Abstract
Background
Candida species are responsible for 15% of bloodstream infections, leading to prolonged hospitalizations and increased mortality. With the rise in obesity, antifungal dosing is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in clinical outcomes between obese versus non-obese patients with Candida bloodstream infections.
Methods
This retrospective cohort included adult patient’s first episode of Candida bloodstream infection treated with ≥ 48 h of antifungal therapy between 1 June 2013 and 31 August 2019. Patients were excluded for: dual systemic antifungal therapy, polymicrobial infections, or chronic candidiasis. The primary outcome was infection-related length of stay. Secondary outcomes included: time to candidemia resolution, 30-day readmission rates, and in-hospital mortality.
Results
Eighty patients were included (28 obese; 52 non-obese). Most were male (55%); median age was 54 years. Median BMI and weight were 36.3 kg/m2 and 103 kg versus 20.4 kg/m2 and 61 kg, respectively (p < 0.01). Baseline characteristics were comparable. C. albicans was isolated in 37.5% of cultures and C. glabrata in 30%. Micafungin was utilized empirically in 72.5% of patients; obese patients received definitive micafungin more frequently (57.1% vs. 21.2%; p < 0.01) and were treated longer (13 versus 10 days; p = 0.04). Infection-related length of stay was 19 days in the obese patients and 13 days in the non-obese patients (p = 0.05). Non-obese patients had a shorter duration of candidemia (5 versus 6 days; p = 0.02). In-hospital mortality was numerically higher in obese patients (21.4% versus 13.5%; p = 0.36). There were no differences in 30-day readmissions between groups.
Conclusions
Worse clinical outcomes were observed for obese versus non-obese patients. Further clinical research is warranted.
Keywords: Candida, Fluconazole, Fungemia, Micafungin, Obesity
Key Summary Points
| Rates of both candidemia and obesity are increasing. |
| Pharmacokinetics of standard of care therapy, including fluconazole and echinocandins, are altered in obese patients though clinical correlation has not been established. |
| In this study, obese patients with candidemia displayed worse clinical outcomes (infection-related length of stay and duration of candidemia). |
Introduction
In a nationwide surveillance study conducted from 2011 to 2014, three Candida species were listed in the top 15 causative organisms of nosocomial infections [1]. Candida albicans and C. glabrata represent the 6th and 11th leading causes of central line-associated bloodstream infections. Candida species cause nearly 15% of all bloodstream infections in hospitalized patients and contribute to prolonged hospitalizations, increased cost, and increased morbidity and mortality [1, 2]. Mortality rates up to nearly 50% have been attributed to nosocomial candidemia with increased risk associated with delay of adequate antifungal therapy [3, 4].
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 40% of adults in the USA are obese; the rate of obesity has been gradually increasing over time [5, 6]. Although fluconazole and the echinocandins are the drugs of choice for the treatment of Candida infections, pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that target attainment is unachievable utilizing standard dosing strategies of these agents in obese patients [7–11]. Additionally, clinical efficacy has not been established in this patient population. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if a difference in clinical outcomes exists between obese and non-obese patients with Candida bloodstream infections.
Methodology
Study Design, Setting, and Patient Population
A retrospective cohort study of Candida bloodstream infections was conducted at an academic medical center and tertiary referral center. Adult patients who received ≥ 48 h of antifungal therapy between 1 June 2013 and 31 August 2019 with a positive blood culture for Candida were included. Eligible patients were identified utilizing TheraDoc® Clinical Surveillance (Premier, Inc., 2018). Patients were divided into two groups: obese and non-obese. Patients were excluded if they received combination antifungal therapy, had polymicrobial infections, or had chronic candidiasis. If a patient had multiple courses of candidemia, only the first episode was included in the analysis. The presented study received approval from The University of Mississippi Office of Research Integrity Institutional Review Board and conformed to the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 (as revised in 2013) concerning human and animal rights. Since the investigation was carried out through retrospective review of medical records, ethics approval was not required because of no foreseeable impact on the rights and/or welfare of subjects involved. Consent from study participants was additionally not obtained because the study solely involved retrospective review of medical records.
Study Variables and Definitions
Variables collected from the electronic health record included demographics, comorbid conditions [Charlson score and quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score], and pharmacologic information, including time to initiation of antifungal therapy, type of antifungal therapy, antifungal dosing, antifungal frequency, and antifungal duration of therapy. Microbiology and infectious-related information, including source of infection, species isolated, presence of infectious diseases consultation, and presence and timing of source control were assessed. Additional data collected included infection-related length of stay (time from the first positive Candida blood culture until the day of hospital discharge), total hospital length of stay, in-hospital mortality, 30-day readmission, clinical failure, and whether the infection was healthcare associated (fungemia developed > 48 h after hospital admission). Obesity was defined according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2 [12]. Clinical failure was defined as persistently positive fungemia (≥ 7 days) or development/persistence of multi-organ failure or persistently positive/increasing 1,3-beta-d-glucan concentrations plus at least one of the following: WBC > 12,000 cells/mm3 or < 4000 cells/mm3 or temperature > 38 °C or < 35 °C.
Clinical Outcomes
The primary outcome was infection-related length of stay between the obese and non-obese patient populations. Secondary endpoints included the difference in time to candidemia resolution, 30-day readmission rates, and in-hospital mortality.
Data Analysis
For comparisons between the obese and non-obese groups, categorical data were analyzed utilizing Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate, and continuous data were analyzed utilizing the Mann-Whitney U test or Student’s t test, as appropriate. A two-sided P value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS (version 24.0, IBM, Armonk, NY).
Results
The cohort included 80 unique patients, with 28 patients in the obese group and 52 patients in the non-obese group. Patient characteristics are listed in Table 1. The majority of patients were male (55%) with a median [interquartile range] age of 53.5 [39–63] years. Baseline characteristics were comparable between the groups with the exception of weight, BMI, and presence of hypertension. The median BMI and weight were 36.3 [31.7–41.3] kg/m2 and 102.5 [91.2–111.1] kg versus 20.4 [17.3–25.8] kg/m2 and 61.4 [50.8–72.6] kg in the obese and non-obese groups, respectively (p < 0.01). The most commonly isolated Candida species were C. albicans (37.5%) followed by C. glabrata (30%) with no differences observed between either group. Only two cultures with C. krusei were isolated: one in each group. Only four isolates were identified that were fluconazole resistant or susceptible dose-dependent, with two occurring in each group of patients. Fifty-eight (73%) patients received micafungin, 21 (26%) patients received fluconazole, and 1 (1%) patient received posaconazole. While there were no differences between groups regarding treatment selection, 16 (31%) non-obese patients compared with 5 (18%) obese patients received fluconazole (p = 0.211), and 36 (69%) non-obese patients compared with 22 (79%) obese patients received micafungin (p = 0.372). The micafungin dosage used in all patients was 100 mg daily whereas the fluconazole dose was 400 mg daily, which was adjusted for those with renal impairment.
Table 1.
Patient demographics
| Variable presented as # (%) or median (IQR) | Total (n = 80) | Obese (n = 28) | Non-obese (n = 52) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 53.5 [39–63] | 59 [39.5–65] | 49.5 [37.25–60.75] | 0.13 |
| Sex, male | 44 (55) | 11 (39.3) | 33 (63.5) | 0.04 |
| Race | ||||
| Caucasian | 32 (40) | 10 (35.7) | 22 (42.3) | 0.57 |
| African American | 45 (56.3) | 17 (60.7) | 28 (53.8) | 0.56 |
| Hispanic | 1 (1.3) | 1 (3.6) | 0 (0) | 0.35 |
| Other, Indian | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | 1.00 |
| Unknown | 1 (1.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | 1.00 |
| Weight | 72.95 [57.775–94.725] | 102.5 [91.15–111.05] | 61.4 [50.775–72.6] | < 0.001 |
| BMI | 25.9 [19.0125–33] | 36.3 [31.65–41.275] | 20.42 [17–25.7975] | < 0.001 |
| Baseline SCr (n = 79) | 1.2 [0.7–2.68] |
N = 27 1.2 [0.76–3.26] |
N = 52 1.28 [0.65–1.8925] |
0.23 |
| Baseline temperature, C | 37.2 [36.7–38.675] | 37.15 [36.625–39.025] | 37.4 [36.705–38.6] | 0.68 |
| Baseline white blood cells (n = 79) | 10,700 [6600–18,800] |
N = 27 11,000 [7000–20,800] |
N = 52 9,800 [6000–18,475] |
0.68 |
| Respiratory rate > 22 | 28 (35) | 12 (42.9) | 16 (30.8) | 0.28 |
| GCS < 13 | 15 (18.8) | 7 (25) | 8 (15.4) | 0.29 |
| SBP < 100 | 38 (47.5) | 12 (42.9) | 26 (50) | 0.54 |
| qSOFA score | 1 [0–2] | 1 [0–2] | 1 [0–2] | 0.60 |
| Hypertension | 48 (60) | 21 (75) | 27 (51.9) | 0.04 |
| Neutropenic | 11 (13.8) | 3 (10.7) | 8 (15.4) | 0.74 |
| VTE | 17 (21.3) | 6 (21.4) | 11 (21.2) | 0.98 |
| Nutrition | ||||
| Enteral tube feeds | 16 (20) | 4 (14.3) | 12 (23.1) | 0.35 |
| Parenteral | 28 (35) | 13 (46.4) | 15 (28.8) | 0.12 |
| Solid/liquid food | 36 (45) | 11 (39.3) | 25 (48.1) | 0.45 |
| Previous antifungal use | 12 (15) | 7 (25) | 5 (9.6) | 0.10 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 8 (10) | 5 (17.9) | 3 (5.8) | 0.12 |
| Charlson | 3 [1–5] | 3 [1–4.75] | 3 [1–5] | 0.72 |
| Baseline temperature | ||||
| 36.1–38.9 | 65 (81.3) | 21 (75) | 44 (84.6) | 0.29 |
| 35.1–36 or 39–39.9 | 13 (16.3) | 5 (17.9) | 8 (15.4) | 0.76 |
| ≤ 35 or ≥ 40 | 2 (2.5) | 2 (7.1) | 0 (0) | 0.12 |
| Hypotension | 24 (30) | 5 (17.9) | 19 (36.5) | 0.08 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 17 (21.3) | 6 (21.4) | 11 (21.2) | 0.98 |
| Pitt bacteremia score | 1 [0–3] | 1 [0–2.75] | 1 [0–3] | 0.50 |
| Suspected/documented source of infection | ||||
| CVC | 8 (10) | 4 (14.3) | 4 (7.7) | 0.44 |
| Urine | 6 (7.5) | 1 (3.6) | 5 (9.6) | 0.66 |
| GI tract | 11 (13.8) | 5 (17.9) | 6 (11.5) | 0.50 |
| Other | 4 (5) | 0 (0) | 4 (7.7) | 0.29 |
| Unknown | 27 (33.8) | 12 (42.9) | 15 (28.8) | 0.21 |
| Healthcare-associated | 53 (66.3) | 19 (67.9) | 34 (65.4) | 0.82 |
| Source control | 27 (33.8) | 8 (28.6) | 19 (36.5) | 0.47 |
BMI body mass index, SCr serum creatinine, C Celsius, GCS Glascow Coma Score, SBP systolic blood pressure, qSOFA quick sequential organ failure assessment, VTE venous thromboembolism, CVC central venous catheter, GI gastrointestinal
The primary outcome of infection-related length of stay was 19 [10–42] days in the obese patients and 13 [8–19] days in the non-obese patients (p = 0.05) (Table 2). Micafungin was the most commonly utilized empiric antifungal (obese: 78.6% vs. non-obese: 69.2%). However, obese patients remained on micafungin for definitive therapy more frequently than non-obese patients (57.1% vs. 21.2%; p < 0.01). Additionally, obese patients were treated with definitive therapy longer than non-obese patients at 13 [10–16] days versus 10 [5–14] days (p = 0.04). Definitive therapy was initiated faster in obese patients: 13 [4–44] h vs. 51 [3–11] h (p = 0.03). There were no differences in frequency (p = 0.15) or timing of source control (p = 0.88), which occurred in 33.8% of patients at a median of 30 [12–72] h among obese and non-obese patients. However, 82.1% of obese patients compared with 55.8% non-obese patients received infectious diseases consultation (p = 0.02).
Table 2.
Clinical outcomes
| Variable presented as # (%) or median (IQR) | Total (n = 80) | Obese (n = 28) | Non-obese (n = 52) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Infection-related length of stay (days) | 13 [9–24] | 19 [10–42] | 13 [8–19] | 0.05 |
| Duration of candidemia (days) | 5 [4–7] | 6 [4–9] | 5 [3–6] | 0.02 |
| 30-Day readmission disposition (n = 67) | N = 22 | N = 45 | ||
| Alive, not readmitted | 53 (79.1) | 19 (86.4) | 34 (75.6) | 0.36 |
| Alive, infection-related readmission | 3 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 3 (6.7) | 0.55 |
| Alive, non-infection-related readmission | 6 (9) | 2 (9.1) | 4 (8.9) | 1.00 |
| Dead | 4 (6) | 0 (0) | 4 (8.9) | 0.29 |
| Unknown | 1 (1.5) | 1 (4.5) | 0 (0) | 0.33 |
| In-hospital mortality | 13 (16.3) | 6 (21.4) | 7 (13.5) | 0.36 |
In-hospital mortality was numerically higher in obese patients versus non-obese patients with observed rates of 21.4% vs. 13.5% (p = 0.36). Clinical failure was comparable between both groups with rates of 64.3% and 75% in the obese and non-obese patients (p = 0.31). In subgroup analyses aimed at identifying risk factors for clinical failure, baseline WBC (p < 0.01), baseline respiratory rate > 22 breaths per minute (p = 0.01), baseline temperature (p < 0.01), hematologic malignancy (p = 0.03), and mechanical ventilation (p = 0.02) were identified.
Discussion
To our knowledge, this is the first report that evaluates the impact of obesity on outcomes associated with Candida bloodstream infections. Similar to reported trends in Candida epidemiology, the predominantly identified pathogens in this study were C. albicans and C. glabrata [13–15]. Obese patients had slightly more C. glabrata, but this number was not significant. Obesity did not impact the choice of empiric antifungal therapy, although numerically more obese patients were treated with echinocandins. However, significantly more obese patients received an echinocandin as definitive therapy. This may be explained by the higher proportion of patients in this group with C. glabrata, the almost 10% less source control in the obese group, or the higher number of infectious diseases consults in the obese group.
The results of this study are comparable to published literature on overall outcomes associated with candidemia. First, in this study, the infection-related length of stay was a median of 13 days, which is similar to a study conducted among patients in internal medicine wards [16]. Obese patients had an infection-related length of stay roughly 7 days longer than non-obese patients. Next, the duration of candidemia in this study was a median of 5 days, which is shorter than the 10 days reported in patients in an intensive care unit [17]. However, obese patients had a significantly longer duration of candidemia, which may be responsible for the longer length of stay. Finally, the overall in-hospital mortality rate was 16.3%, which is lower than the 83% reported in intensive care units, but falls within the range of 5–71% that has been reported otherwise [17, 18]. Although there was no statistical difference in mortality between groups, one may argue that a 7% difference in mortality may be clinically relevant.
General risk factors for candidemia have been established, but limited information is available related to risk factors for clinical failure [16, 19]. Compared with general reports of successful treatment in 70% of patients, our rates of clinical failure of 65–75% are high [20]. This is likely due to discrepancies in definitions of success and failure between studies.
Although limited information is available on the impact of obesity in candidemia, several studies have been published related to the effect of obesity in other infectious diseases with mixed results [21–23]. In one study, obesity was associated with decreased 30-day mortality in pneumonia, but had no impact on mortality in urinary tract infections, skin infections, or bloodstream infections [21]. No differences in length of stay or requirement for intensive care were found between obese and non-obese groups. In a second study, higher BMI was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality and organ failure in patients with gram-negative bloodstream infections [22]. Finally, in obese patients with sepsis, all-cause mortality was lower, length of stay was longer, and hospital costs were higher than in non-obese patients [23]. Taken together, these results lend support to the findings of increased mortality and length of stay in obese patients with Candida bloodstream infections that were found in this study.
This study is not without limitations. First, this study was retrospective, which is prone to selection bias and confounding variables. In this trial, all patients who met inclusion criteria during this period were included, limiting selection bias. In addition, standard definitions were used, and these were applied consistently between obese and non-obese groups. Demographics, comorbidity scores, and severity of illness scores were compared between groups and found to be similar, which should limit confounding variables. Next, this study was small and performed at a single center, which may limit the generalizability of these results to other centers or those with a different Candida epidemiology or patient case mix. However, the included patients were representative of obese populations, those found at academic medical centers, and those with Candida bloodstream infections.
Conclusion
In conclusion, obese patients had a longer infection-related length of stay, duration of candidemia, and numerically higher in-hospital mortality than non-obese patients. In addition, obese patients were more likely to receive echinocandins and to have infectious diseases consults than non-obese patients. In the total population, risk factors for clinical failure in patients with Candida bloodstream infection were hematologic malignancy, presence of mechanical ventilation, and baseline WBC, respiratory rate, and temperature. Information from larger cohorts would be beneficial to further delineate the impact of obesity and the specific risk factors for clinical failure in patients with Candida bloodstream infections.
Acknowledgements
Funding
No funding or sponsorship was received either for the study or article publication. The Rapid Service Fee was funded by the authors.
Authorship
All named authors meet the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) criteria for authorship for this article, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, and have given their approval for this version to be published.
Prior Presentation
This study was previously presented at ID Week 2018.
Disclosures
Katie E. Barber is a consultant and/or speaker for Paratek Pharmaceuticals and Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals. Jamie L. Wagner, Jennifer M. Miller, Emily A. Lewis, and Kayla R. Stover report no conflicts of interest to declare.
Compliance with Ethics Guidelines
The presented study received approval from The University of Mississippi Office of Research Integrity Institutional Review Board and conformed with the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 (as revised in 2013) concerning human and animal rights. On account of the investigation being carried out through retrospective review of medical records, ethics approval was not required because of no foreseeable impact on the rights and/or welfare of subjects involved. Consent from study participants was additionally not obtained due to the study solely involving retrospective review of medical records.
Data Availability
The datasets during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Footnotes
Enhanced digital features
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.