The authors regret that in this article the analyses comparing infant male and female regional brain volume differences were incorrectly performed. In Table 3 of the original manuscript, we accurately present the mean infant male and female brain volumes. However, ANOVA analyses comparing the male and female regional brain volumes were miscalculated. Percent differences, though accurately calculated for raw regional brain volumes, were misattributed during interpretation of our findings. The first five columns of the original Table 3 correspond to analyses not controlling for total brain volume and age; the last column, ‘Direction’, presented findings of analyses that were calculated after controlling for total brain volume and infant age. This was not clearly described in the original manuscript. We inadvertently interpreted the findings from the corrected and uncorrected analyses together, resulting in incorrect conclusions regarding sex differences in the infant brain after controlling for total brain volume and age. Only results pertaining to the comparison of regional brain volume differences between males and females were affected.
We have reevaluated analyses examining differences between male and female regional brain volumes and clarified our results in a revised table as part of this correction. This table more clearly distinguishes analyses between male and female differences in regional brain volumes prior to and after controlling for total brain volume and age. After controlling for total brain volume and age, the male and female differences follow the same direction as originally indicated in the last column of Table 3 but are not significant.
In summary, the major ramification of the error reported here is a change in the extent to which regional brain volumes differ between males and females at 1-month of age and our conclusions regarding such findings. These amended results more clearly align with previous neuroimaging reports of childhood and adolescent sex differences. The amended results indicate that raw sex differences in specific regions of interest are driven by total brain volume sex differences. Table 1 of this correction provides an updated version of Table 3 from the original manuscript and describes regional brain differences between males and females prior to and after controlling for total brain volume and age.
Table 1:
Updated version of Table 3 from the original manuscript comparing volumetric brain measures between males and females without and with correction for total brain volume (TBV) and gestation-corrected age. Mean ± standard deviation of uncorrected regional brain volumes are reported in cm3. Significance was defined as p<0.05 (Bonferroni corrected for multiple comparisons) corresponding to p<0.00135. p-values meeting the significance criteria are bolded. No significant differences between males and females were observed after correction for TBV and age.
| Uncorrected Volume Comparison | Comparison after correction of TBV and Age | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | T | P-Value | Difference (%) | Direction | T | P-Value | Direction | Significant | |
| Total Brain Volume | 611.48 ± 47.5 | 562.7 ± 50.6 | 5.94 | <0.001 | 8.32 | Male | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Gray Matter | 158.68 ± 12.9 | 146.22 ± 13.4 | 5.68 | <0.001 | 8.18 | Male | 1.68 | 0.094 | Female | No |
| White Matter | 194.91 ± 15 | 179.21 ± 15.1 | 6.23 | <0.001 | 8.40 | Male | −1.13 | 0.260 | Male | No |
| Gray Matter Regions | ||||||||||
| Left Amygdala | 0.73 ± 0.1 | 0.67 ± 0.1 | 5.91 | <0.001 | 9.11 | Male | −1.60 | 0.112 | Male | No |
| Right Amygala | 0.78 ± 0.1 | 0.71 ± 0.1 | 6.29 | <0.001 | 10.04 | Male | −2.25 | 0.026 | Male | No |
| Left Caudate | 3.05 ± 0.3 | 2.81 ± 0.3 | 4.77 | <0.001 | 8.23 | Male | 0.19 | 0.849 | Female | No |
| Right Caudate | 3.09 ± 0.3 | 2.85 ± 0.3 | 4.62 | <0.001 | 8.02 | Male | 0.27 | 0.790 | Female | No |
| Left Hippocampus | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.4 ± 0.2 | 5.53 | <0.001 | 8.09 | Male | −1.07 | 0.285 | Male | No |
| Right Hippocampus | 2.71 ± 0.2 | 2.5 ± 0.2 | 5.54 | <0.001 | 7.86 | Male | −1.28 | 0.203 | Male | No |
| Left Putamen | 3.66 ± 0.3 | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 5.17 | <0.001 | 7.57 | Male | −0.94 | 0.348 | Male | No |
| Right Putamen | 3.87 ± 0.3 | 3.55 ± 0.3 | 5.70 | <0.001 | 8.46 | Male | −1.95 | 0.053 | Male | No |
| Left Pallidum | 0.82 ± 0.1 | 0.77 ± 0.1 | 4.61 | <0.001 | 6.81 | Male | −0.05 | 0.958 | Male | No |
| Right Pallidum | 0.85 ± 0.1 | 0.79 ± 0.1 | 5.13 | <0.001 | 7.65 | Male | −1.10 | 0.273 | Male | No |
| Left Insula | 6.01 ± 0.6 | 5.59 ± 0.5 | 4.51 | <0.001 | 7.15 | Male | −0.13 | 0.900 | Male | No |
| Right Insula | 6.26 ± 0.6 | 5.77 ± 0.5 | 5.04 | <0.001 | 8.11 | Male | −1.27 | 0.207 | Male | No |
| Left Thalamus | 3.17 ± 0.2 | 2.96 ± 0.2 | 5.40 | <0.001 | 6.91 | Male | −0.84 | 0.402 | Male | No |
| Right Thalamus | 3.21 ± 0.3 | 2.99 ± 0.2 | 5.16 | <0.001 | 7.04 | Male | −1.35 | 0.178 | Male | No |
| Left Anterior Cingulate Gyrus | 5.21 ± 0.7 | 4.68 ± 0.5 | 5.28 | <0.001 | 10.79 | Male | 0.20 | 0.838 | Female | No |
| Right Antrior Cingulate Gyrus | 5.36 ± 0.7 | 4.82 ± 0.6 | 5.14 | <0.001 | 10.64 | Male | 0.43 | 0.669 | Female | No |
| Left Middle Cingulate Gyrus | 7.42 ± 0.7 | 6.82 ± 0.7 | 5.10 | <0.001 | 8.51 | Male | 0.23 | 0.821 | Female | No |
| Right Middle Cingulate Gyrus | 7.53 ± 0.8 | 6.93 ± 0.7 | 4.67 | <0.001 | 8.25 | Male | 1.03 | 0.307 | Female | No |
| Left Posterior Cingulate Gyrus | 0.96 ± 0.1 | 0.87 ± 0.1 | 4.94 | <0.001 | 9.14 | Male | −0.68 | 0.496 | Male | No |
| Right Posterior Cingulate Gyrus | 0.96 ± 0.1 | 0.88 ± 0.1 | 5.73 | <0.001 | 9.09 | Male | −0.86 | 0.392 | Male | No |
| Left Parahippocampal Gyrus | 4.04 ± 0.4 | 3.77 ± 0.4 | 4.35 | <0.001 | 6.97 | Male | 0.80 | 0.423 | Female | No |
| Right Parahippocampal Gyrus | 4.24 ± 0.4 | 3.97 ± 0.4 | 4.16 | <0.001 | 6.66 | Male | 0.86 | 0.391 | Female | No |
| White Matter Regions | ||||||||||
| Left Corpus Callosum | 4.61 ± 0.4 | 4.23 ± 0.4 | 5.21 | <0.001 | 8.54 | Male | 0.49 | 0.623 | Female | No |
| Right Corpus Callosum | 4.59 ± 0.5 | 4.2 ± 0.4 | 5.14 | <0.001 | 8.80 | Male | 0.36 | 0.716 | Female | No |
| Left Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.29 ± 0.1 | 5.08 | <0.001 | 8.29 | Male | −0.99 | 0.323 | Male | No |
| Right Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule | 1.39 ± 0.1 | 1.29 ± 0.1 | 4.65 | <0.001 | 7.45 | Male | −0.35 | 0.729 | Male | No |
| Left Posterior Limb of Internal Capsule | 2.06 ± 0.2 | 1.93 ± 0.2 | 3.98 | <0.001 | 6.44 | Male | −0.23 | 0.817 | Male | No |
| Right Posterior Limb of Internal Capsule | 1.97 ± 0.2 | 1.85 ± 0.2 | 3.97 | <0.001 | 6.13 | Male | 0.22 | 0.826 | Female | No |
| Left Retrolenticular Limb of Internal Capsule | 0.49 ± 0.1 | 0.46 ± 0 | 3.84 | <0.001 | 6.60 | Male | −0.75 | 0.457 | Male | No |
| Right Retrolenticular Limb of Internal Capsule | 0.46 ± 0.1 | 0.44 ± 0 | 2.85 | 0.005 | 5.43 | Male | 1.23 | 0.220 | Female | No |
| Left Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus | 0.79 ± 0.1 | 0.72 ± 0.1 | 5.47 | <0.001 | 9.34 | Male | −1.23 | 0.222 | Male | No |
| Right Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus | 0.76 ± 0.1 | 0.68 ± 0.1 | 5.42 | <0.001 | 10.26 | Male | −1.49 | 0.139 | Male | No |
| Left Sagittal Stratum | 1.22 ± 0.1 | 1.11 ± 0.1 | 5.90 | <0.001 | 9.44 | Male | −2.10 | 0.038 | Male | No |
| Right Sagittal Stratum | 1.21 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.1 | 5.74 | <0.001 | 9.85 | Male | −1.42 | 0.159 | Male | No |
All other results of the original manuscript pertaining to age, asymmetry, and interactions among predictor variables were presented and discussed accurately.
The authors apologize for this error.