TABLE 1.
Summary of probiotic clinical trials in liver transplant recipients
| Probiotic | Dose, CFU | Duration | ACR (risk ratio) | Infection (risk ratio) | LOS (mean difference), days | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rayes et al72 | Lactobacillus plantarum 299 | 1 × 109 | Day 1 to day 14 | 0.69 (0.37:1.29) | 0.38 (0.13:1.05) | −1.00 (−2.26 to 0.26) |
| Rayes et al73 |
Pediacoccus pentosaceus 5–33:3 Leuconostoc mesenteroides 77:1 Lactobacillus paracasei species paracasei F19 Lactobacillus plantarum 2362 |
10 × 109 | Day 0 to day 14 | 0.86 (0.32:2.28) | 0.06 (0.01:0.44) | −1.40 (−2.09 to −0.71) |
| Eguchi et al75 |
Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult |
20 mg 15 mg |
Day −2 to day 14 | 0.17 (0.02:1.29) | ||
| Zhang et al74 |
Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA-14) Lactobacillus plantarum (LP-115) Bifidobacterium lactis (BL-04) Lactobacillus casei (LC-11) Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR-32) Lactobacillus brevis (LBr-35) |
27 × 109 | Day 1 to day 7+ | 0.67 (0.12:3.65) | 0.29 (0.09:0.96) | −2.00 (−3.44 to −0.56) |
| Grat et al76 |
Lactococcus lactis PB411 Lactobacillus casei PB121 Lactobacillus acidophilus PB111 Bifidobacterium bifidum PB211 |
3 × 109 | Day of listing to day 0 (16.7% <2 weeks) | 0.18 (0.02:1.37) | ||
| Cumulative data | 0.73 (0.44:1.22) | 0.20 (0.11:0.38) | −1.41 (−1.97 to −0.86) |
The findings of interventional probiotic clinical trials in liver transplant recipients are summarized. All patients received enteral nutrition with fiber supplementation in addition to the listed probiotics with the exception of Eguchi et al75 (enteral nutrition alone) and Grat et al76 (no additional nutritional supplementation).
ACR, acute cellular rejection; CFU, colony-forming units; LOS, length of stay.