Abstract Abstract
Background
The Odonata, dragonflies and damselflies, constitute one of the more charismatic and better-studied orders of insects. The approximately 6,000 extant species on Earth can be variously found on all continents, except Antarctica. A relatively stable taxonomy, a relative ease of species identification and an aquatic immature stage has made the Odonata a taxon of interest in documenting the symptoms of global environmental change, especially at higher latitudes. The Odonata fauna of the north-temperate Canadian province of Quebec includes 150 species, many of which are at the northern limits of their geographic distribution.
New information
Quebec hosts multiple entomological specimen depositories, including seven publicly-accessible research collections. One of these, the University of Montreal's Ouellet-Robert Entomological Collection, houses an exceptionally large collection of Odonata. An initial specimen data capture project for this collection gathered 31,595 Quebec Odonata occurrence records, but several Quebec species were missing and geographic coverage was biased towards the Montreal region. To complement this dataset, we undertook to digitise the Odonata records of six other public research collections. They are, in order of Quebec Odonata collection size, the Laval University Entomological Collection, McGill University's Lyman Entomological Museum, the Insectarium of Montreal Research Collection, the Quebec Government's Insect Collection, Bishop's University's Insect Collection and the Laurentian Forestry Centre's René-Martineau Insectarium. Of the 40,447 total specimen occurrence records, 36,951 are identified to the species level, including 137 of the 150 species officially-recorded in Quebec and 2 non-nominotypical subspecies. We here summarise the data and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the datasets. The complete dataset is available with this publication (Suppl. material 1), whereas the specimen data associated with each collection are available as Darwin Core archives at Canadensys.net and will be updated as appropriate.
Keywords: Anisoptera , Canada, damselfly, distribution, dragonfly, natural history collection, specimen digitisation, Zygoptera
Introduction
Dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) are large charismatic flying insects at the adult stage, aquatic naiads during their immature stages. Both adults and naiads are predatory, the former capturing their prey in flight, the latter using a distinctive extendable labial mask. Albeit generally less sensitive to water quality than mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera, respectively), Odonata naiads can be used as water quality indicators in some situations (Briers and Biggs 2003, Foote and Rice Hornung 2005, Osborn 2005). There are approximately 6,000 described species of Odonata (Dijkstra et al. 2013) and the conservation status of a large number of these is of concern (Gerlach et al. 2014, Clausnitzer and Jödicke 2004).
There are 150 species of Odonata recorded from the Canadian province of Quebec (151 listed by Savard (2019) minus the newly synonymised Sympetrum janeae Carle, 1993 (Paulson and Dunkle 2018, Pilgrim and Von Dohlen 2007)), representing 70% of the Canadian fauna (Cannings 2019) and one third of the species known from North America (Kalkman et al. 2007). Thanks to years of collection and study (Provancher 1871, Robert 1963, Pilon and Lagacé 1998, Hutchinson and Ménard 2014), the status of Quebec Odonata is relatively well-known (Cannings 2019). In places, there appears to be a replacement of specialist species by generalists (Piché and Hutchinson 2016), probably due to anthropogenic habitat change. In order to contribute to the Atlas of Quebec Odonata (Savard 2011), to promote the general knowledge of and future research on this group (e.g. Beatty et al. 2010, Grewe et al. 2012, Kalkman et al. 2018) and to facilitate the use of natural history museum data (e.g. Ball-Damerow et al. 2019, Lister 2011, Kharouba et al. 2018), we thought it important to digitise and make publicly accessible the specimen data in Quebec's public entomological collections.
The Odonata collections of Quebec
The Ouellet-Robert Entomological Collection at the University of Montreal has an exceptionally large holding of Odonata, so when the opportunity presented itself to digitise insect specimen data, this group was an obvious choice (Favret et al. 2019). Of the 33,122 Odonata specimen occurrence records in the Ouellet-Robert Collection, 31,595 (95%) are from the Canadian province of Quebec. However, of the 150 species of Odonata known from Quebec, the Ouellet-Robert Collection houses only 128 and their distribution records exhibit a "collection bias" (Ferro and Flick 2015) for the Montreal region (Fig. 1). Additionally, despite the large number of records, they are concentrated in a relatively small number of collection localities (222). In order to perform more rigorous distribution modelling and other computational analyses in the future, we sought to broaden the sampling, both geographically and taxonomically, by adding the specimen occurrence records from the other public research collections in Quebec. These include three other university collections and three governmental collections at the city, provincial and federal levels: McGill University's Lyman Museum, Bishop's and Laval Universities, the Insectarium of Montreal, the Government of Quebec and Natural Resources Canada's Laurentian Forestry Centre's Insectarium René Martineau (Table 1).
Figure 1.
Collection localities of the Ouellet-Robert Collection specimens.
Table 1.
Summary of Quebec insect research collections and their Quebec Odonata holdings.
| Institution | Collection | Location | Canadensys DOI | No. occurrence records | No. species-level records | No. species | No. unique species | No. species-level collection localities |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Montreal | Ouellet-Robert Collection (QMOR) | Montreal | 10.5886/qwvt63fz | 31,595 | 29,982 | 128 | 3 | 222 |
| Laval University | Collection entomologique de l'Université Laval (ULQC) | Quebec City | 10.5886/bxbpry | 4,994 | 4,993 | 122 | 2 | 296 |
| McGill University | Lyman Entomological Museum (LEMQ) | Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue | 10.5886/q79vhp1e | 1,841 | 270 | 45 | 39 | |
| Insectarium of Montreal | (IMQC) | Montreal | 10.5886/i6z1vo | 922 | 782 | 110 | 1 | 109 |
| Government of Quebec | Collection d'Insectes du Québec (CIQ) | Quebec City | 10.5886/msuujw | 655 | 653 | 71 | 1 | 59 |
| Bishop's University | Bishop's University Insect Collection (BUIC) | Sherbrooke | 10.5886/nmcxfj | 228 | 62 | 19 | 14 | |
| Laurentian Forestry Centre | Insectarium René-Martineau (IRM) | Quebec City | 10.5886/d6vnc2 | 212 | 209 | 50 | 43 | |
| TOTAL | 40,459 | 36,963 | 137 | 7 | 616 |
Sampling methods
Study extent
We targeted the Odonata held in seven public insect research collections of Quebec, but it should be noted that there are a number of other public teaching collections in the many universities and CÉGEPs (post-secondary, pre-university schools) in Quebec. In addition, the amateur entomologist community is organised and active in Quebec (Association des Entomologistes Amateurs du Québec 2020, Entomofaune du Québec 2020) and, given the popularity of Odonata collecting, a large amount of material, not catalogued here, is held in private collections.
Sampling description
Data capture followed two distinct protocols. Prior to 2012 (Method 1), the Ouellet-Robert Collection specimen label data were parsed and captured manually and verbatim into an Excel spreadsheet. No photographs were taken. After import into a custom FileMaker Pro (FileMaker, Inc., Santa Clara, California, USA) relational database, locality georeferencing was conducted with reference to a downloaded gazeteer, the Canadian Geographical Names Data Base at Natural Resources Canada. Both the verbatim locality description and the gazeteer's locality name were recorded in the FileMaker database.
For the other six collections, after 2012 (Method 2), the digitisation process largely followed that described by Nelson et al. (2012). Labels of pinned specimens were removed and placed alongside the specimen, a unique identifier label was added and the ensemble was photographed (Fig. 2). Glassine envelopes were photographed as found, with the occasional displacement of the specimens in cases where they obstructed the labels (Fig. 3). Unfortunately, we were inconsistent in our use of callibration scale. We found that the rate of photography was optimal with three workers, the first preparing the specimens, the second photographing them, the third replacing them. With this set-up, we photographed an average of 1.2 pinned specimens and 4.0 envelopes per minute. Photograph files were renamed, either manually or with a simple perl script that added the collection code and sequential numbers, to correspond to each specimen's unique identifier, allowing for batch importation into a rapid-input FileMaker database.
Figure 2.
Example of pinned specimen photograph with labels removed.
Figure 3.
Example of specimens in glassine envelope, photographed in situ.
In order to accelerate data input, only three numbers and one date were captured manually: 1) The taxon, based on the most recent determination, was captured with a reference ID to a nomenclator built on several taxonomic checklists (Paulson and Dunkle 2018, Garrison and von Ellenrieder 2016). 2) The collection locality, with its geoposition coordinates, was recorded with another reference ID to the same gazeteer mentioned above. Finally, 3) the collection date and 4) the number of specimens represented by each museum object (e.g. several specimens in a single glassine envelope (Fig. 3)) were recorded. Taxonomic data were added during batch import of the photographs. The other three data fields were added by hourly undergraduate employees, referencing the photos and the gazeteer. Their average data capture rate of 106 museum objects per hour was speeded up when multiple specimens in a row had been collected at the same locality.
Figures for the efficiency of the Ouellet-Robert Collection data capture are unavailable (Method 1). However, based on previous experience (Favret and Dewalt 2002), we estimate that it proceeded at approximately 12 museum objects per hour. On the other hand, photographing the museum objects first and then choosing to capture only the most critical data assured a higher rate (Method 2). Including photography, file naming and import and data capture, but excluding time for set-up, we averaged 19 objects per person-hour for pinned specimens, 44 for glassine envelopes. Although some data were not captured in the database, for example, the collector and determiner, these are available on the photographs and can be incorporated into the database in the future, as resources allow, without having to re-access the actual physical specimen.
Quality control
The taxonomic nomenclature was referenced with the latest sources and is up-to-date. Additionally, most identifications were made by experts in Odonata taxonomy, most notably Adrien Robert and Jean-Marie Perron at the University of Montreal and Laval University, respectively. However, we did not re-identify every specimen and some of the taxonomy has changed since the original identifications, especially those of Robert. Notably, 663 specimens were identified as Enallagma cyathigerum (Charpentier, 1840), a species now known to be absent from North America. What was labelled as E. cyathigerum may properly be attributed the name Enallagma annexum (Hagen, 1861) (Turgeon et al. 2005). Alternatively, some specimens may actually be Enallagma vernale Gloyd, 1943, as this latter species was once considered a subspecies of E. cyathigerum (Donnelly 1989). Taxonomic determination is always subject to error and revision and users of the data should bear this in mind.
Likewise, the geographic latitude and longitude coordinates reference precise localities in Quebec. In most cases, we were able to pinpoint the historical collection locality to within a radius of approximately 10 km, that is, for most towns and lakes. Larger geographic regions, for example, the Montreal metropolis, were assigned an imprecision of 100 km radius. Locality names that did not occur in our geographic gazeteer but that were nonetheless clearly Quebec locations were assigned a geoposition in the geographic centre of the province. These geographic coordinates were assigned a high level of imprecision (i.e. 1,000 km radius) and therefore should be filtered out of any data analysis that requires more specific locality data. Some place names refer to more than one locality and this is especially true for Quebec lakes (for example, the Canadian Geographic Names Data Base contains 144 Quebec entries for "Lac Rond"). We were sometimes able to establish which one was the correct collection locality (much research was conducted at the University of Montreal Laurentian Biological Research Station's Lac Rond), but otherwise we tried to be conservative by selecting a higher geographic level, most commonly the province itself. A certain number of geopositions can be refined in the future; these data will be updated and made available in the Canadensys.net datasets as time and resources allow. The geoposition coordinates were mapped with Simplmappr (Shorthouse 2010) to confirm that they all fell within the province of Quebec and to correct the two that did not.
Geographic coverage
Description
The specimen records are from the province of Quebec, Canada, comprising an area of approximately 1.5 million square km.
Coordinates
44.99˚ and 62.59˚ Latitude; -57.10˚ and -79.76˚ Longitude.
Taxonomic coverage
Description
The specimen data records are all of the insect order Odonata, including 137 of the 150 species officially recorded from Quebec. The following list includes all 150 species. The total number of specimen records in the seven collections is in parentheses following each taxon name.
Taxa included
| Rank | Scientific Name | |
|---|---|---|
| order | Odonata (40,447) | |
| suborder | Anisoptera (20,552) | Dragonflies |
| family | Aeshnidae Leach in Brewster, 1815 (4,339) | Darners |
| genus | Aeshna Fabricius, 1775 (3,690) | Mosaic darners |
| species | Aeshna canadensis Walker, 1908 (752) | Canada darner |
| species | Aeshna clepsydra Say, 1839 (6) | Mottled darner |
| species | Aeshna constricta Say, 1839 (119) | Lance-tipped darner |
| species | Aeshna eremita Scudder, 1866 (990) | Lake darner |
| species | Aeshna interrupta Walker, 1908 (583) | Variable darner |
| subspecies | Aeshna interrupta interna Walker, 1908 (82) | |
| subspecies | Aeshna interrupta interrupta Walker, 1908 (46) | |
| species | Aeshna juncea (Linnaeus, 1758) (60) | Sedge darner |
| species | Aeshna septentrionalis Burmeister, 1839 (3) | Azure darner |
| species | Aeshna sitchensis Hagen, 1861 (105) | Zigzag darner |
| species | Aeshna subarctica Walker, 1908 (157) | Subarctic darner |
| subspecies | Aeshna subarctica subarctica Walker, 1908 (16) | |
| species | Aeshna tuberculifera Walker, 1908 (83) | Black-tipped darner |
| species | Aeshna umbrosa Walker, 1908 (772) | Shadow darner |
| subspecies | Aeshna umbrosa umbrosa Walker, 1908 (29) | |
| species | Aeshna verticalis Hagen, 1861 (27) | Green-striped darner |
| genus | Anax Leach, 1815 (95) | Green darners |
| species | Anax junius (Drury, 1770) (95) | Common green darner |
| species | Anax longipes Hagen, 1861 (0) | Comet darner |
| genus | Basiaeschna Selys, 1883 (262) | Springtime darner |
| species | Basiaeschna janata (Say, 1839) (261) | Springtime darner |
| genus | Boyeria McLachlan, 1895 (151) | Spotted darners |
| species | Boyeria grafiana Williamson, 1907 (26) | Ocellated darner |
| species | Boyeria vinosa (Say, 1839) (121) | Fawn darner |
| genus | Epiaeschna Hagen, 1877 (23) | Swamp darner |
| species | Epiaeschna heros (Fabricius, 1798) (23) | Swamp darner |
| genus | Gomphaeschna Selys, 1871 (15) | Pygmy darners |
| species | Gomphaeschna furcillata (Say, 1839) (15) | Harlequin darner |
| genus | Nasiaeschna Selys in Förster, 1900 (0) | Cyrano darner |
| species | Nasiaeschna pentacantha (Rambur, 1842) (0) | Cyrano darner |
| genus | Rhionaeshna Förster, 1909 (0) | Neotropical darners |
| species | Rhionaeshna mutata (Hagen, 1861) (0) | Spatterdock darner |
| family | Cordulegastridae Hagen, 1877 (661) | Spiketails |
| genus | Cordulegaster Leach, 1815 (631) | Spiketails |
| species | Cordulegaster diastatops (Selys, 1854) (314) | Delta-spotted spiketail |
| species | Cordulegaster maculata Selys, 1854 (289) | Twin-spotted spiketail |
| species | Cordulegaster obliqua (Say, 1839) (22) | Arrowhead spiketail |
| family | Corduliidae Selys, 1850 (4,194) | Emeralds |
| genus | Cordulia Leach, 1815 (1,229) | Common emeralds |
| species | Cordulia shurtleffi Scudder, 1866 (1,211) | American emerald |
| genus | Dorocordulia Needham, 1901 (193) | Little emeralds |
| species | Dorocordulia libera (Selys, 1871) (193) | Racket-tailed emerald |
| genus | Epitheca Burmeister, 1839 (1,232) | Baskettails |
| species | Epitheca canis (McLachlan, 1886) (503) | Beaverpond baskettail |
| species | Epitheca cynosura (Say, 1839) (285) | Common baskettail |
| species | Epitheca princeps Hagen, 1861 (95) | Prince baskettail |
| species | Epitheca spinigera (Selys, 1871) (339) | Spiny baskettail |
| genus | Helocordulia Needham, 1901 (350) | Sundragons |
| species | Helocordulia uhleri (Selys, 1871) (349) | Uhler's sundragon |
| genus | Neurocordulia Selys, 1871 (20) | Shadowdragons |
| species | Neurocordulia michaeli Brunelle, 2000 (0) | Broad-tailed shadowdragon |
| species | Neurocordulia yamaskanensis (Provancher, 1875) (19) | Stygian shadowdragon |
| genus | Somatochlora Selys, 1871 (1,082) | Striped emeralds |
| species | Somatochlora albicincta (Burmeister, 1839) (232) | Ringed emerald |
| species | Somatochlora brevicincta Robert, 1954 (10) | Quebec emerald |
| species | Somatochlora cingulata (Selys, 1871) (191) | Lake emerald |
| species | Somatochlora elongata (Scudder, 1866) (184) | Ski-tipped emerald |
| species | Somatochlora filosa (Hagen, 1861) (1) | Fine-lined emerald |
| species | Somatochlora forcipata (Scudder, 1866) (29) | Forcipate emerald |
| species | Somatochlora franklini (Selys, 1878) (27) | Delicate emerald |
| species | Somatochlora incurvata Walker, 1918 (2) | Incurvate emerald |
| species | Somatochlora kennedyi Walker, 1918 (57) | Kennedy's emerald |
| species | Somatochlora linearis (Hagen, 1861) (0) | Mocha emerald |
| species | Somatochlora minor Calvert, 1898 (147) | Ocellated emerald |
| species | Somatochlora septentrionalis (Hagen, 1861) (10) | Muskeg emerald |
| species | Somatochlora tenebrosa (Say, 1839) (9) | Clamp-tipped emerald |
| species | Somatochlora walshii (Scudder, 1866) (65) | Brush-tipped emerald |
| species | Somatochlora whitehousei Walker, 1925 (1) | Whitehouse's emerald |
| species | Somatochlora williamsoni Walker, 1907 (104) | Williamson's emerald |
| genus | Williamsonia Davis, 1913 (3) | Boghaunters |
| species | Williamsonia fletcheri Williamson, 1923 (3) | Ebony boghaunter |
| family | Gomphidae Rambur, 1842 (2,266) | Clubtails |
| genus | Arigomphus Needham, 1897 (42) | Pond clubtails |
| species | Arigomphus cornutus (Tough, 1900) (21) | Horned clubtail |
| species | Arigomphus furcifer (Hagen, 1878) (21) | Lilypad clubtail |
| genus | Dromogomphus Selys, 1854 (112) | Spinylegs |
| species | Dromogomphus spinosus (Selys, 1854) (112) | Black-shouldered spinyleg |
| genus | Gomphurus Needham, 1901 (112) | Majestic clubtails |
| species | Gomphurus fraternus (Say, 1839) (24) | Midland clubtail |
| species | Gomphurus vastus (Walsh, 1862) (84) | Cobra clubtail |
| species | Gomphurus ventricosus (Walsh, 1863) (4) | Skillet clubtail |
| genus | Hagenius Selys, 1854 (49) | Dragonhunter |
| species | Hagenius brevistylus Selys, 1854 (49) | Dragonhunter |
| genus | Hylogomphus Needham, Westfall & May, 2000 (122) | Bantam clubtails |
| species | Hylogomphus adelphus (Selys, 1858) (122) | Mustached clubtail |
| genus | Lanthus Needham, 1897 (45) | Bantam clubtails |
| species | Lanthus parvulus (Selys, 1834) (44) | Northern pygmy clubtail |
| genus | Ophiogomphus Selys, 1854 (324) | Snaketails |
| species | Ophiogomphus anomalus Harvey, 1898 (6) | Extra-striped snaketail |
| species | Ophiogomphus aspersus Morse, 1895 (52) | Brook snaketail |
| species | Ophiogomphus carolus Needham, 1897 (40) | Riffle snaketail |
| species | Ophiogomphus colubrinus Selys, 1854 (147) | Boreal snaketail |
| species | Ophiogomphus mainensis Packard, 1863 (32) | Maine snaketail |
| species | Ophiogomphus rupinsulensis (Walsh, 1862) (36) | Rusty snaketail |
| genus | Phanogomphus Carle, 1986 (1,156) | American clubtails |
| species | Phanogomphus borealis (Needham, 1901) (95) | Beaverpond clubtail |
| species | Phanogomphus descriptus (Banks, 1896) (62) | Harpoon clubtail |
| species | Phanogomphus exilis (Selys, 1854) (572) | Lancet clubtail |
| species | Phanogomphus lividus (Selys, 1854) (2) | Ashy clubtail |
| species | Phanogomphus spicatus (Hagen in Selys, 1854) (425) | Dusky clubtail |
| genus | Progomphus Selys, 1854 (0) | Sanddragons |
| species | Progomphus obscurus (Rambur, 1842) (0) | Common sanddragon |
| genus | Stylogomphus Fraser, 1922 (58) | Least clubtails |
| species | Stylogomphus albistylus (Hagen in Selys, 1878) (58) | Eastern least clubtail |
| genus | Stylurus Needham, 1897 (185) | Hanging clubtails |
| species | Stylurus amnicola (Walsh, 1862) (10) | Riverine clubtail |
| species | Stylurus notatus (Rambur, 1842) (96) | Elusive clubtail |
| species | Stylurus scudderi (Selys, 1873) (55) | Zebra clubtail |
| species | Stylurus spiniceps (Walsh, 1862) (24) | Arrow clubtail |
| family | Libellulidae Leach in Brewster, 1815 (8,781) | Skimmers |
| genus | Celithemis Hagen, 1861 (14) | Small pennants |
| species | Celithemis elisa (Hagen, 1861) (11) | Calico pennant |
| species | Celithemis eponina (Drury, 1773) (3) | Halloween pennant |
| genus | Erythemis Hagen, 1861 (17) | Pondhawks |
| species | Erythemis simplicicollis (Say, 1839) (17) | Eastern pondhawk |
| genus | Erythrodiplax Brauer, 1868 (2) | Dragonlets |
| species | Erythrodiplax berenice (Drury, 1770) (2) | Seaside dragonlet |
| genus | Ladona Needham, 1899 (812) | Corporals |
| species | Ladona julia (Uhler, 1857) (812) | Chalk-fronted corporal |
| genus | Leucorrhinia Brittinger, 1850 (3,239) | Whitefaces |
| species | Leucorrhinia frigida Hagen, 1890 (83) | Frosted whiteface |
| species | Leucorrhinia glacialis Hagen, 1890 (1,147) | Crimson-ringed whiteface |
| species | Leucorrhinia hudsonica (Selys, 1850) (935) | Hudsonian whiteface |
| species | Leucorrhinia intacta (Hagen, 1861) (213) | Dot-tailed whiteface |
| species | Leucorrhinia patricia Walker, 1940 (26) | Canada whiteface |
| species | Leucorrhinia proxima Calvert, 1890 (822) | Belted whiteface |
| genus | Libellula Linnaeus, 1758 (613) | King skimmers |
| species | Libellula incesta Hagen, 1861 (16) | Slaty skimmer |
| species | Libellula luctuosa Burmeister, 1839 (51) | Widow skimmer |
| species | Libellula pulchella Drury, 1773 (127) | Twelve-spotted skimmer |
| species | Libellula quadrimaculata Linnaeus, 1758 (411) | Four-spotted skimmer |
| species | Libellula semifasciata Burmeister, 1839 (0) | Painted skimmer |
| genus | Nannothemis Brauer, 1868 (339) | Elfin skimmer |
| species | Nannothemis bella (Uhler, 1857) (339) | Elfin skimmer |
| genus | Pachydiplax Brauer, 1868 (6) | Blue dasher |
| species | Pachydiplax longipennis (Burmeister, 1839) (6) | Blue dasher |
| genus | Pantala Hagen, 1861 (31) | Rainpool gliders |
| species | Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1789) (26) | Wandering glider |
| species | Pantala hymenaea (Say, 1839) (5) | Spot-winged glider |
| genus | Perithemis Hagen, 1861 (0) | Amberwings |
| species | Perithemis tenera (Say, 1839) (0) | Eastern amberwing |
| genus | Plathemis Hagen, 1861 (258) | Whitetails |
| species | Plathemis lydia (Drury, 1770) (258) | Common whitetail |
| genus | Sympetrum Newman, 1833 (2,967) | Meadowhawks |
| species | Sympetrum corruptum (Hagen, 1861) (0) | Variegated meadowhawk |
| species | Sympetrum costiferum (Hagen, 1861) (298) | Saffron-winged meadowhawk |
| species | Sympetrum danae (Sulzer, 1776) (325) | Black meadowhawk |
| species | Sympetrum internum Montgomery, 1943 (297) | Cherry-faced meadowhawk |
| species | Sympetrum obtrusum Hagen, 1867 (1,428) | White-faced meadowhawk |
| species | Sympetrum rubicundulum (Say, 1839) (28) | Ruby meadowhawk |
| species | Sympetrum semicinctum (Say, 1839) (93) | Band-winged meadowhawk |
| species | Sympetrum vicinum (Hagen, 1861) (471) | Autumn meadowhawk |
| genus | Tramea Hagen, 1861 (1) | Saddlebags |
| species | Tramea lacerata Hagen, 1861 (1) | Black saddlebags |
| family | Macromiidae Needham, 1903 (311) | Cruisers |
| genus | Didymops Rambur, 1842 (230) | Brown cruisers |
| species | Didymops transversa (Say, 1839) (230) | Stream cruiser |
| genus | Macromia Rambur, 1842 (81) | River cruisers |
| species | Macromia illinoiensis Walsh, 1862 (80) | Swift river cruiser |
| suborder | Zygoptera (17,815) | Damselflies |
| family | Calopterygidae Selys, 1850 (1,588) | Broad-winged damsels |
| genus | Calopteryx Leach, 1815 (1,483) | Jewelwings |
| species | Calopteryx aequabilis Say, 1839 (363) | River jewelwing |
| species | Calopteryx amata Hagen, 1889 (308) | Superb jewelwing |
| species | Calopteryx maculata (Beauvois, 1805) (750) | Ebony jewelwing |
| genus | Hetaerina Hagen in Selys, 1853 (31) | Rubyspots |
| species | Hetaerina americana (Fabricius, 1798) (10) | American rubyspot |
| family | Coenagrionidae Kirby, 1890 (11,583) | Pond damsels |
| genus | Amphiagrion Selys, 1876 (97) | Red damsels |
| species | Amphiagrion saucium (Burmeister, 1839) (97) | Eastern red damsel |
| genus | Argia Rambur, 1842 (365) | Dancers |
| species | Argia apicalis (Say, 1839) (0) | Blue-fronted dancer |
| species | Argia fumipennis (Burmeister, 1839) (109) | Variable dancer |
| subspecies | Argia fumipennis violacea (Hagen, 1861) (109) | |
| species | Argia moesta (Hagen, 1861) (250) | Powdered dancer |
| genus | Chromagrion Needham, 1903 (404) | Aurora damsel |
| species | Chromagrion conditum (Hagen in Selys, 1876) (404) | Aurora damsel |
| genus | Coenagrion Kirby, 1890 (1,010) | Eurasian bluets |
| species | Coenagrion interrogatum (Hagen in Selys, 1876) (591) | Subarctic bluet |
| species | Coenagrion resolutum (Hagen in Selys, 1876) (419) | Taiga bluet |
| genus | Enallagma Charpentier, 1840 (6,873) | American bluets |
| species | Enallagma anna Williamson, 1900 (0) | River bluet |
| species | Enallagma annexum (Hagen, 1861) (632) | Northern bluet |
| species | Enallagma antennatum (Say, 1839) (131) | Rainbow bluet |
| species | Enallagma aspersum (Hagen, 1861) (387) | Azure bluet |
| species | Enallagma boreale (Selys, 1875) (2,744) | Boreal bluet |
| species | Enallagma carunculatum Morse, 1895 (190) | Tule bluet |
| species | Enallagma civile (Hagen, 1861) (29) | Familiar bluet |
| species | Enallagma clausum Morse, 1895 (18) | Alkali bluet |
| species | Enallagma ebrium (Hagen, 1861) (747) | Marsh bluet |
| species | Enallagma exsulans (Hagen, 1861) (142) | Stream bluet |
| species | Enallagma geminatum Kellicott, 1895 (30) | Skimming bluet |
| species | Enallagma hageni (Walsh, 1863) (1,361) | Hagen's bluet |
| species | Enallagma signatum (Hagen, 1861) (101) | Orange bluet |
| species | Enallagma traviatum (Selys, 1876) (0) | Slender bluet |
| species | Enallagma vernale Gloyd, 1943 (221) | Vernal bluet |
| species | Enallagma vesperum Calvert, 1919 (89) | Vesper bluet |
| genus | Ischnura Charpentier, 1840 (1,289) | Forktails |
| species | Ischnura hastata (Say, 1839) (0) | Citrine forktail |
| species | Ischnura posita (Hagen, 1861) (8) | Fragile forktail |
| species | Ischnura verticalis (Say, 1839) (1,277) | Eastern forktail |
| genus | Nehalennia Selys, 1850 (1,455) | Sprites |
| species | Nehalennia gracilis Morse, 1895 (583) | Sphagnum sprite |
| species | Nehalennia irene (Hagen, 1861) (866) | Sedge sprite |
| family | Lestidae Calvert, 1901 (4,644) | Spreadwings |
| genus | Lestes Leach, 1815 (4,472) | Pond spreadwings |
| species | Lestes congener Hagen, 1861 (695) | Spotted spreadwing |
| species | Lestes disjunctus Selys, 1862 (2,187) | Northern spreadwing |
| species | Lestes dryas Kirby, 1890 (376) | Emerald spreadwing |
| species | Lestes eurinus Say, 1839 (470) | Amber-winged spreadwing |
| species | Lestes forcipatus Rambur, 1842 (256) | Sweetflag spreadwing |
| species | Lestes inaequalis Walsh, 1862 (22) | Elegant spreadwing |
| species | Lestes rectangularis Say, 1839 (133) | Slender spreadwing |
| species | Lestes unguiculatus Hagen, 1861 (298) | Lyre-tipped spreadwing |
| species | Lestes vigilax Hagen in Selys, 1862 (15) | Swamp spreadwing |
Temporal coverage
Data range: 1875-6-08 – 2015-6-24.
Usage rights
Use license
Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero)
Data resources
Data package title
Quebec Odonata specimen data
Number of data sets
1
Data set 1.
Data set name
Quebec Odonata specimen data
Data format
Darwin Core
Number of columns
49
Character set
UTF-8
Description
The dataset contains the specimen-level metadata for Quebec Odonata as captured from seven publicly-accessible entomological collections in Quebec (Suppl. material 1). Future updates will be available from each collection at Canadensys.net.
Data set 1.
| Column label | Column description |
|---|---|
| occurrenceID | The globally unique identifier for the record. |
| type | The nature or genre of the resource, i.e. "PhysicalObject". |
| modified | The most recent date on which the resource was changed. |
| language | The language of the resource, i.e. English and/or French, "en|fr". |
| licence | The legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource. i.e. "http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode". |
| rightsHolder | The organisation owning or managing rights over the resource, e.g. "Université de Montréal". |
| bibliographicCitation | A bibliographic reference for the resource as a statement indicating how this record should be cited (attributed) when used, e.g. "QMOR1" |
| collectionID | An LSID for the collection or dataset from which the record was derived, e.g. "urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34164". |
| datasetID | The DOI for the original Canadensys source of the data, e.g. "10.5886/qwvt63fz". |
| institutionCode | The name of the institution having custody of the object(s) or information referred to in the record, e.g. "Université de Montréal". |
| collectionCode | The coden identifying the collection or dataset from which the record was derived, e.g. "QMOR". |
| datasetName | The name identifying the dataset from which the record was derived, e.g. "Ouellet-Robert Entomological Collection". |
| basisOfRecord | The specific nature of the data record, i.e. "PreservedSpecimen". |
| catalogNumber | An identifier for the record within the dataset or collection, e.g. "QMOR1.001", where "QMOR1" refers to the museum object (e.g. the vial or envelope) and ".001" refers to one or several specimens contained in that museum object. |
| recordedBy | The primary collector or collectors of the specimen(s), e.g. "Robert, Adrien". |
| individualCount | The number of individuals represented in the data record. |
| sex | The sex of the biological individual(s) represented by the specimens, i.e. "Male" or "Female". |
| lifeStage | The age class or life stage of the biological individual(s), i.e. "Adult", "Immature", "Exuvium" or "Egg". |
| preparations | The preparation and preservation method for the specimens, i.e. "Envelope", "Pin", "Vial" or "Pill box". |
| otherCatalogNumbers | An identifier for the museum object within the dataset or collection, e.g. "QMOR1". See catalogNumber. |
| eventDate | The date or interval during which the collection event occurred, e.g. "2012-01-05". |
| startDayOfYear | The first possible day of the year that the collection event occurred, i.e. between 1 and 365. |
| endDayOfYear | The last possible day of the year that the collection event occurred, i.e. between 1 and 365. |
| year | The four-digit year in which the collection event occurred, according to the Common Era Calendar, i.e. between 1875 and 2015. |
| month | The ordinal month in which the collection event occurred, i.e. between 1 and 12. |
| day | The integer day of the month on which the collection event occurred, i.e. between 1 and 31. |
| continent | The name of the continent on which the collection occurred, i.e. "North America". |
| country | The name of the country in which the collection occurred, i.e. "Canada". |
| stateProvince | The name of the next smaller administrative region than country (state, province, canton, department, region etc.) in which the collection occurred, i.e. "Quebec". |
| locality | The specific description of the place. This term may contain information modified from the original to correct perceived errors or standardise the description, e.g. "Saint-Hippolyte, Station de Biologie des Laurentides de l'Université de Montréal, Route de la station". |
| decimalLatitude | The geographic latitude in decimal degrees of the geographic centre of a Location. Positive values are north of the Equator, negative values are south of it. |
| decimalLongitude | The geographic longitude in decimal degrees of the geographic centre of a Location. Positive values are east of the Greenwich Meridian, negative values are west of it. |
| coordinateUncertaintyInMetres | The horizontal distance in metres from the given decimalLatitude and decimalLongitude describing the smallest circle containing the whole of the Location. |
| georeferenceSources | A list (concatenated and separated) of maps, gazetteers or other resources used to georeference the Location, i.e. "Canadian Geographic Names Data Base", "Google Maps", "Google Earth". |
| identifiedBy | The primary determiner or determiners of the specimen(s), e.g. "Robert, Adrien". |
| dateIdentified | The date (year) on which the specimen was determined, e.g. "1972". |
| scientificName | The full scientific name, as given by the determiner, with authorship and date information if known, e.g. "Gomphus descriptus Banks, 1896". |
| acceptedNameUsage | The full name, with authorship and date information if known, of the currently valid name of the taxon, e.g. "Phanogomphus descriptus (Banks, 1896)". |
| kingdom | The full scientific name of the kingdom in which the taxon is classified, i.e. "Metazoa". |
| phylum | The full scientific name of the phylum or division in which the taxon is classified, i.e. "Arthropoda". |
| class | The full scientific name of the class in which the taxon is classified, i.e. "Insecta". |
| order | The full scientific name of the order in which the taxon is classified, i.e. "Odonata". |
| family | The full scientific name of the family in which the taxon is classified, e.g. "Aeshnidae". |
| genus | The full scientific name of the genus in which the taxon is classified, e.g. "Aeshna". |
| specificEpithet | The name of the species epithet of the scientificName, e.g. "interrupta". |
| infraspecificEpithet | The name of the subspecific epithet of the scientificName, e.g. "interna". |
| taxonRank | The taxonomic rank of the most specific name in the scientificName, i.e. "Family", "Genus", "Species" or "Subspecies". |
| scientificNameAuthorship | The authorship information for the scientificName formatted according to the conventions of the applicable nomenclaturalCode, e.g. "Walker, 1908". |
| nomenclaturalCode | The code of nomenclature that governs the scientificName, i.e. "ICZN", the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. |
Additional information
Although the Ouellet-Robert Collection accounted for 81% of all the species-level occurrence records (Fig. 4, Table 1), these specimens were collected in a relatively small number of localities, averaging only 45% of all unique localities per species (Figs 1, 5). Adding the other six collections dramatically increased the geographic coverage, especially the University of Laval Collection with as many localities as the Ouellet-Robert Collection (Table 1), including a nice series of specimens from Anticosti Island in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence (Fig. 6). The Insectarium of Montreal and Quebec Insect Collection both have broad geographic sampling (Figs 7, 8), whereas that of the other three collections is narrower, concentrated near Montreal, Sherbrooke and Quebec City (Fig. 9).
Figure 4.
Number of specimen occurrence and unique locality records per species for 137 Quebec Odonata species found in all seven collections (black and grey lines) and 128 species found in the Ouellet-Robert Collection (blue and red lines). The dashed line indicates the conservative 25-record threshold calculated by van Proosdij et al. (2015) for developing species distribution models.
Figure 5.
Proportion of unique localities per species provided by Ouellet-Robert Collection specimens versus material provided by all other collections. The first three species are those present at the Ouellet-Robert Collection, but absent elsewhere and the last nine are those present elsewhere, but absent from the Ouellet-Robert Collection.
Figure 6.
Collection localities of the Laval University specimens.
Figure 7.
Collection localities of the Insectarium of Montreal specimens.
Figure 8.
Collection localities of the Quebec Insect Collection specimens.
Figure 9.
Collection localities of the Lyman Museum (circles), Bishop's University (squares) and Insectarium René-Martineau (triangles) specimens, concentrated in the regions of Montreal, Sherbrooke and Quebec City, respectively.
Adding the other collections also increased the taxonomic coverage. Whereas specimens of three species are held only at the Ouellet-Robert Collection, nine species, absent from this collection, are held elsewhere (Fig. 5), including four held only in a single other collection (Table 1). In all, seven species are present in a single collection each, whereas only seven are present in all seven collections (Table 2). The temporal coverage also broadened considerably with the addition of the other six collections. Whereas overall sampling is dominated by the Ouellet-Robert Collection, mostly thanks to the efforts of its long-time curator, Adrien Robert (Robert 1963), there is almost no material from the mid-1970s onwards (Fig. 10). It is the Laval University Collection that provides the vast majority of the material collected during the 1970s and then especially from the 1990s to 2010. This latter collection is in especially nice curatorial condition thanks to the work of Jean-Marie Perron.
Table 2.
Number of Quebec Odonata species deposited in no collection (absent from all collections), a single collection, two to six collections or all seven collections.
| Number of collections | Number of species |
|---|---|
| No collections | 13 |
| 1 collection | 7 |
| 2 collections | 21 |
| 3 collections | 30 |
| 4 collections | 28 |
| 5 collections | 19 |
| 6 collections | 25 |
| All 7 collections | 7 |
| TOTAL | 150 |
Figure 10.
Number of species-level occurrence records from the four largest collections collected in each five-year interval.
The volume of material in the combined dataset should be useful for future modelling and other distribution-related analyses. More than half of the species are represented by over 100 specimens in the combined dataset (Fig. 4). If we restrict future work to only those species for which we have the conservative estimate of 25 unique records suggested by van Proosdij et al. (2015), 25 species at the Ouellet-Robert Collection and 57 across all collections are suitable for distribution modelling (Fig. 4). Using this admittedly somewhat arbitrary metric, the additional 19% of material gained by digitising the Odonata in the six other collections represents a two-fold improvement.
Supplementary Material
Quebec Odonata specimen data
Favret C, Boucher S, Cloutier C, Cloutier L, Emond MC, Harper PP, Moisan-De Serres J, Larrivée M, Pelletier G, Perron JM, Piché C, Savage J, Wagner G, Wheeler T
Data type: occurences
Brief description: Specimen metadata as of 16-12-2019, in Darwin Core format, for the Quebec Odonata specimens deposited in seven publicly-accessible research collections in Quebec, Canada.
File: oo_365494.csv
Acknowledgements
We thank the many students involved in this project: Annie Webb, Julie-Christine Martin, and Héloïse Henry did most of the specimen data capture; Kim Aubut-Demers and Catherine Sirois-Delisle performed retrospective geolocation; Alexis Trépanier helped with specimen photography and data capture; Vincent Lessard performed distribution modelling exercises. We thank the curators and managers for help in accessing their collections and whose tireless work protects these priceless institutions: Louise Cloutier and Pierre-Paul Harper† at the Ouellet-Robert Collection; Jade Savage at Bishop's University; Stéphanie Boucher and Terry Wheeler† at the Lyman Museum; Georges Pelletier at the Insectarium René-Martineau; Marie-Chantal Emond and Céline Piché at the Quebec Insect Collection; Conrad Cloutier, Jean-Marie Perron and Gisèle Wagner at Laval University. Carole Sinou helped enormously with data publication at Canadensys. Michel Savard helped with taxonomic issues. Colin Jones, Karen Favret and an anonymous reviewer provided helpful advice that improved the quality of the manuscript.
References
- Québec Association des Entomologistes Amateurs du. http://www.aeaq.ca/ [2020-02-08T00:00:00+02:00];
- Ball-Damerow Joan E., Brenskelle Laura, Barve Narayani, Soltis Pamela S., Sierwald Petra, Bieler Rüdiger, LaFrance Raphael, Ariño Arturo H., Guralnick Robert P. Research applications of primary biodiversity databases in the digital age. PLOS One. 2019;14(9):e0215794. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215794. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Beatty Christopher, Fraser Stewart, Pérez-Jvostov Felipe, Sherratt Thomas. Dragonfly and damselfly (Insecta, Odonata) distributions in Ontario, Canada: Investigating the influence of climate change. BioRisk. 2010;5:225–241. doi: 10.3897/biorisk.5.852. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Briers Robert A, Biggs Jeremy. Indicator taxa for the conservation of pond invertebrate diversity. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 2003;13(4):323–330. doi: 10.1002/aqc.576. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Cannings Robert A. Odonata of Canada. ZooKeys. 2019;819:227–241. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.819.25780. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clausnitzer Viola, Jödicke Reinhard. Guardians of the watershed. International Journal of Odonatology. 2004;7(2):111. doi: 10.1080/13887890.2004.9748202. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Dijkstra Klaas-Douwe B., Bechly Günter, Bybee Seth M., Dow Rory A., Dumont Henri J., Fleck Günther, Garrison Rosser W., Hämäläinen Matti, Kalkman Vincent J., Karube Haruki, May Michael L., Orr Albert G., Paulson Dennis R., Rehn Andrew C., Theischinger Günther, Trueman John W. H., Van Tol Jan, Von Ellenrieder Natalia, Ware Jessica. The classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) Zootaxa. 2013;3703(1):36–45. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.9. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Donnelly T. W. The status of Enallagma cyathigerum (Charp.) and E. vernale Gloyd in south-central New York (Zygoptera: Coenagionidae) Odonatologica. 1989;18(4):373–378. [Google Scholar]
- Québec Entomofaune du. http://entomofaune.qc.ca/ [2020-02-08T00:00:00+02:00];
- Favret C., Dewalt R. E. Comparing the Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera specimen databases at the Illinois Natural History Survey and using them to document changes in the Illinois fauna. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 2002;95(1):35–40. doi: 10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0035:cteaps]2.0.co;2. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Favret Colin, Normandin Étienne, Cloutier Louise. The Ouellet-Robert Entomological Collection: new electronic resources and perspectives. The Canadian Entomologist. 2019;151(4):423–431. doi: 10.4039/tce.2019.34. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Ferro Michael L., Flick Andrew J. “Collection bias” and the importance of natural history collections in species habitat modeling: A case study using Thoracophorus costalis Erichson (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Osoriinae), with a critique of GBIF.org. The Coleopterists Bulletin. 2015;69(3):415–425. doi: 10.1649/0010-065x-69.3.415. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Foote A. L., Rice Hornung C. L. Odonates as biological indicators of grazing effects on Canadian prairie wetlands. Ecological Entomology. 2005;30(3):273–283. doi: 10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00701.x. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Garrison R., von Ellenrieder N. A synonymic list of the New World Odonata. OdonataCentral: An online resource for the distribution and identification of Odonata. https://www.odonatacentral.org/docs/NWOL.pdf. [2019-08-26T00:00:00+03:00];
- Gerlach Justin, Samways Michael J., Hochkirch Axel, Seddon Mary, Cardoso Pedro, Clausnitzer Viola, Cumberlidge Neil, Daniel B. A., Black Scott Hoffman, Ott Jürgen, Williams Paul H. Prioritizing non-marine invertebrate taxa for Red Listing. Journal of Insect Conservation. 2014;18(4):573–586. doi: 10.1007/s10841-014-9660-6. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Grewe Yannic, Hof Christian, Dehling D. Matthias, Brandl Roland, Brändle Martin. Recent range shifts of European dragonflies provide support for an inverse relationship between habitat predictability and dispersal. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 2012;22(4):403–409. doi: 10.1111/geb.12004. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Hutchinson R., Ménard B. Naïades et exuvies de libellules du Québec (Odonata): clé de détermination des genres. Entomofaune du Québec; Saguenay: 2014. 72 [Google Scholar]
- Kalkman Vincent J., Clausnitzer Viola, Dijkstra Klaas-Douwe B., Orr Albert G., Paulson Dennis R., van Tol Jan. Global diversity of dragonflies (Odonata) in freshwater. Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment. 2007:351–363. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4020-8259-7_38. [DOI]
- Kalkman Vincent J., Boudot Jean-Pierre, Bernard Rafał, De Knijf Geert, Suhling Frank, Termaat Tim. Diversity and conservation of European dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata) Hydrobiologia. 2018;811(1):269–282. doi: 10.1007/s10750-017-3495-6. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Kharouba Heather M., Lewthwaite Jayme M. M., Guralnick Rob, Kerr Jeremy T., Vellend Mark. Using insect natural history collections to study global change impacts: challenges and opportunities. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 2018;374(1763):20170405. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0405. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lister Adrian M. Natural history collections as sources of long-term datasets. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2011;26(4):153–154. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2010.12.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nelson Gil, Paul Deborah, Riccardi Greg, Mast Austin. Five task clusters that enable efficient and effective digitization of biological collections. ZooKeys. 2012;209:19–45. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.209.3135. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Osborn R. Odonata as indicators of habitat quality at lakes in Louisiana, United States. Odonatologica. 2005;34(3):259–270. [Google Scholar]
- Paulson D. R., Dunkle S. W. A checklist of North American Odonata including English name, etymology, type locality, and distribution. OdonataCentral: An online resource for the distribution and identification of Odonata. https://www.odonatacentral.org/docs/NA_Odonata_Checklist.pdf. [2019-08-26T00:00:00+03:00];
- Piché Caroline, Hutchinson Raymond. Les libellules (Odonata) de Gatineau, Québec, d’hier à aujourd’hui. Le Naturaliste Canadien. 2016;140(1):12–25. doi: 10.7202/1034094ar. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Pilgrim E. M., Von Dohlen C. D. Molecular and morphological study of species-level questions within the dragonfly genus Sympetrum (Odonata: Libellulidae) Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 2007;100(5):688–702. doi: 10.1603/0013-8746(2007)100[688:MAMSOS]2.0.CO;2. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- Pilon J. G., Lagacé D. Les odonates du Québec. Entomofaune du Québec; Chicoutimi: 1998. 367. [Google Scholar]
- Provancher L. Liste des névroptères pris à Québec. Le Naturaliste Canadien. 1871;3(9):267–269. [Google Scholar]
- Robert A. Les Libellules du Québec. Ministère du Tourisme, de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Province de Québec, Service de la Faune; Quebec City: 1963. 223 [Google Scholar]
- Savard M. Atlas préliminaire des libellules du Québec (Odonata) Entomofaune du Québec; Saguenay: 2011. 53 [Google Scholar]
- Savard Michel. Entomofaune du Québec: Liste des 151 espèces de libellules (Odonates) inventoriées au Québec. http://entomofaune.qc.ca/entomofaune/odonates/Liste_especes.html. [2020-02-08T00:00:00+02:00];
- Shorthouse D. P. SimpleMappr, an online tool to produce publication-quality point maps. https://www.simplemappr.net. [2019-09-02T00:00:00+03:00];
- Turgeon Julie, Stoks Robby, Thum Ryan A., Brown Jonathan M., McPeek Mark A. Simultaneous Quaternary radiations of three damselfly clades across the Holarctic. The American Naturalist. 2005;165(4):E78–E107. doi: 10.1086/428682. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- van Proosdij André S. J., Sosef Marc S. M., Wieringa Jan J., Raes Niels. Minimum required number of specimen records to develop accurate species distribution models. Ecography. 2015;39(6):542–552. doi: 10.1111/ecog.01509. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Quebec Odonata specimen data
Favret C, Boucher S, Cloutier C, Cloutier L, Emond MC, Harper PP, Moisan-De Serres J, Larrivée M, Pelletier G, Perron JM, Piché C, Savage J, Wagner G, Wheeler T
Data type: occurences
Brief description: Specimen metadata as of 16-12-2019, in Darwin Core format, for the Quebec Odonata specimens deposited in seven publicly-accessible research collections in Quebec, Canada.
File: oo_365494.csv