In vitro toxicity of food-grade TiO2 in fasting food model (A, B and C) and in standardized food model (D, E and F). TEER measurements after 24 h exposures to digesta from simulated digestion (A and D). ROS generation (fold change from untreated cells) following 6 h exposure to digesta from simulated digestion (B and E). Cytotoxicity (LDH assay) following 24 h exposure to digesta from simulated digestion (C and F). Error bars represent ±SD, *=p<0.05, **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001.