distinguish patients with ESCC with poor survival would be valuable 2, 3.
Signal transduction and activators of transcription factor (STAT) 3, a member of the STAT family, is frequently regarded as an oncogene 4-6. STAT3 can be activated via phosphorylation events within the Janus kinase-STAT, producing tyrosine or serine phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) 7, 8. p-STAT3 is able to increase the expression levels of certain target genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL, etc 9-12. STAT3 constitutively activation is frequently observed in cancers, including lung cancer, liver cancer, gastric cancer and renal cell carcinoma 13. Increasing number of studies show that STAT3 may serve as one of the oncogenic critical factors and is associated with a poor prognosis in certain types of cancer. For instance, it has been reported that elevated STAT3 expression is associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer, lung cancer and live cancer 13. Additionally, STAT3 has been revealed to be crucial involved in cancer cell proliferation, invasion, migration and apoptosis 14, 15.
A limited number of studies have previously demonstrated the clinical features of STAT3/ p-STAT3 in ESCC. Therefore, the present study investigated the association between STAT3 expression, p-STAT3 level and the clinical features of ESCC patients. Furthermore, the present study also investigated the potential prognostic value of STAT3/p-STAT3 expression for predicting the survival of ESCC patients.
Material and Methods
Patients and samples
We obtained ESCC specimens from the 71 patients who were enrolled in this study at the department of thoracic surgery East Ward, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University from September 2008 to January 2009. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1) patients underwent complete resection and postsurgical pathology proved ESCC; 2) patients were diagnosed as postoperative pathologic stage I-III; 3) patients accepted no preoperative radiotherapy or chemotherapy; 4) patients had no serious surgical contraindication. The clinicopathalogical characteristics of the patients are listed in Table 1. This study was approved by Shandong University Ethics Committee. Adjacent non-tumorous esophageal tissues were used as the control tissues. Each specimen was divided into two parts. At least 0.5cm×0.5cm×0.5 cm ESCC specimens were used for western blot assay. The other ESCC specimen was used for histopathologic examination and immunohistochemistry.
Table 1.
Correlation between STAT3/p-STAT3 expression and clinical characteristics of the ESCC (immunohistochemistry).
| Clinical characteristics | Patients | STAT3 | P | p-STAT3 | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (-) | (+) | (-) | (+) | ||||
| Gender | *0.356 | *0.489 | |||||
| Male | 61 | 9 | 52 | 22 | 39 | ||
| Female | 10 | 3 | 7 | 5 | 5 | ||
| Age, years | *1.000 | 1.000 | |||||
| ≥60 | 38 | 6 | 32 | 14 | 23 | ||
| <60 | 33 | 6 | 27 | 13 | 21 | ||
| Tumor length | *>0.05 | *>0.05 | |||||
| <3cm | 7 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 3 | ||
| 3-5cm | 48 | 6 | 42 | 16 | 32 | ||
| >5cm | 16 | 4 | 12 | 7 | 9 | ||
| Tumor location | *1.000 | *0.461 | |||||
| Middle | 42 | 7 | 36 | 18 | 25 | ||
| Lower | 29 | 5 | 23 | 9 | 19 | ||
| Differentiation | *>0.05 | *>0.05 | |||||
| Well | 12 | 4 | 8 | 5 | 7 | ||
| Moderately | 45 | 7 | 38 | 17 | 28 | ||
| Poorly | 14 | 1 | 13 | 5 | 9 | ||
| pT | *<0.01 | *<0.05 | |||||
| pT1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | ||
| pT2 | 46 | 7 | 39 | 22 | 24 | ||
| pT3 | 21 | 2 | 19 | 2 | 19 | ||
| pN | *1.000 | *0.005 | |||||
| _ | 45 | 8 | 37 | 23 | 22 | ||
| + | 26 | 4 | 22 | 4 | 22 | ||
| pTNM | *<0.01 | *<0.05 | |||||
| pI | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | ||
| pII | 55 | 7 | 48 | 23 | 22 | ||
| pIII | 12 | 2 | 10 | 1 | 11 | ||
P: χ2 test; *Fisher's exact probability test.
Cell culture
The human ESCC cell lines Eca-109 and Kyse-30 were obtained from the Cell Bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). Cells were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM; HyClone, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) contained 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific) and antibiotics (100U/mL, Sigma‑Aldrich, Germany) at 37°C with 5% CO2.
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry staining for STAT3, p-STAT3, VEGF, CyclinD1, and Bcl-xl protein were detected by streptavidin-peroxidase method (SP method). Being fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin, the tissue specimens were processed routinely. Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed using rabbit antibody against human STAT3 (Spring Bioscience, USA), rabbit antibody against human p-STAT3 (tyr705) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA), rabbit antibody against human VEGF (Zhongshanjinqiao Biotechnology, China), rabbit antibody against human Cyclin D1 (Zhongshanjinqiao Biotechnology), rabbit antibody against human Bcl-xL (Bioss Biotechnology, China), and visualized by the Envision System (Dako). STAT3, p-STAT3, VEGF, CyclinD1 and Bcl-xL were scored with immunohistochemistry using system as previously described 16, 17. Briefly, a score of 3 indicated that >50% of the cells exhibited mild to moderate staining intensity, or >20% of cells exhibited strong staining intensity; a score of 2 indicated that 20‑50% of cells demonstrated mild to moderate staining intensity, or 20% of cells exhibited strong staining intensity; a score of 1 indicated that <20% of cells demonstrated mild to moderate staining intensity; and a score of 0 indicated that no staining was present. A score of ≥2 demonstrated positive expression.
Western Blot
The micrograms of the proteins from each sample or Eca-109 and Kyse-30 cells treated with Stattic for 24h were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore, France). The membranes were blocked with 5 % skim milk and incubated with primary antibodies against STAT3 (Spring Bioscience, USA), p-STAT3 (S727; Santa Cruz, USA), VEGF (Proteintech Group, IL, USA), CyclinD1 (Proteintech Group), Bcl-xL (Proteintech Group), and β-actin (Bioss Biotechnology) at 4 °C overnight, following by incubation with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (Santa Cruz, USA) for 1 h at room temperature. Immunoblotted proteins were visualized by ECL reagents, and the signals were detected by Alphamager 2200 imaging system (Alphamager, USA) and Image J analysis software.
Follow-up
40 patients received postoperative chemotherapy, and 24 patients received postoperative radiotherapy. We examined the patients 3 to 4 months during the first 3 years and half a year thereafter. The patients only died of cancer were enrolled in the prognostic analysis.
CCK8 assay
For dose-dependent assay, cells were seeded into 96-well plates and treated with different concentrations of Stattic (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, and 1 µM, Med Chem Express, USA) for 24h. After treatment, 10 μl of Cell Counting Kit-8 reagent (CCK8; Beijing Solarbio Science & Technology, Beijing, China) were added into each well, following by incubation at 37°C for 90 min. The optical density (OD) was measured at 450nm. Following treatment with Stattic of 24h, cell viability was measured at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively.
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
After being treated for 24h, total RNA from Eca-109 and Kyse-30 cells was extracted using Ultrapure RNA Kit (CWBIO, Beijing, China) and reverse transcribed in complementary cDNA using the HiFiScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (CWBIO) according to the manufacturer's instructions. RT products were then used as templates to examine the expression of target gene mRNA using real-time PCR with the SYBR Premix Ex Taq II kit (Takara, Shiga, Japan). The primer sequences were as follows: VEGF, 5'- GCTACCTCAGCAAGACGTTATT -3' (forward), 5'- ATCGGCAGGAAGTGTGATTG -3' (reverse); CyclinD1, 5'-GTGCCACAGATGTGAAGT -3' (forward), 5'- GTAGGACAGGAAGTTGTTGG-3' (reverse); Bcl-xL, 5'- GGTGGTTGACTTTCTCTCCTAC -3' (forward), 5'- TCTCCGATTCAGTCCCTTCT -3' (reverse); β-actin, 5'- CCCGAGCCGTGTTTCCT -3' (forward), 5'- GTCCCAGTTGGTGACGATGC -3' (reverse). β-actin was used as internal gene. The obtain data was analyzed according to the sample threshold cycle (Ct) value from three independent experiments.
Statistical analysis
Enumeration data were analyzed using χ2 test or Fisher's exact probability test. Measurement data was represented with Mean ± standard deviation (SD) and t-rest. Univariate analysis was performed by modeling Kaplan-Meier survival curves. The log-rank test was used to calculate the survival rate. Multivariate analysis was carried out by the use of the Cox proportional hazard model. The difference between two groups were estimated with student's t test. All statistical data were analyzed using SPSS (version 13; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Correlation between STAT3/ p-STAT3 expression and clinical features of ESCC
As indicated in Figure 1A, the positive signal of STAT3 protein was located in cytoplasm and nucleus. The expression of STAT3 was correlated with infiltration degree (pT; pT1 25.0% vs. pT2 84.8% vs. pT3 90.5%; P<0.01, Table 1) and pTNM stage (pI, 25.0% vs. pII, 87.3% vs. pIII, 83.3%; P<0.01, Table 1). The positive signal of p-STAT3 protein, the active form of STAT3, was located in cell nucleus (Figure 1B). The level of p-STAT3 was correlated with pT (pT1 25.0% vs. pT2 52.2% vs. pT3 90.5%; P<0.05, Table 1), lymphatic metastasis (pN; pN- 48.9% vs. pN+84.6%; P<0.01, Table 1) and pTNM stage (pI, 25.0% vs. pII, 40.0% vs. pIII, 91.7%; P<0.01, Table 1). There was a positive correlation between STAT3 expression and p-STAT3 in the cancerous tissue group (r=0.421, P<0.01, Table 4).
Figure 1.
STAT3 and p-STAT3 was up-regulated in ESCC tissues. (A, B) STAT3 (A) and p-STAT3 (B) expression was determined by immunohistochemistry (Magnification 200). From left to right, ESCC tissues with strongly positive expression (+++), positive expression (++), weak positive expression (+) and normal tissue (control). Scale Bar=100 µm. (C) STAT3 and p-STAT3 expression was determined by Western blot. N, normal tissue; E1, pT3 ESCC tissue; E2, pT2 ESCC tissue; E3, pT1 ESCC tissue; E4, ESCC tissue with lymphatic metastasis; E5, ESCC tissue without lymphatic metastasis. **P<0.01 compared to normal.
Table 4.
Correlation among STAT3/p-STAT3, VEGF, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-xl expression in ESCC (by immunohistochemistry).
| rs | P | |
|---|---|---|
| STAT3 vs. p-STAT3 | 0.421 | 0.000 |
| STAT3 vs. VEGF | 0.255 | 0.032 |
| STAT3 vs. Cyclin D1 | 0.206 | 0.085 |
| STAT3 vs. Bcl-xl | 0.140 | 0.245 |
| p-STAT3 vs. VEGF | 0.352 | 0.003 |
| p-STAT3 vs. Cyclin D1 | 0.305 | 0.010 |
| p-STAT3 vs. Bcl-xl | 0.151 | 0.207 |
| VEGF vs. Cyclin D1 | 0.193 | 0.107 |
| VEGF vs. Bcl-xl | 0.047 | 0.695 |
| Cyclin D1 vs. Bcl-xl | 0.054 | 0.652 |
The expression of STAT3 and level of p-STAT3 in ESCC tissues were also detected using Western blot (Figure 1C). Moreover, the expression of STAT3 was correlated with pT and pTNM stage (both P<0.01, Table 2), and the level of p-STAT3 was correlated with pT, pN and pTNM stage (both P<0.01, Table 2), which was consistent with immunohistochemical results.
Table 2.
Correlation between STAT3/p-STAT3 expression and clinical characteristics of the ESCC (Western blot).
| Clinical characteristics | STAT3 | p-STAT3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Protein Assay | t, t' | P | Protein Assay | t, t' | P | |
| Gender | 0.607 | 0.546 | 1.074 | 0.287 | ||
| Male | 0.5426±0.2997 | 0.4697±0.3270 | ||||
| Female | 0.4800±0.3190 | 0.3500±0.3240 | ||||
| Age, years | 0.352 | 0.726 | 0.358 | 0.721 | ||
| ≥60 | 0.5459±0.3033 | 0.4662±0.3476 | ||||
| <60 | 0.5206±0.3024 | 0.4382±0.3705 | ||||
| Tumor length | 0.958 | 0.389 | 0.178 | 0.675 | ||
| <3 cm 3-5 cm >5 cm |
0.3857± 0.2854 0.5458±0.3039 0.5625±0.2986 |
0.3286± 0.3450 0.4802±0.3137 0.4250±0.3642 |
||||
| Tumor location | -0.848 | 0.399 | -0.422 | 0.675 | ||
| Middle | 0.5093±0.3146 | 0.4395±0.3303 | ||||
| Lower | 0.5714±0.2800 | 0.4732±0.3267 | ||||
| Differentiation | 1.273 | 0.287 | 0.653 | 0.524 | ||
| Well | 0.4417 ± 0.3825 | 0.3583± 0.3895 | ||||
| Moderately | 0.5289 ± 0.2677 | 0.4800 ±0.2989 | ||||
| Poorly | 0.6286 ± 0.3221 | 0.4464±0.3661 | ||||
| pT | 17.683 | 0.000 | 7.764 | 0.001 | ||
| pT1 | 0.1000±0.2000 | 0.0750±0.1500 | ||||
| pT2 | 0.4630±0.2322 | 0.4022±0.3213 | ||||
| pT3 | 0.7714±0.2849 | 0.6357±0.2860 | ||||
| pN | -1.937 | 0.057 | -3.757 | 0.000 | ||
| - | 0.4822±0.2682 | 0.3511±0.3335 | ||||
| + | 0.6231±0.3374 | 0.6288±0.2300 | ||||
| pTNM | 17.761 | 0.000 | 5.686 | 0.005 | ||
| pI | 0.1000±0.2000 | 0.075±0.1500 | ||||
| pII | 0.4927±0.2387 | 0.4364±0.3123 | ||||
| pIII | 0.8667±0.2964 | 0.6542±0.3130 | ||||
P: t or t' test.
Correlation between STAT3/p-STAT3 expression and downstream proteins in ESCC
Furthermore, the expression of downstream proteins of STAT3 was also assessed using immunohistochemistry assay. As indicated in Figure 2A, the positive signal of VEGF protein was located in cytoplasm, which was significantly correlated with pT (pT1 25.0% vs. pT2 56.5% vs. pT3 85.7%; P<0.05, Table 3), lymphatic metastasis (pN; pN- 48.9% vs. pN+ 88.5%; P<0.01, Table 3) and pTNM stage (pI, 25.0% vs. pII, 51.1% vs. pIII, 91.7%; P<0.05, Table 3). The positive signal of Cyclin Dl protein was located in cell nucleus and up-regulated in ESCC tissues, which was significantly correlated with lymphatic metastasis (pN; pN- 44.4% vs. pN+76.9%; P<0.05, Figure 2B, Table 3). The positive signal of Bcl-xL protein was located in cytoplasm, which was significantly correlated with pT (pT1 25.0% vs. pT2 58.7% vs. pT3 90.5%; P<0.05, Figure 2C, Table 3). Importantly, we found that there was a positive correlation between STAT3 protein expression and VEGF protein expression (r=0.255, P<0.0, Table 4), but the expression of STAT3 was not correlated with the expression of cyclinD1 and Bcl-xL (both P>0.05, Table 4). Moreover, we found that the level of p-STAT3 was positively correlated with the expression of VEGF protein (r=0.352, P<0.01, Table 4) and CyclinD1 protein (r=0.305, P <0.05, Table 4) in the cancerous tissue group, except for Bcl-xL (P>0.05, Table 4).
Figure 2.
VEGF, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL was up-regulated in ESCC tissues. (A-C) The VEGF (A), Cyclin D1 (B) and Bcl-xl (C) expression was determined by immunohistochemistry (Magnification 200). From left to right, ESCC tissues with strongly positive expression (+++), positive expression (++), weak positive expression (+) and normal tissue (control). Scale Bar=100 µm.
Table 3.
Correlation between VEGF, cyclinD1, Bcl-xL expression and clinical characteristics of the ESCC patients (Immunohistochemistry).
| Clinical characteristics | VEGF | P | CyclinD1 | P | Bcl-xL | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (-) | (+) | (-) | (+) | (-) | (+) | ||||
| Gender | *0.298 | *1.000 | 0.733 | ||||||
| Male | 23 | 38 | 27 | 34 | 21 | 40 | |||
| Female | 6 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 4 | 6 | |||
| Age, years | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.146 | ||||||
| ≥60 | 15 | 22 | 14 | 23 | 13 | 24 | |||
| <60 | 14 | 20 | 17 | 17 | 12 | 22 | |||
| Tumor length | *>0.05 | *>0.05 | *>0.05 | ||||||
| <3cm | 2 | 5 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 4 | |||
| 3-5cm | 21 | 27 | 22 | 26 | 15 | 33 | |||
| >5cm | 6 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 9 | |||
| Tumor location | 0.809 | 0.808 | 0.316 | ||||||
| Middle | 17 | 26 | 18 | 25 | 13 | 30 | |||
| Lower | 12 | 16 | 13 | 15 | 12 | 26 | |||
| Differentiation | *>0.05 | *>0.05 | *>0.05 | ||||||
| Well | 5 | 7 | 3 | 9 | 5 | 7 | |||
| Moderately | 18 | 27 | 21 | 24 | 16 | 29 | |||
| Poorly | 3 | 11 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 10 | |||
| pT | *<0.05 | *>0.05 | *<0.05 | ||||||
| pT1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |||
| pT2 | 20 | 26 | 20 | 26 | 19 | 27 | |||
| pT3 | 3 | 18 | 8 | 13 | 2 | 19 | |||
| pN | *0.001 | *0.012 | *0.613 | ||||||
| 0.613_ | 23 | 22 | 25 | 20 | 17 | 28 | |||
| + | 3 | 28 | 6 | 20 | 8 | 18 | |||
| pTNM | *<0.05 | *>0.05 | *>0.05 | ||||||
| pI | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |||
| pII | 22 | 23 | 25 | 30 | 19 | 36 | |||
| pIII | 1 | 11 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 9 | |||
P, χ2 test, *Fisher's exact probability test.
Inhibition of STAT3 activation inhibited downstream proteins expression in ESCC cells in vitro
In order to further investigate the role of STAT3 in ESCC, two ESCC cell lines Eca109 and Kyse30 were treated with different concentrations of Stattic (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, and 20 µM) to inhibit the activation of STAT3. As indicated by CCK8 assay, Stattic inhibited the viability of Eca109 (Figure 3A) and Kyse30 (Figure 3B) cells in a dose-dependent manner. And the IC50 of Stattic was 5.532 μM for Eca109 cells and 8.785 μM for Kyse30 cells. As a result, 3 μM of Stattic was used for the subsequent experiments for the appropriate effect on Eca109 cells and 5 μM of Stattic for Kyse30 cells, DMSO was used as the negative control (NC). Moreover, as shown in Figure 3C and D, Stattic also inhibited the viability of Eca109 and Kyse30 cells in a time-dependent manner. Our data demonstrated that compared to the NC group, the mRNA expression of VEGF, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-xl was significantly down-regulated in Stattic-treated Eca109 cells (both P<0.05, Figure 3E). Similar results were also observed in Kyse30 cells (Figure 3F). In addition, Western blot results further suggested that Stattic could obviously reduce the level of p-STAT3 and inhibit the expression of VEGF, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-xl in Eca109 and Kyse30 cells at protein level (both P<0.05, Figure 3G). Overall, these data indicated that blocking the activation of STAT3 can inhibit the growth of ESCC through down-regulation of VEGF, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-xl.
Figure 3.
Stattic inhibited cell viability and expression of VEGF, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-xl. (A, B) Eca109 (A) and Kyse30 (B) cells were treated with different concentrations of Stattic for 24 h, and CCK8 assay was performed to assess cell viability. (C, D) Following treatment with Stattic for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h, the viability of Eca109 (C) and Kyse30 (D) cells was examined using CCK8 assay. (E, F) After being treated with Stattic for 24 h, the expression of VEGF, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL mRNA was detected using RT-PCR in Eca109 (E) and Kyse30 (F) cells. (G) The expression of p-STAT3, VEGF, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-xl protein was detected using Western blot in Eca109 and Kyse30 cells. NC, cells treated with DMSO; Stattic, cells treated with Stattic. All data from three independent experiments was quantified. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 compared to NC.
Correlation between STAT3/ p-STAT3 expression and prognosis of ESCC
The Kaplan-Meier method indicated that the 5-year survival rates of the 71 patients was 39.4% (Figure 4A). In univariate analysis by the log-rank test, the 5-year survival rate in patients after operation was significantly associated with pT (P<0.01, Figure 4B, Table 5), pN (P<0.01, Figure 4C, Table 5), pTNM stage (P<0.01, Figure 4D, Table 5), level of p-STAT3 (P<0.01, Figure 4E, Table 5), VEGF expression (P<0.01, Figure 4F, Table 5), and CyclinD1 expression (P<0.01, Figure 4G, Table 5). However, there were no statistically significant correlations with gender, age, tumor length; tumor location, histological differentiation, STAT3 expression, Bcl-xl expression, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were demonstrated for the 5-year survival rate (Table 5). The results of Cox regression multivariate analysis confirmed that pN and level of p-STAT3 were independent relevant factors (Table 6).
Figure 4.
Correlation between p-STAT3/VEGF/cyclinD1 expression and prognosis of ESCC. (A) The Kaplan-Meier survival curve of 71 cases of patients with ESCC. (B) Survival curves of ESCC patients with different pT. Blue, patients with pT1; green, patients with pT2; red, patients with pT3. (C) Survival curves of ESCC patients with negative or positive pN. Blue, patients with negative pN; green, patients with positive pN. (D) Survival curves of ESCC patients with different pTNM. Blue, patients with pI; green, patients with pII; red, patients with pIII. (E) Survival curves of ESCC patients with positive and negative expression of p-STAT3 protein. Blue, p-STAT3 negative expression; green, p-STAT3 positive expression. (F) Survival curves of ESCC patients with positive and negative expression of VEGF protein. Blue, VEGF negative expression; green, VEGF positive expression. (G) Survival curves of ESCC patients with positive and negative expression of Cyclin D1 protein. Blue, Cyclin D1 negative expression; green, Cyclin D1 positive expression.
Table 5.
Univariate analysis with respect to 5-year survival.
| Clinical characteristics | Patients (n=71) | 5-year survival (%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.169 | ||
| Male | 61 | 36.1 (22/61) | |
| Female | 10 | 60.0 (6/10) | |
| Age (years) | 0.893 | ||
| ≥60 | 38 | 39.5 (15/38) | |
| <60 | 33 | 39.4 (13/33) | |
| Tumor length | 0.160 | ||
| <3cm | 7 | 71.4 (5/7) | |
| 3-5cm | 48 | 37.5 (18/48) | |
| >5cm | 16 | 31.3 (5/16) | |
| Tumor location | 0.886 | ||
| Middle | 43 | 37.2 (16/43) | |
| Lower | 28 | 42.9 (12/28) | |
| Differentiation | 0.886 | ||
| Well | 12 | 41.7 (5/12) | |
| Moderately | 45 | 37.8 (17/45) | |
| Poorly | 14 | 42.9 (6/14) | |
| pT | 0.001 | ||
| pT1 | 4 | 100 (4/4) | |
| pT2 | 46 | 43.5 (20/46) | |
| pT3 | 21 | 19.0 (4/21) | |
| pN | 0.001 | ||
| - | 45 | 60.0 (27/45) | |
| + | 26 | 3.8 (1/26) | |
| pTNM | 0.001 | ||
| pI | 4 | 100 (4/4) | |
| pII | 55 | 41.8 (23/55) | |
| pIII | 12 | 8.3 (1/12) | |
| STAT3 | 0.074 | ||
| - | 12 | 66.7 (8/12) | |
| + | 59 | 33.9 (20/59) | |
| p-STAT3 | 0.001 | ||
| - | 27 | 77.8 (21/27) | |
| + | 44 | 15.9 (7/44) | |
| VEGF | 0.001 | ||
| - | 30 | 60.0 (18/30) | |
| + | 41 | 24.2 (10/41) | |
| CyclinD1 | 0.002 | ||
| - | 31 | 61.3 (19/31) | |
| + | 40 | 22.5 (9/40) | |
| Bcl-xL | 0.114 | ||
| - | 26 | 50.0 (13/26) | |
| + | 45 | 33.3 (15/45) | |
| Chemotherapy, | 0.115 | ||
| - | 31 | 51.6 (16/31) | |
| + | 40 | 30.0 (12/40) | |
| Radiotherapy | 0.269 | ||
| - | 47 | 44.7 (21/47) | |
| + | 24 | 29.2 (7/24) |
P, Log-rank test.
Table 6.
Results of cox regression multivariate 5-year survival analysis.
| B | SE | Wald | P | HR | 95.0% CI for HR | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | -0.316 | 0.625 | 0.255 | 0.613 | 0.729 | 0.214~2.481 |
| Age | -0.364 | 0.417 | 0.765 | 0.382 | 0.695 | 0.307~1.572 |
| Tumor length | 0.648 | 0.375 | 2.987 | 0.084 | 1.911 | 0.917~3.982 |
| Tumor location | -0.117 | 0.363 | 0.103 | 0.748 | 0.890 | 0.436~1.814 |
| Differentiation | -0.053 | 0.308 | 0.030 | 0.862 | 0.948 | 0.519~1.732 |
| pT | 0.459 | 0.622 | 0.544 | 0.461 | 1.582 | 0.467~5.357 |
| pN | 1.306 | 0.589 | 4.906 | 0.027 | 3.690 | 1.162~11.718 |
| pTNM | 0.284 | 0.812 | 0.122 | 0.727 | 1.328 | 0.271~6.520 |
| STAT3 | 0.750 | 0.691 | 1.179 | 0.278 | 2.117 | 0.547~8.196 |
| p-STAT3 | 1.158 | 0.551 | 4.414 | 0.036 | 3.183 | 1.081~9.372 |
| VEGF | 0.761 | 0.414 | 3.386 | 0.066 | 2.141 | 0.952~4.818 |
| cyclinD1 | 0.477 | 0.513 | 0.862 | 0.353 | 1.611 | 0.589~4.405 |
| Bcl-xL | 0.630 | 0.445 | 2.008 | 0.156 | 1.878 | 0.785~4.492 |
| Chemotherapy | -0.650 | 0.386 | 2.835 | 0.092 | 0.522 | 0.245~1.113 |
| Radiotherapy | 0.090 | 0.408 | 0.049 | 0.825 | 1.094 | 0.492~2.432 |
Discussion
STAT3 is regarded as a primary mediator of tumorigenesis and serves an important function in the proliferation, apoptosis and hyperplasia of tumor cell 14, 15. Constitutively activated STAT3 has been identified in certain types of cancer, including ESCC. In vitro, Wang et al. demonstrated that the STAT3 signaling pathway was constitutively activated in ESCC cells, and the expression of STAT3, VEGF and Bcl-2 were overexpressed in ESCC cell lines 18. S Timme et al. reported that STAT3-regulated genes (STAT3, p-STAT3) were involved in ESCC cell proliferation and migration 19. Activate STAT3 might affect STAT3 target genes expression and promote the growth of ESCC cells, which could be blocked by STAT3 inhibitor and specific siRNA 20, 21.
However, few studies reported the clinical and prognostic significance of STAT3 and p-STAT3 in ESCC patients. In Li's study, STAT3 protein expression was correlated with pTNM stage in ESCC patients, and dual high expression of STAT3 and Cyclin D1 predict worse survival outcome 11. You et al. reported that p-STAT3 expression was correlated with lymph node metastasis, pTNM stage and metastatic status 22. Huang et al. identified that p-STAT3 expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis in advanced esophageal cancer patients 23. In the present study, a total of 71 ESCC patients enrolled the study, the STAT3 and p-STAT3 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot at protein level. STAT3 was located in cytoplasm and nucleus while the p-STAT3 was exclusively observed in nucleus of ESCC cells. Moreover, our data demonstrated that the expression of STAT3 and p-STAT3 was both up-regulated in ESCC tissues, and the STAT3 expression was correlated with pT and pTNM stage, the p-STAT3 level was correlated with pT, pN and pTNM stage. Xuan X et al. also reported that STAT3 and p-STAT3 were up-regulated in ESCC tissues, which was consistent with our results 24. The findings described above indicated that STAT3 activation might increase the metastasis of ESCC.
STAT3 has been revealed to regulate the expression of many target genes in tumorigenesis and progression, including VEGF, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL 10, 24-26. VEGF has been well known to play a crucial pro-oncogenic role in angiogenesis and tumor progression 27. Xu Q et al. reported that STAT3 is a key regulator of VEGF, targeting STAT3 can decrease the expression of VEGF 24. Cyclin D1, an essential regulator of G1/S phase of cell cycle involved in cell proliferation, is frequently up-regulated and amplified in tumors. It is revealed that STAT3 can regulate the expression of Cyclin D1 through directly targeting its promoter in colorectal cancer cells 28. Bcl-xL is a member of Bcl-2 family and functions as an anti-apoptotic protein. Bcl-xL is reported to be positively expressed in 46.8% of ESCC tissues 29. In endometrioid adenocarcinomas, Wincewicz A et al. found that the expression of STAT3 is correlated with Bcl-xL 30. In the current study, the expression of VEGF, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL was also assessed by immunohistochemistry. We observed that the expression of VEGF, Cyclin D1 and Bcl-xl was all up-regulated in ESCC tissues. Importantly, the level of p-STAT3 was all positively correlated to VEGF and Cyclin D1, except for Bcl-xL. Moreover, STAT3 expression was positively correlated to VEGF, but not with Cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL, which was not consistent with previous results in other cancers 28, 30. Furthermore, blocking the activation of STAT3 by Stattic, a STAT3 inhibitor, could inhibit the viability of ESCC cells and down-regulate the expression of VEGF and Cyclin D1. Additionally, we observed that the expression of Bcl-xL was also down-regulated by Stattic in Eca109 and Kyse30 cells, but its expression in tissues was not related to the expression of p-STAT3 (Table 4). The inconsistent results may be due to differences between tissues and cells, which will be further investigated in future study. Collectively, these results suggested that the activated STAT3 may promote the metastasis of ESCC by promoting the expression of VEGF and Cyclin D1.
It has been reported that STAT3 and p-STAT3 expression is associated with worse overall survival of many malignancies, including lung cancer, gastric cancer and hepatic cancer, but better prognosis of breast cancer 31. Aleskandarany M A et al. also demonstrated that the nuclear p-STAT3 overexpression is positively associated with better prognosis of breast cancer 32. In our study, to eliminate the impact of mixed factors on statistical analysis, we used both univariate and multivariate analysis to determine prognostic factors in order to make the results more objective. In this study, we observed that the 5-year survival rate of ESCC patients was 39.4 %, which was significantly associated with p-STAT3 expression, VEGF expression, Cyclin D1 expression, pT, pN, and pTNM stage. Additionally, pN and p-STAT3 expression were relevant independent factors for a poor prognosis, which was consistent with the previous study that demonstrated that p-STAT3 expression was an independent prognostic factor for progression-free-survival in ESCC 23. Taken together, these findings indicated that activation of STAT3 could serve as a biomarker of poor prognosis in ESCC.
However, the present study had still several limitations. First, in China the indications for treatment not only depend on doctors' preferences but also on patients' willingness and economic status. These factors may have influenced the relatively poor survival result observed. In the study, 26 patients received postoperative chemotherapy, 10 patients received postoperative radiotherapy, and 14 patients received combined chemoradiotherapy. However, no statistically significant correlations with postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy were demonstrated for the 5-year survival rate both in univariate and multivariate analysis. Secondly, the study sample was relatively small. Lastly, all the patients' histologic type was squamous cell carcinoma in the study. Because ESCC is one of the most common malignant diseases in China, meaning that the patients enrolled in the study might not be representative of the population in the world.
In sum, STAT3 expression was correlated with pT and pTNM stage. The level of p-STAT3 was correlated with pT, lymph node metastasis and pTNM stage. pN and p-STAT3 expression were relevant independent factors for the 5-year survival rate of ESCC patients. Activated STAT3 may promote the metastasis of ESCC by promoting the expression of VEGF and Cyclin D1. Collectively, these results suggest that p-STAT3 might serve as essential biomarker for tumor invasion and metastasis in ESCC.
Acknowledgments
The present study was funded by The Second Group of Jinan Science and Technology Development Program (grant no. 201602204) and Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program (grant no. 2017G006037).
Abbreviations
- ESCC
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
- STAT3
Signal transduction and activators of transcription factor 3
- VEGF
Vascular endothelial growth factor
References
- 1.Sun ZG, Yu L, Yang F, Gao W, Wang Z, Zhu LM. Mucin 1 expression correlates with metastatic recurrence in postoperative patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer. Pol J Pathol. 2016;67:384–391. doi: 10.5114/pjp.2016.65872. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Hu D, Zhang M, Wang S, Wang Z. High expression of cyclooxygenase 2 is an indicator of prognosis for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma after Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. Thoracic Cancer. 2016;7:310–315. doi: 10.1111/1759-7714.12329. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Wang D, Du L, Wang Z. et al. Association of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 gene amplification with poor survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2017;8:88857–88869. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.21486. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Cheng JZ, Chen JJ, Xue K, Wang ZG, Yu D. Clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of VEGF, JAK2 and STAT3 in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Cell International. 2018;18:110. doi: 10.1186/s12935-018-0605-0. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Zhang L, Li J, Wang Q. et al. The relationship between microRNAs and the STAT3-related signaling pathway in cancer. Tumour Biol. 2017;39:1010428317719869. doi: 10.1177/1010428317719869. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.Han JJ, O'byrne M, Stenson MJ. et al. Prognostic and therapeutic significance of phosphorylated STAT3 and protein tyrosine phosphatase-6 in peripheral-T cell lymphoma. Blood cancer journal. 2018;8:110. doi: 10.1038/s41408-018-0138-8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7.J.L. Geiger, J.R. Grandis, J.E. Bauman. The STAT3 pathway as a therapeutic target in head and neck cancer: Barriers and innovations. Oral Oncology. 2016;56:84–92. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.11.022. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Santoni M, Conti A, Piva F. et al. Role of STAT3 pathway in genitourinary tumors. Future Science Oa. 2015;1:1–9. doi: 10.4155/fso.15.13. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Lv J, Sun B, Mai Z, Jiang M, Du J. STAT3 potentiates the ability of airway smooth muscle cells to promote angiogenesis by regulating VEGF signaling. Experimental Physiology. 2017;102:598–606. doi: 10.1113/EP086136. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10.Sulkowska U, Wincewicz A, Kanczuga-Koda L, Koda M, Sulkowski S. Comparison of E-cadherin with STAT3 and apoptosis regulators: Bak and Bcl-xL in endometrioid adenocarcinomas of different ER-alpha immunoprofile. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2018;34:171–174. doi: 10.1080/09513590.2017.1379494. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11.Li H, Xiao W, Ma J. et al. Dual high expression of STAT3 and cyclinD1 is associated with poor prognosis after curative resection of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7:7989–7998. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Johnson DE, O'Keefe RA, Grandis JR. Targeting the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling axis in cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15:234–248. doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2018.8. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Igelmann S, Neubauer HA, Ferbeyre G. STAT3 and STAT5 activation in solid cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2019;11(10):pii. doi: 10.3390/cancers11101428. E1428. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Zhou W, Bi X, Gao G, Sun L. miRNA-133b and miRNA-135a induce apoptosis via the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in human renal carcinoma cells. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;8:722–729. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.074. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Yin Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Lv T, Liu J, Wang X. Prognostic significance of STAT3 expression and its correlation with chemoresistance of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Acta Histochemica. 2012;114:151–158. doi: 10.1016/j.acthis.2011.04.002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Mizoguchi M, Betensky RA, Batchelor TT, Bernay DC, Louis DN, Nutt CL. Activation of STAT3, MAPK, and AKT in malignant astrocytic gliomas: correlation with EGFR status, tumor grade, and survival. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2006;65:1181–1188. doi: 10.1097/01.jnen.0000248549.14962.b2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Sun ZG, Zhang M, Yang F, Gao W, Wang Z, Zhu LM. Clinical and prognostic significance of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and mucin 1 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer following surgery. Oncology Letters. 2018;15:4278–4288. doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.7858. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Wang XH, Li SS, Yan AH, Lu CX, Guo YP. Constitutive activation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 and expression of its target gene products in human ESCC cell line. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2006;26:441–444. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Timme S, Ihde S, Fichter CD2. et al. STAT3 expression, activity and functional consequences of STAT3 inhibition in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas and Barrett's adenocarcinomas. Oncogene. 2014;33:3256–3266. doi: 10.1038/onc.2013.298. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Tian F, Yang X, Liu Y. et al. Constitutive activated STAT3 is an essential regulator and therapeutic target in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2017;8:88719–88729. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.20838. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Yang Y, Jin G, Liu H. et al. Metformin inhibits esophageal squamous cell carcinoma- induced angiogenesis by suppressing JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway. Oncotarget. 2017;8:74673–74687. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.20341. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.You Z, Xu D, Ji J, Guo W, Zhu W, He J. JAK/STAT signal pathway activation promotes progression and survival of human oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical & Translational Oncology. 2012;14:143–149. doi: 10.1007/s12094-012-0774-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Huang C, Wang L, Yang X, Lai L, Chen D, Duan C. Duan. Expression of activated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 as a predictive and prognostic marker in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. World Journal of Surgical Oncology. 2015;13:1–7. doi: 10.1186/s12957-015-0726-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Xuan X, Li S, Lou X. et al. Stat3 promotes invasion of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through up-regulation of MMP2. Molecular Biology Reports. 2015;42:907–915. doi: 10.1007/s11033-014-3828-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Xu Q, Briggs J, Park S. et al. Targeting Stat3 blocks both HIF-1 and VEGF expression induced by multiple oncogenic growth signaling pathways. Oncogene. 2005;24:5552–5560. doi: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208719. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26.Luo J, Yan R, He X, He J. Constitutive activation of STAT3 and cyclin D1 overexpression contribute to proliferation, migration and invasion in gastric cancer cells. Am J Transl Res. 2017;9:5671–5677. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27.Xie K, Wei D, Shi Q, Huang S. Constitutive and inducible expression and regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2004;15:297–324. doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2004.04.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28.Qin A, Yu Q, Gao Y. et al. Inhibition of STAT3/cyclinD1 pathway promotes chemotherapeutic sensitivity of colorectal cancer. Biochemical & Biophysical Research Communications. 2015;457:681–687. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.048. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29.Natsugoe S, Matsumoto M, Okumura H. et al. Bax and Bcl-X(L) expression are not related to prognosis in patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Letters. 2001;174:91–97. doi: 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00590-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30.Andrzej W, Marek B, Luiza KK. et al. STAT3 and apoptosis regulators: Bak and Bcl-xL in endometrioid adenocarcinomas of different estrogen receptor-α immunoprofile. Gynecological Endocrinology. 2011;27:536–540. doi: 10.3109/09513590.2010.507286. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31.Wu P, Wu D, Zhao L. et al. Prognostic role of STAT3 in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget. 2016;7:19863–19883. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.7887. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32.Aleskandarany MA, Agarwal D, Negm OH. et al. The prognostic significance of STAT3 in invasive breast cancer: analysis of protein and mRNA expressions in large cohorts. Breast Cancer Research & Treatment. 2016;156:9–20. doi: 10.1007/s10549-016-3709-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]