Clinical impact of pathology-proven etiology of severely stenotic aortic valves on mid-term outcomes in patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement

Shiro Miura; Katsumi Inoue; Hiraku Kumamaru; Takehiro Yamashita; Michiya Hanyu; Shinichi Shirai; Kenji Ando

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229721

. 2020 Mar 10;15(3):e0229721. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229721

Clinical impact of pathology-proven etiology of severely stenotic aortic valves on mid-term outcomes in patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement

Shiro Miura ^1,^*, Katsumi Inoue ^2,^#, Hiraku Kumamaru ^3,^#, Takehiro Yamashita ^1,^‡, Michiya Hanyu ^4,^‡, Shinichi Shirai ^5,^‡, Kenji Ando ^5,^‡

Editor: Wen-Chih Wu⁶

PMCID: PMC7064191 PMID: 32155164

Abstract

Background

The use of transcatheter or surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) for severe aortic stenosis (AS) has considerably increased in recent years. However, the association between AS etiology and mid-term clinical outcomes after surgical AVR has not been fully investigated.

Methods and results

We retrospectively included 201 patients (mean age, 75 years; 43%, men) who underwent surgical AVR for severe native AS (aortic valve area ≤1.0 cm² on preoperative transthoracic echocardiography examination). The following valve etiologies were postoperatively identified on pathological examination: post-inflammatory (n = 28), congenital (n = 35), and calcific/degenerative (n = 138). The median follow-up interval was 4.1 years following surgical AVR. Of the 201 patients, 27% were asymptomatic, 40% had a history of heart failure, and 11% underwent previous heart surgery. The cumulative incidence of cardiac events (all-cause death, aortic valve deterioration requiring repeated AVR, and hospitalization for heart failure) and combined adverse events, which included non-fatal stroke, unplanned coronary revascularization, pacemaker implantation, and gastrointestinal bleeding along with cardiac events, was significantly higher in the calcific/degenerative group (p = 0.02 and p = 0.02, respectively). In multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, renal function, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, concomitant surgical procedures, and EuroSCORE II, AS etiology was independently associated with an increased risk of combined adverse events (congenital vs. post-inflammatory: hazard ratio [HR], 4.13; p = 0.02 and calcific/degenerative vs. post-inflammatory: HR, 5.69; p = 0.002).

Conclusions

Pathology-proven AS etiology could aid in predicting the mid-term outcomes after surgical AVR, supporting the importance of accurate identification of severe AS etiology with or without postoperative pathological examination.

Introduction

The most common form of stenotic aortic valves in Europe and the United States is calcific/degenerative, followed by those due to congenital malformations. Although rheumatic etiology is now infrequent in the West, it remains prevalent in developing countries [1]. Since the first study on the incidence of aortic valve calcification according to its etiology with increasing age in 1968 [2], these major etiologies have dominated the potential etiology of stenotic aortic valves. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) examination plays a central role in identifying the etiology of stenotic aortic valves by evaluating the valve appearance, number of cusps, pattern of thickening, and valve mobility [3]. However, in highly progressed aortic stenosis (AS), TTE can result in an inaccurate diagnosis, mainly because of severe aortic valve calcification or limited acoustic windows [4]. Thus, the evaluation and use of multimodality imaging, including transesophageal echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and cardiac computed tomography, are highly recommended. Nevertheless, in selected cases such as congenital AS, there are still challenges in the preoperative identification of accurate AS etiology [5, 6]. When these stenotic aortic valves meet the standardized criteria for severe status in symptomatic patients irrespective of their etiology, most patients are referred to cardiovascular surgeons for surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (AVR). An essential clinical implication in the identification of the accurate etiology of severe AS in patients undergoing AVR can be risk stratification by predicting its natural history, estimating surgical risk, or assessing potential comorbidities associated with its etiology. Nonetheless, there is uncertainty in the strength of the association between aortic valve etiology validated by postoperative histopathological examination and mid-term outcomes following surgical AVR.

This study aimed to (i) describe the incidence of each aortic valve etiology validated by pathological examination, highlighting the differences and similarities in clinical, echocardiographic, and operative data among AS patients with different valve etiologies requiring surgical AVR, and (ii) compare the clinical outcomes following surgical AVR with and without statistical adjustments for established risk factors.

Materials and methods

Study population

Among 595 consecutive patients who were initially diagnosed with severe AS with an aortic valve area (AVA) ≤1.0 cm² on TTE examination [7] between August 2009 and February 2012 and followed up at our institution up to June 2015, 210 underwent surgical AVR, whereas 360 were medically managed, 18 were treated with transcatheter AVR, and follow-up data were lost for 7 (Fig 1). It is to be noted that no patient underwent other surgical aortic valve procedures, such as aortic valve repair, AVR with human homograft, or Ross procedure. Following exclusion of patients with a previous history of cardiac surgery on the aortic valve (n = 5), unavailability of pathology data (n = 2), and unidentified valve etiology (n = 2), the remaining 201 patients were included in the final analysis. Patients were divided into the following three groups according to accurate aortic valve etiology verified only by postoperative histological examinations: post-inflammatory (n = 28, 14%), congenital (n = 35, 17%), and calcific/degenerative (n = 138, 69%). Pathological features of the surgically excised aortic valves were classified based on gross and histological findings by experienced pathologists without knowledge of the patients’ prognosis in 201 cases based on the main pathology criteria defined in previous reports [8–12]. Representative images from the gross examinations of the surgically excised aortic valves are presented in Fig 2. A comparison of the pathological diagnosis of the aortic valve etiology by clinical pathologists revealed a 79% (159/201 cases) concordance with the preoperative diagnosis by the attending physicians using imaging modalities (mainly TTE). Written informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of this study, which was reviewed and approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of Kokura Memorial Hospital. We followed the appropriate ethical protocols and privacy guidelines approved by the IRB when contacting the patients and/or their relatives.

Fig 2 — A: Post-inflammatory tricuspid aortic valve on the aortic side showing severe thickening of the cusps and fusion of the commissures with nodular calcification (asterisk). B: Bicuspid aortic valve on the aortic side demonstrating marked calcification of the raphe (black arrowheads) and heavy nodular calcification and severe fibrous thickening (red arrowheads). C: Calcific/degenerative tricuspid aortic valve characterized by patchy, moderate fibrotic thickening and focal heavy calcification at the base on the aortic side of the three cusps with adjacent portions of the cusps partially translucent.

Clinical data

Preoperative patient characteristics included age, sex, body surface area, body mass index, symptomatic status, and laboratory data. Additionally, data on the presence of comorbidities of atrial fibrillation (AF), prior admission for heart failure (HF), previous history of cardiac surgery, and history of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were collected via medical chart review. We evaluated renal function using the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated with the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study equation arranged for the Japanese population, and chronic kidney disease was diagnosed if the estimated GFR was <60 mL/min/1.73 m² or the urine albumin:creatinine ratio was >30 mg/g [13]. As an inclusive risk assessment index, both the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation (EuroSCORE) II and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) score were calculated to compare the potential operative risk among the groups [14–16].

Comprehensive TTE was conducted by experienced sonographers using commercially available ultrasound systems (Vivid 7 Dimension and Vivid E9, GE Healthcare, Horten, Norway; iE33, Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands; Aplio SSA-700A, Toshiba Medical Systems, Tokyo, Japan) at 1 month before and after surgical AVR. Doppler echocardiographic measurements comprised the aortic mean pressure gradient using the simplified Bernoulli equation and the AVA and effective orifice area using a standard continuity equation. Stroke volume was calculated by Doppler using the velocity-time integral of the LV outflow tract and its diameter in the mid-systole of the aortic annulus in the parasternal long-axis view. For patients with AF, velocities from two or three heat cycles were averaged to reduce the influence of beat-to-beat variation. The severity of aortic, mitral, and tricuspid regurgitation was assessed following international guidelines [7].

Definition of clinical outcome and follow-up

Clinical follow-up data after surgical AVR were obtained from medical records, patients, relatives, or attending physicians either in person or by telephone interviews until June 2015. Follow-ups were commenced on the day of index surgical AVR. Along with all-cause death as a primary endpoint, cardiac events were defined as a composite of all-cause death, aortic valve deterioration requiring repeated AVR, and hospitalization for HF. Combined adverse events included, along with cardiac events, non-fatal stroke, new-onset ischemic heart disease requiring unplanned PCI and/or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), symptomatic bradycardia/ventricular tachycardia treated with pacemaker/implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and hospital admission for non-fatal gastrointestinal bleeding. Cardiovascular death was defined as deaths from worsened HF, acute coronary syndrome and stroke, postoperative in-hospital death, or sudden death. Perioperative death was defined as mortality within 30 days following surgical AVR. These definitions of the clinical outcomes were established prior to conducting this clinical study, based on our clinical interests and information from previous studies [17, 18].

Statistical analysis

Descriptive statistics are expressed as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range), whereas categorical variables are presented as number and percentage. Differences between patients in different groups were compared using one-way analysis of variance, followed by post-hoc Bonferroni correction for continuous variables and chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank test for the time-to-event data were used to assess the association between the three types of aortic valve etiology and all-cause death, cardiac events, and combined adverse events; inter-group differences were tested using the log-rank test. Furthermore, the associations between aortic valve etiology and clinical outcomes were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models for cumulative clinical events, with adjustment for a comprehensive cardiac operative risk value (EuroSCORE II), clinically relevant variables, and risk factors consistent with previous research [19]. The proportional hazards assumption was checked using statistical tests and graphical diagnostics based on the scaled Schoenfeld residuals. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using R statistical software version 3.3.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).

Results

Preoperative characteristics of the study population

A comparison of preoperative clinical characteristics and medication use at discharge is presented in Table 1. Among 201 patients (mean age, 75±9 years; 43%, men), 27% were asymptomatic, 40% had a history of HF, and 11% underwent prior open heart surgery. Patients in the calcific/degenerative group were older (p<0.001); had a higher prevalence of hypertension (p<0.001), dyslipidemia (p = 0.03), and coronary artery disease (p<0.001); had lower estimated GFR (p = 0.002); and were more frequently treated with antiplatelet therapy postoperatively (p = 0.001) than those in the other two groups. Patients in the post-inflammatory group had a higher prevalence of AF (p<0.001), had higher EuroSCORE II (p = 0.003), and were more frequently admitted for HF (p = 0.01). Patients in the congenital group had a higher proportion of men (p = 0.001) and higher body surface area on average (p = 0.004).

Table 1. Preoperative characteristics according to aortic valve etiologies.

	Overall (n = 201)	Post-inflammatory (n = 28)	Congenital (n = 35)	Calcific/degenerative (n = 138)	p-value^*
Clinical demographics
Age (years)	75 (9)	73 (7)	68 (13)	76 (7)	<0.001
Age >80 years	63 (31)	6 (21)	7 (20)	50 (36)	0.09
Male sex	87 (43)	10 (36)	25 (71)	52 (38)	0.001
BMI, kg/m²	22.7 (3.3)	21.7 (2.6)	22.2 (2.6)	23.1 (3.5)	0.08
BSA, m²	1.51 (0.16)	1.49 (0.16)	1.59 (0.17)	1.49 (0.16)	0.004
Asymptomatic	54 (27)	6 (21)	15 (43)	33 (24)	0.06
Hypertension	138 (69)	11 (39)	19 (54)	108 (78)	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus	57 (28)	6 (21)	5 (14)	46 (33)	0.06
Dyslipidemia	91 (45)	10 (36)	10 (29)	71 (51)	0.03
Hyperuricemia	21 (10)	4 (14)	3 (8.6)	14 (10)	0.75
Prior heart failure	81 (40)	17 (61)	8 (23)	56 (41)	0.01
Coronary artery disease	72 (36)	5 (18)	5 (14)	62 (45)	<0.001
Old myocardial infarction	16 (8)	2 (7.1)	2 (5.7)	12 (8.7)	0.83
Previous heart surgery	22 (11)	7 (25)	2 (5.7)	13 (9.4)	0.03
Chronic kidney disease	170 (85)	24 (86)	28 (80)	118 (86)	0.71
Hemodialysis	20 (10)	0 (0)	0 (0)	20 (15)	0.01
Chronic lung disease	20 (10)	3 (11)	4 (11)	13 (9)	0.93
Previous stroke	22 (11)	1 (3.6)	3 (8.6)	18 (13)	0.30
Atrial fibrillation	63 (31)	21 (75)	5 (14)	37 (27)	<0.001
Peripheral vascular disease	17 (8.5)	1 (3.6)	2 (5.7)	14 (10)	0.43
Aortic aneurysm or dissection	13 (6.5)	2 (7.1)	4 (11)	7 (5.1)	0.39
Malignancy	17 (8.5)	3 (11)	3 (8.6)	11 (8)	0.89
Peptic ulcer disease	11 (5.5)	0 (0)	3 (8.6)	8 (5.8)	0.32
Current smoker	13 (6.5)	0 (0)	8 (23)	5 (3.6)	<0.001
Medication use at discharge
Antiplatelets	94 (47)	8 (29)	9 (26)	77 (56)	0.001
Beta blockers	52 (26)	3 (11)	9 (26)	40 (29)	0.13
ACEIs	25 (12)	3 (11)	3 (8.6)	19 (14)	0.68
ARBs	82 (41)	9 (32)	11 (31)	62 (45)	0.21
Statins	80 (40)	8 (29)	8 (23)	64 (46)	0.02
Calcium channel blockers	79 (39)	6 (21)	14 (40)	59 (43)	0.11
Diuretics	71 (35)	17 (61)	7 (20)	47 (34)	0.003
Anticoagulants	46 (23)	20 (71)	4 (11)	22 (16)	<0.001
Laboratory data
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	12.2 (1.9)	12.3 (2.1)	13.6 (1.5)	11.8 (1.7)	<0.001
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)	110 (31)	115 (29)	109 (38)	109 (30)	0.66
Uric acid (mg/dL)	5.6 (1.8)	5.9 (1.8)	6.1 (2.5)	5.4 (1.6)	0.10
Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	39.8 (20)	41.5 (13)	50.3 (17)	36.8 (21)	0.002
BNP plasma level (pg/mL)	148 [58, 348]	311 [143, 469]	81 [51, 312]	144 [57, 305]	0.006
EuroSCORE II (%)	2.3 [1.5, 3.8]	2.9 [2.0, 3.3]	1.9 [1.0, 2.4]	2.3 [1.5, 4.1]	0.003
STS score (PROM) (%)	3.1 [2.0, 4.2]	3.8 [3.2, 4.7]	1.5 [0.9, 2.3]	3.3 [2.2, 4.3]	<0.001

Open in a new tab

Data are presented as mean (SD), or median [interquartile range], or n (%). BMI indicates body mass index; BSA, body surface area; ACEIs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; BNP, B-type natriuretic peptide; EuroSCORE, European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; STS, Society of Thoracic Surgeons; PROM, predicted risk of mortality.

*p-value refers to comparisons among the three groups at enrollment using analysis of variance.

Echocardiographic evaluations and procedural details

Periprocedural echocardiographic and surgical characteristics are summarized in Table 2. Overall, echocardiographic parameters with respect to left ventricular size and systolic function were similar in the three groups; the AVA improved from 0.66 cm² to 1.40 cm² with surgical AVR, with a drastic reduction in the mean aortic pressure gradient from 46 to 14 mmHg. Of note, patients in the post-inflammatory group were remarkable for the highest proportion of indexed stroke volume ≤35 mL/m² (p = 0.03), with moderate or severe regurgitation on the aortic (p<0.001), mitral (p = 0.02), and tricuspid (p<0.001) valves.

Table 2. Preoperative and postoperative echocardiographic assessments and procedural surgical AVR characteristics.

	Overall (n = 201)	Post-inflammatory (n = 28)	Congenital (n = 35)	Calcific/ degenerative (n = 138)	p-value^*
Echocardiographic parameters
LVEF (%)	63 (11)	61 (12)	62 (13)	63 (10)	0.57
LVEF ≤40%	12 (6)	3 (11)	2 (5.7)	7 (5.1)	0.52
LV end-diastolic dimension (mm)	46 (6)	46 (6)	46 (7)	46 (6)	0.91
LV end-systolic dimension (mm)	30 (7)	30 (6)	31 (9)	30 (6)	0.56
Aortic root diameter (mm)	31 (4)	31 (3)	34 (5)	31 (3)	<0.001
Left atrial diameter (mm)	42 (9)	49 (13)	38 (9)	42 (7)	<0.001
Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (mmHg)	35 (13)	43 (21)	32 (11)	33 (12)	0.001
SV (mL)	63 (15)	58 (12)	66 (18)	64 (14)	0.05
Indexed SV (mL/m²)	43 (10)	39 (8)	42 (11)	43 (9)	0.079
Indexed SV ≤35 mL/m²	45 (23)	11 (41)	10 (29)	24 (18)	0.03
Preoperative AVA (cm²)	0.66 (0.15)	0.71 (0.14)	0.63 (0.18)	0.66 (0.14)	0.1
Preoperative indexed AVA (cm²/m²)	0.46 (0.11)	0.47 (0.12)	0.41 (0.11)	0.47 (0.1)	0.02
Preoperative Vmax (m/s)	4.4 (0.8)	4.1 (1)	4.7 (0.7)	4.3 (0.8)	0.01
Preoperative MPG (mmHg)	46 (19)	42 (22)	54 (17)	45 (18)	0.02
Postoperative EOA (cm²)	1.40 (0.37)	1.48 (0.20)	1.51 (0.43)	1.35 (0.36)	0.28
Postoperative Vmax (m/s)	2.5 (0.5)	2.3 (0.5)	2.5 (0.6)	2.6 (0.5)	0.02
Postoperative MPG (mmHg)	14 (6)	11 (5)	14 (7)	15 (6)	0.04
Moderate or severe AR	17 (8.5)	8 (29)	2 (5.7)	7 (5.1)	<0.001
Moderate or severe MR	20 (10)	7 (25)	2 (5.7)	11 (8.0)	0.02
Moderate or severe TR	16 (8.0)	8 (29)	3 (8.6)	5 (3.6)	<0.001
Surgical data
Bioprosthetic valve	160 (80)	19 (68)	22 (63)	119 (86)	0.002
Mechanical valve	41 (20)	9 (32)	13 (37)	19 (14)
16 mm	1 (0.5)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.7)	0.01
17 mm	7 (3.5)	1 (3.6)	1 (2.9)	5 (3.6)
18 mm	1 (0.5)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.7)
19 mm	87 (43)	12 (43)	6 (17)	69 (50)
20 mm	2 (1.0)	1 (3.6)	1 (2.9)	0 (0)
21 mm	66 (33)	9 (32)	11 (31)	46 (33)
22 mm	1 (0.5)	0 (0)	1 (2.9)	0 (0)
23 mm	26 (13)	3 (11)	10 (29)	13 (9.4)
24 mm	2 (1.0)	0 (0)	1 (2.9)	1 (0.7)
25 mm	8 (4.0)	2 (7)	4 (11)	2 (1.4)
Concomitant procedures	98 (49)	23 (82)	13 (37)	62 (45)	0.001
CABG	40 (20)	1 (3.6)	3 (8.6)	36 (26)	0.004
Mitral valve replacement or repair	49 (24)	23 (82)	2 (5.7)	24 (17)	<0.001
Tricuspid valve replacement or repair	17 (8.5)	10 (36)	2 (5.7)	5 (3.6)	<0.001
Ascending aorta replacement	13 (6.5)	1 (3.6)	8 (23)	4 (2.9)	<0.001
Maze operation	4 (2)	4 (14)	0 (0)	0 (0)	<0.001

Open in a new tab

Data are presented as mean (SD) or n (%). AVR indicates aortic valve replacement; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LV, left ventricular; SV, stroke volume; AVA, aortic valve area; Vmax, peak aortic jet velocity; MPG, mean aortic pressure gradient; EOA, effective orifice area; AR, aortic regurgitation; MR, mitral regurgitation; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting.

*p-value refers to comparisons among the three groups using analysis of variance.

With respect to procedural details, 80% (n = 160) of patients underwent replacement with a bioprosthetic valve and 49% underwent concomitant surgical procedures. Among them, CABG was most frequently performed in the calcific/degenerative group (p = 0.004), and procedures on the mitral and tricuspid valves were the most common in the post-inflammatory group (p<0.001 each). Patients in the congenital group most frequently underwent ascending aorta replacement at 23% (p<0.001).

Impact of the aortic valve etiology on mid-term outcome

A comparison of detailed clinical events among the three groups is presented in Table 3. During a median follow-up period of 4.1 years (interquartile range: 2.7–5.1 years) with a 97% follow-up rate at 3 years, 30 patients (15%) died, with cardiovascular death reported in 13 (7%) of the total patients. Only one dialysis-dependent patient underwent a redo AVR performed at 3.1 years after the first AVR due to aortic valve deterioration. With respect to individual clinical events, there were no statistical differences in event rates among the three groups. The Kaplan-Meier curves for all-cause death, cardiac events, and combined adverse events are shown in Fig 3. The 3-year survival rates were 96%, 94%, and 83% for the post-inflammatory, congenital, and calcific/degenerative groups, respectively. Similarly, the 3-year survival rates free from cardiac events were 92%, 88%, and 75%, respectively, whereas the 3-year survival rates free from combined adverse events were 84%, 70%, and 64%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of both cardiac events and combined adverse events was significantly higher in the calcific/degenerative group (p = 0.02 and p = 0.02, respectively).

Table 3. Detailed clinical outcomes following surgical AVR according to aortic valve etiology.

	Overall (n = 201)	Post-inflammatory (n = 28)	Congenital (n = 35)	Calcific/degenerative (n = 138)	p-value
All-cause death	30 (15)	2 (7.1)	2 (5.7)	26 (19)	0.07
Cardiovascular death	13 (6.5)	0 (0)	2 (5.7)	11 (7.9)	0.29
Non-cardiovascular death	17 (8.5)	2 (7.1)	0 (0)	15 (11)	0.12
Perioperative death	7 (3.5)	0 (0)	0 (0)	7 (5.1)	0.19
Hospitalization for heart failure	22 (11)	1 (3.6)	4 (11)	17 (12)	0.40
Aortic valve deterioration	1 (0.5)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (0.7)	0.80
Unplanned coronary revascularization	9 (4.5)	0 (0)	0 (0)	9 (6.5)	0.12
Non-fatal stroke	13 (6.5)	3 (11)	0 (0)	10 (7.3)	0.18
Pacemaker or ICD implantation	11 (5.5)	0 (0)	3 (8.6)	8 (5.8)	0.32
Gastrointestinal bleeding	15 (7.5)	0 (0)	3 (8.6)	12 (8.7)	0.27
Total follow-up period (years)	4.1 [2.7, 5.1]	4.0 [3.2, 4.5]	4.6 [3.4, 5.3]	4.1 [2.4, 5.2]	0.22

Open in a new tab

Data are presented as n (%) or median [interquartile range]. AVR indicates aortic valve replacement; ICD, implantable cardioverter defibrillator

Fig 3 — Follow-ups were commenced on the day of index surgical AVR. Cardiac events were defined as all-cause death, aortic valve deterioration requiring repeated AVR, and hospitalization for HF. Combined clinical events included, along with cardiac events, non-fatal stroke, new-onset ischemic heart disease requiring unplanned coronary revascularization, symptomatic bradycardia/ventricular tachycardia treated with pacemaker/implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and admission for non-fatal gastrointestinal bleeding. AVR, aortic valve replacement.

The Cox proportional hazards analyses of time to the three types of outcome after surgical AVR are summarized in Table 4. With respect to all-cause death, there was no association between aortic valve etiology and mortality after adjustments. However, compared to the post-inflammatory group, the calcific/degenerative group was independently associated with an increased risk of cardiac events (hazard ratio [HR], 4.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07–18.4; p = 0.04) and combined adverse events (HR, 3.59; 95% CI, 1.30–9.88; p = 0.01). After adjustments for several confounders (age, sex, previous HF, and EuroSCORE II), the calcific/degenerative group remained independently associated with the risk of cardiac events (HR, 5.84; 95% CI, 1.39–24.4; p = 0.01). Risks for combined adverse events were significantly higher in the calcific/degenerative group (HR, 5.69; 95% CI, 1.87–17.2; p = 0.002) and congenital group (HR, 4.13; 95% CI, 1.20–14.2; p = 0.02) after adjustments for age, sex, previous HF, AF, concomitant surgical procedures, estimated GFR, and EuroSCORE II.

Table 4. Unadjusted and adjusted outcomes according to valve etiology among patients with severe AS undergoing surgical AVR.

Outcomes	Variables	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
Outcomes	Variables	HR (95% CI)	p-value	HR (95% CI)	p-value
All-cause death	Congenital^*	0.79 (0.11–5.65)	0.81	0.69 (0.09–5.40)	0.73
	Calcific/degenerative^*	2.74 (0.65–11.5)	0.16	3.09 (0.73–13.1)	0.12
	Age (years)	0.99 (0.95–1.02)	0.63	0.97 (0.93–1.01)	0.27
	Male sex	1.60 (0.78–3.29)	0.19	1.73 (0.81–3.72)	0.15
	EuroSCORE II	1.18 (1.04–1.35)	<0.01	1.16 (1.02–1.33)	0.02
Cardiac events	Congenital^*	2.03 (0.39–10.4)	0.39	2.44 (0.44–13.5)	0.30
	Calcific/degenerative^*	4.45 (1.07–18.4)	0.04	5.84 (1.39–24.4)	0.01
	Age (years)	0.99 (0.96–1.02)	0.79	0.98 (0.95–1.01)	0.38
	Male sex	1.58 (0.89–2.81)	0.11	1.87 (1.01–3.46)	0.04
	Previous heart failure	1.76 (0.99–3.12)	0.05	1.92 (1.06–3.48)	0.03
	EuroSCORE II	1.15 (1.03–1.28)	<0.01	1.13 (1.01–1.26)	0.02
Combined adverse events	Congenital^*	2.39 (0.76–7.52)	0.14	4.13 (1.20–14.2)	0.02
	Calcific/degenerative^*	3.59 (1.30–9.88)	0.01	5.69 (1.87–17.2)	<0.01
	Age (years)	0.99 (0.97–1.02)	0.78	0.98 (0.96–1.01)	0.39
	Male sex	1.20 (0.76–1.88)	0.41	1.30 (0.79–2.16)	0.29
	Previous heart failure	1.27 (0.81–2.00)	0.29	1.19 (0.74–1.92)	0.46
	Atrial fibrillation	1.07 (0.61–1.85)	0.80	1.71 (0.90–3.23)	0.09
	Concomitant surgical procedures	1.38 (0.88–2.17)	0.15	1.46 (0.90–2.37)	0.12
	Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	0.97 (0.96–0.98)	<0.001	0.98 (0.97–0.99)	0.01
	EuroSCORE II	1.08 (0.98–1.18)	0.09	1.00 (0.90–1.11)	0.91

Open in a new tab

AS indicates aortic stenosis; AVR, aortic valve replacement; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; EuroSCORE, European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation; GFR, glomerular filtration rate. Cardiac events were defined as all-cause death, aortic valve deterioration requiring repeated AVR, and hospitalization for heart failure. Combined clinical events included, along with cardiac events, non-fatal stroke, new-onset ischemic heart disease requiring unplanned coronary revascularization, symptomatic bradycardia/ventricular tachycardia treated with pacemaker/implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and admission for non-fatal gastrointestinal bleeding.

*The valve etiology “Post-inflammatory” was used as a common reference.

The New York Heart Association functional classification of patients with severe AS at the first diagnosis, within 30 days prior to surgical AVR, and at the end of the follow-up period is summarized in Fig 4 with a comparison among the three etiologies. Eighty-six patients (43%) were asymptomatic at the first diagnosis with severe AS, which decreased to 54 (27%) preoperatively. Patients in the post-inflammatory group were more symptomatic than those in the congenital group during the preoperative period (p = 0.02). At the end of the follow-up period, 44 patients (72%) were free from cardiac symptoms, and the proportion of asymptomatic patients in the congenital group (94%) was much greater than that in the other two groups (p = 0.04).

Fig 4 — NYHAfc, New York Heart Association functional classification; AVR, aortic valve replacement.

Discussion

Patients with severe AS due to calcific/degenerative etiology had significantly worse postoperative clinical outcomes (defined as cardiac and combined adverse events) than those with severe AS due to post-inflammatory processes who were more symptomatic preoperatively, with the most frequent admission for HF along with the highest operative risk defined by EuroSCORE II. Likewise, the former showed poorer prognosis than the latter, although the association was not statistically significant. Patients in the congenital group had a markedly increased risk of developing combined adverse events after surgical AVR than those in the post-inflammatory group. These results highlighted the immense importance of accurate identification of the etiology of diseased aortic valves as well as postoperative management for comorbidities and late complications.

There are several reports on the pathology of surgically excised stenotic aortic valve; however, these involved a wide range of AS severity from mild to severe and were conducted between 1960 and 2000 [20]. Temporal changes in the etiology of stenotic aortic valves were clearly observed, with calcific/degenerative AS being the more dominant etiology in developed countries [21]. A few reports on the incidence according to aortic valve etiology have been published. In a large-scale pathology study [22] with 250 excised native stenotic aortic valves, calcific/degenerative tricuspid aortic, congenital, and rheumatic valves were reported in 66.4%, 18.4%, and 15.2% of cases, respectively, which were comparable to our findings at 68.6%, 17.4%, and 13.9%, respectively.

Echocardiography has become an established tool for the diagnosis and evaluation of aortic valve disease, and with this primary noninvasive method, aortic valve etiology has been identifiable in most cases [23]. There are, however, a limited number of cases or studies on AS that were unidentified or misled using these noninvasive imaging modalities in daily practice [24, 25]. A recently published meta-analysis study investigated a pooled sensitivity of 87.7% and pooled specificity of 88.3% for bicuspid aortic valve on preoperative TTE examinations, highlighting that suboptimal diagnosis often occurred under certain conditions, including non-tertiary care center, the presence of aortic aneurysm, and the presence of severe aortic valve calcification [5]. Although preoperative cardiac computerized tomography can be more accurate in differentiating between tricuspid and bicuspid aortic valves than TTE examinations, sufficient studies have not been implemented in the distinction between calcific/degenerative and post-inflammatory valves within the tricuspid aortic valves [25].

With respect to clinical outcomes, there exist limited data on whether aortic valve etiology postoperatively validated by pathological examination can affect mid-term outcomes following the surgical procedure. In a relatively large-scale study [18] with a design similar to ours, tricuspid AS was associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and worse survival rates after surgical AVR compared with bicuspid AS. Our findings suggested that calcific/degenerative AS could have an association with an increased risk of cardiac and combined adverse events versus post-inflammatory AS. Based on our findings, we speculate that the valve etiology profiles might have some effects on the mid-term outcomes even after removal of the diseased valve. Such differences in late complications among the three groups may possibly stem from the extent of postoperative regression of diffuse myocardial fibrosis and myocardial cellular hypertrophy based on the aortic valve etiology, as investigated in a recent study [26]. Recently, calcific/degenerative AS has been understood to be an active disease process akin to atherosclerosis from the perspectives of compelling histopathological and clinical data [27]. In contrast, the congenital aortic valve disease often involves many vascular abnormalities [28], and the post-inflammatory disease can affect the myocardium and heart valves and the brain, joints, and skin [29]. In our present study, 23% of patients in the congenital group underwent ascending aorta replacement concomitantly, and 82% and 36% of patients in the post-inflammatory group underwent additional surgical procedures on the mitral and tricuspid valves, respectively. Taking this into consideration, AS should be deemed as a systemic disease with different potential mechanisms by its valve etiology, although the definite pathophysiology behind AS remains incompletely investigated [30].

As a clinical implication, our data suggest that the etiology and pathobiology of the valvular disease should be examined through pathological investigation of the excised valve, which can provide essential information on its natural history, surgical risk, postoperative outcome, association with systemic disease, and potential vascular complications, irrespective of preoperative imaging assessments. Therefore, the future possibility of establishing accurate diagnosis of diseased valves using less invasive imaging modalities with pathological examination should be further explored, which can lead to other novel researches, such as valve progression by aortic valve etiology or associations with non-aortic valves. Moreover, our data on the detailed clinical outcomes highlight distinct trends in the incidences of harmful events following surgical AVR among the three etiologies. For instance, admission for HF, device implantation, and gastrointestinal bleeding were more prominent in both the congenital and calcific/degenerative groups than in the post-inflammatory group, whereas non-fatal stroke was more common in both the calcific/degenerative and post-inflammatory groups. In managing these patients, such novel information could aid in detecting and treating potential late complications unique to each valve etiology.

Study limitations and strengths

The strength of our study lies in the larger number of enrolled patients in the cohort. We collected detailed data on patient demographics, physical and medical conditions, and surgical interventions during follow-up via medical chart review and achieved a 97% follow-up rate with a median follow-up period of 4.1 years. Nonetheless, our study also has some limitations. First, it was conducted at a single medical institute in Japan and may not represent the overall population or be applicable to other populations. Our institution is the only large cardiovascular center located in the Kitakyushu area, and almost all cardiovascular patients within the region are referred to our institution because of the lack of viable alternatives. Second, the study was mainly a descriptive one with a retrospective design. There was an imbalance in preoperative characteristics among the three etiology groups, suggesting that confounding factors might have remained even when performing a multivariate regression analysis. Moreover, owing to the limited number of outcomes, we were unable to make full adjustments even for the variables that we measured. Therefore, our results should not be considered an estimate of the causal relationship between valve etiology and outcome; rather, our results indicate that the pathologically assessed etiology of diseased valves was a strong predictor of patients’ mid-term outcomes even after adjustments for patients’ demographic characteristics and cardiac operative risks, which could certainly guide clinicians and patients in decision-making regarding postoperative follow-ups and support the importance of the accuracy of pathological valve diagnosis. Lastly, although the mortality rate was not statistically significant among the three groups, the present study might be underpowered to detect such survival differences, mainly because the mortality rates were relatively low. However, to the best of our knowledge, our study population is one of the largest ever reported in the surgical AVR literature focusing on the comparison of major valve etiologies.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that the pathology-validated etiology of stenotic aortic valves could be significantly correlated with mid-term outcomes even after surgical AVR and suggested that, compared to post-inflammatory AS, calcific/degenerative AS was associated with increased postoperative cardiac events. Likewise, compared to post-inflammatory AS, congenital AS could be associated with higher adverse clinical event rates. Our findings reinforce the clinical significance of identifying the accurate etiology with postoperative pathological examination in risk stratification, postoperative management, and prediction of potential late complications peculiar to various etiologies.

Supporting information

S1 File. Dataset for all individuals.

(XLSX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(164.4KB, xlsx)}

Data Availability

All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

Funding Statement

The authors received no specific funding for this work.

References

1.Otto CM, Prendergast B. Aortic-valve stenosis—from patients at risk to severe valve obstruction. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:744–56. 10.1056/NEJMra1313875 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
2.Campbell M. Calcific aortic stenosis and congenital bicuspid aortic valves. Br Heart J. 1968;30(5):606–16. 10.1136/hrt.30.5.606 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
3.Chambers JB. Aortic stenosis. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10:i11–9. 10.1093/ejechocard/jen240 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
4.Rajamannan NM. Cardiac valvular medicine. Dordrecht: Springer; 2013; 59–61 [Google Scholar]
5.Hillebrand M, Koschyk D, Ter Hark P, Schuler H, Rybczynski M, Berger J, et al. Diagnostic accuracy study of routine echocardiography for bicuspid aortic valve: a retrospective study and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2017;7:367–79. 10.21037/cdt.2017.05.03 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
6.Miura S, Inoue K, Yamada S, Yamashita T, Ando K. Two rare cases of congenital aortic stenosis showing a discrepancy between preoperative imaging diagnosis, intraoperative findings, and histopathological diagnosis. J Cardiol Cases. 2018;18:13–6. 10.1016/j.jccase.2018.03.003 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
7.Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC Jr., Faxon DP, Freed MD, et al. 2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2008;118:e523–661. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190748 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
8.Clawson BJ. Rheumatic heart disease: An analysis of 796 cases. Am Heart J. 1940; 20: 454–474. 10.1016/S0002-8703(40)90878-X [DOI] [Google Scholar]
9.Goldbarg SH, Elmariah S, Miller MA, Fuster V. Insights into degenerative aortic valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1205–13. 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.06.024 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
10.Roberts WC. The congenitally bicuspid aortic valve. A study of 85 autopsy cases. Am J Cardiol. 1970;26:72–83. 10.1016/0002-9149(70)90761-7 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
11.Warren BA, Yong JL. Calcification of the aortic valve: its progression and grading. Pathology. 1997;29:360–8. 10.1080/00313029700169315 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
12.Hamatani Y, Ishibashi-Ueda H, Nagai T, Sugano Y, Kanzaki H, Yasuda S, et al. Pathological Investigation of Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve Stenosis, Compared with Atherosclerotic Tricuspid Aortic Valve Stenosis and Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve Regurgitation. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0160208 10.1371/journal.pone.0160208 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
13.Imai E, Horio M, Nitta K, Yamagata K, Iseki K, Tsukamoto Y, et al. Modification of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation for Japan. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50:927–37. 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.09.004 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
14.Nashef SA, Roques F, Sharples LD, Nilsson J, Smith C, Goldstone AR, et al. EuroSCORE II. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012;41:734–44; discussion 44–5. 10.1093/ejcts/ezs043 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
15.Shahian DM, O’Brien SM, Filardo G, Ferraris VA, Haan CK, Rich JB, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2008 cardiac surgery risk models: part 1—coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88(1 Suppl):S2–22. 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.05.053 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
16.O’Brien SM, Shahian DM, Filardo G, Ferraris VA, Haan CK, Rich JB, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2008 cardiac surgery risk models: part 2—isolated valve surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88(1 Suppl):S23–42. 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.05.056 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
17.Miura S, Arita T, Kumamaru H, Domei T, Yamaji K, Soga Y, et al. Causes of death and mortality and evaluation of prognostic factors in patients with severe aortic stenosis in an aging society. J Cardiol. 2015;65:353–9. 10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.02.011 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
18.Huntley GD, Thaden JJ, Alsidawi S, Michelena HI, Maleszewski JJ, Edwards WD, et al. Comparative study of bicuspid vs. tricuspid aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19:3–8. 10.1093/ehjci/jex211 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
19.Tjang YS, van Hees Y, Korfer R, Grobbee DE, van der Heijden GJ. Predictors of mortality after aortic valve replacement. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;32:469–74. 10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.06.012 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
20.Ladich E, Nakano M, Carter-Monroe N, Virmani R. Pathology of calcific aortic stenosis. Future Cardiol. 2011;7:629–42. 10.2217/fca.11.53 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
21.Matsumura T, Ohtaki E, Misu K, Tohbaru T, Asano R, Nagayama M, et al. Etiology of aortic valve disease and recent changes in Japan:a study of 600 valve replacement cases. Int J Cardiol. 2002;86:217–23 10.1016/s0167-5273(02)00199-7 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
22.Agozzino L, de Vivo F, Falco A, de Luca L, Schinosa T, Cotrufo M. Surgical pathology of the aortic valve: gross and histological findings in 1120 excised valves. Cardiovasc Pathol. 1994;3:155–61. 10.1016/1054-8807(94)90024-8 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
23.Yousry M, Rickenlund A, Petrini J, Jenner J, Liska J, Eriksson P, et al. Aortic valve type and calcification as assessed by transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2015;35:306–13. 10.1111/cpf.12166 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
24.Chu JW, Picard MH, Agnihotri AK, Fitzsimons MG. Diagnosis of congenital unicuspid aortic valve in adult population: the value and limitation of transesophageal echocardiography. Echocardiography. 2010;27:1107–12. 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2010.01209.x . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
25.Alkadhi H, Leschka S, Trindade PT, Feuchtner G, Stolzmann P, Plass A, et al. Cardiac CT for the differentiation of bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves: comparison with echocardiography and surgery. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195:900–8. 10.2214/AJR.09.3813 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
26.Treibel TA, Kozor R, Schofield R, Benedetti G, Fontana M, Bhuva AN, et al. Reverse Myocardial Remodeling Following Valve Replacement in Patients With Aortic Stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:860–71. 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.12.035 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
27.Freeman RV, Otto CM. Spectrum of calcific aortic valve disease: pathogenesis, disease progression, and treatment strategies. Circulation. 2005;111:3316–26. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.486738 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
28.Siu SC, Silversides CK. Bicuspid aortic valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:2789–800. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.068 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
29.Marijon E, Mirabel M, Celermajer DS, Jouven X. Rheumatic heart disease. Lancet. 2012;379:953–64. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61171-9 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
30.Dweck MR, Boon NA, Newby DE. Calcific aortic stenosis: a disease of the valve and the myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1854–63. 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.02.093 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229721.r001

Decision Letter 0

Wen-Chih Wu

11 Sep 2019

PONE-D-19-19333

Clinical impact of pathology-proven etiology of severely stenotic aortic valves on mid-term outcomes in patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Miura,

Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process.

==============================

Aside from reviewer comments, please address the small sample size of the post-inflammatory and congenital groups and how this might limit power and generalizability of the results. The three groups are very different and it is uncertain if residual confounding exists. The combined adverse outcomes are not well matched to the disease pathology and needs to be well justified.

==============================

We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by Oct 26 2019 11:59PM. When you are ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter.

To enhance the reproducibility of your results, we recommend that if applicable you deposit your laboratory protocols in protocols.io, where a protocol can be assigned its own identifier (DOI) such that it can be cited independently in the future. For instructions see: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/s/submission-guidelines#loc-laboratory-protocols

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). This letter should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.
A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.
An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Manuscript'.

Please note while forming your response, if your article is accepted, you may have the opportunity to make the peer review history publicly available. The record will include editor decision letters (with reviews) and your responses to reviewer comments. If eligible, we will contact you to opt in or out.

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Wen-Chih Wu, MD, MPH

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Journal Requirements:

1. When submitting your revision, we need you to address these additional requirements.

Please ensure that your manuscript meets PLOS ONE's style requirements, including those for file naming. The PLOS ONE style templates can be found at

http://www.journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=wjVg/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_main_body.pdf and http://www.journals.plos.org/plosone/s/file?id=ba62/PLOSOne_formatting_sample_title_authors_affiliations.pdf

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

Reviewer's Responses to Questions

Comments to the Author

1. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

The manuscript must describe a technically sound piece of scientific research with data that supports the conclusions. Experiments must have been conducted rigorously, with appropriate controls, replication, and sample sizes. The conclusions must be drawn appropriately based on the data presented.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Partly

**********

2. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: No

**********

3. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

The PLOS Data policy requires authors to make all data underlying the findings described in their manuscript fully available without restriction, with rare exception (please refer to the Data Availability Statement in the manuscript PDF file). The data should be provided as part of the manuscript or its supporting information, or deposited to a public repository. For example, in addition to summary statistics, the data points behind means, medians and variance measures should be available. If there are restrictions on publicly sharing data—e.g. participant privacy or use of data from a third party—those must be specified.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

4. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

PLOS ONE does not copyedit accepted manuscripts, so the language in submitted articles must be clear, correct, and unambiguous. Any typographical or grammatical errors should be corrected at revision, so please note any specific errors here.

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

5. Review Comments to the Author

Please use the space provided to explain your answers to the questions above. You may also include additional comments for the author, including concerns about dual publication, research ethics, or publication ethics. (Please upload your review as an attachment if it exceeds 20,000 characters)

Not surpisingly, those with calcific aortic valve pathology were older, with higher number of comorbidities, notably coronary artery disease, hypertension, that portended worse outcomes on median 4.1 year follow up. Also not surprising was the finding that the congenital group was younger and a larger proportion remained asymptomatic after AVR. Not so intuitive was the finding that the congenital group had a higher incidence of combined adverse events compared with the post-inflammatory group.

This study points to the important ideologic concept that aortic valve disease is systemic disease, and accurate diagnosis implies attention to other systems that are predicted to be affected according to type.

The manuscript would be more informative if a few points were clarified:

1. Line 38 states that “There has been a considerable increase in the number of aortic valve replacements (AVR) for severe aortic stenosis (AS) in recent years. What is the evidentiary basis for this statement?

2. One of the important values of this work is the validation or not of preoperative imaging in determining which risk category to place expectations for that patient. How much should we doubt our imaging and how aggressive should we be about surgical pathology? Lines 290-3 state that discordant cases were found when disease type (based on mitral involvement) was misdiagnosed as post inflammatory aortic disease when in fact it was calcific. It would be helpful to quantify the number and character of discordant diagnoses to know the scope of accuracy in this study. The study references prior work (references 5, 23) and points out the importance of diagnostic accuracy but does not quantify the diagnostic accuracy of imaging of this study.

3. The methods section describes that these were all patients undergoing AVR, and table 2 suggests that only bioprostheses and mechanical AVRs were included. The congenital population undergoes the Ross procedure more frequently than any other type of AVR, frequently with aortic root replacement, not infrequently with Konno ventriculoplasty. The aortopathy associated with bicuspid valve predisposes to aneurysm formation and, while in this study population more congenital subjects underwent concomitant root replacement, 23% seems low. Did the study include Rosses? It would be informative to clarify

4. The clinical follow up was until June 2015. Is there a reason why the data are 5 years old?

Reviewer #2: The investigators present a single institutional, retrospective study of 201 patients who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR), from 2009-2012, comparing outcomes based on histologic pathology: post inflammatory (n=28), congenital (n=35), calcific/degenerative (n=138). A consort diagram is included that defines their study population. Significant baseline differences were seen between comparative groups. More preoperative risk factors were seen with the calcific/degenerative groups. On long-term follow-up, adjusted survival was comparable for the three groups; however, an association was seen between calcific/degenerative pathology and an increased rate of nonfatal adverse events. The authors conclude that underlying correct identification of aortic pathology is important.

Comments (including minor):

It appears that the study may have originally conducted to determine if certain valve pathologies were associated with worse prognosis (analogous to the prognostic value of certain cancer histologies). As the authors discuss, the initial association seen seems likely to be a surrogate given the risk-adjusted survival outcomes for the three groups was comparable. Although they did find an association between certain pathologies (degenerative namely) with adverse events, there is no clear pretext for undertaking this analysis.

The authors should consider including a mechanism to explain their rationale for including as many adverse events as they did in their analysis to avoid the appearance of retrofitting their study outcomes coincide with the results found. For example, it seems likely that the investigators would have found an association between the calcific/degenerative group and adverse cardiac events despite risk adjustment undertaken given the higher rates of CAD in this subgroup. What was the rationale for including need for PCI/CABG or hospital admission for GI bleeding as an adverse event? Did they decide on these adverse events decided prior to conducting the review?

The rationale for examining NYHA class symptoms at the time of diagnosis and just prior to surgery is not entirely clear. If the authors were interested in examining the association between functional status and valve pathology, this would be a different study question which would then benefit from a different study design in which they could more formally track the progression of symptoms and improvement in each of the groups after surgery.

I was unable to find the Cox proportional hazards regression model (Table 4) in the manuscript.

Although the manuscript is easy to follow as written, a more traditional approach is to present the written text altogether, followed by tables and a figure legend/figures at the end.

The investigators should include a statement that their study followed protocol for their institutional review board - especially if they had direct contact with patients and/or family (lines 142-144).

**********

6. PLOS authors have the option to publish the peer review history of their article (what does this mean?). If published, this will include your full peer review and any attached files.

If you choose “no”, your identity will remain anonymous but your review may still be made public.

Do you want your identity to be public for this peer review? For information about this choice, including consent withdrawal, please see our Privacy Policy.

Reviewer #1: Yes: David Bichell

Reviewer #2: No

[NOTE: If reviewer comments were submitted as an attachment file, they will be attached to this email and accessible via the submission site. Please log into your account, locate the manuscript record, and check for the action link "View Attachments". If this link does not appear, there are no attachment files to be viewed.]

While revising your submission, please upload your figure files to the Preflight Analysis and Conversion Engine (PACE) digital diagnostic tool, https://pacev2.apexcovantage.com/. PACE helps ensure that figures meet PLOS requirements. To use PACE, you must first register as a user. Registration is free. Then, login and navigate to the UPLOAD tab, where you will find detailed instructions on how to use the tool. If you encounter any issues or have any questions when using PACE, please email us at figures@plos.org. Please note that Supporting Information files do not need this step.

PLoS One. 2020 Mar 10;15(3):e0229721. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229721.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

29 Oct 2019

Response to Reviewers

PONE-D-19-19333

Clinical impact of pathology-proven etiology of severely stenotic aortic valves on mid-term outcomes in patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement

PLOS ONE

Response: We acknowledge that two of the groups (the post-inflammatory and congenital groups) showed relatively small sample sizes compared to the other, which might affect its generalizability of our findings to some extent. However, to the best of our knowledge, this clinical study, consisting of more than 200 subjects, is one of the largest populations in cohort studies dealing with major aortic valve etiologies accurately diagnosed with pathological examinations. Therefore, we added the following sentence in the discussion section: “In particular, the clinical outcomes among the post-inflammatory and congenital groups were not statistically significant because of the relatively small size of the two groups, leading to potentially low statistical power.” (Page 27, Line 380). Interestingly, the breakdown of the three etiologies in our study were expectedly unbalanced, with calcific and degenerative AS more common and patient profiles by aortic valve etiology were considerably different in both patient backgrounds and echocardiographic parameters. We believe that those findings were one of the most important results in our study, highlighting a comprehensive message that aortic valve etiology was significantly related to its patient characteristics and more dominated by calcific and degenerative AS in the contemporary era. In addition, as the editor pointed out, there was imbalance in the preoperative characteristics across the three etiology groups, suggesting that even with multivariable regression analysis, confounding may remain. Also, due to the limited number of outcomes, we were unable to make full adjustments even for the variables that we measured. Therefore, our results should not be considered as an estimate of a causal relationship between valve etiology and outcome, but as showing that the pathologically assessed etiology of the diseased valve was a strong predictor of mid- term outcome of the patient even after basic adjustments for patient demographics and perioperative risks (represented by Euroscore II). This could certainly guide clinicians and patients in making decisions about post-operative follow-ups and support the importance of the accuracy of pathological valve diagnosis. To clarify this, we have made adjustments to the discussion section as follows: “Thirdly, there was an imbalance in the preoperative characteristics across the three etiology groups, suggesting that confounding factors may remain even on performing multivariable regression analysis. Moreover, due to the limited number of outcomes, we were unable to make full adjustments even for the variables that we measured. Therefore, our results should not be considered an estimate of a causal relationship between valve etiology and outcome; rather, our results show that the pathologically assessed etiology of the diseased valve was a strong predictor of the mid-term outcomes of the patient even after adjusting for patient demographic characteristics and perioperative risks (represented by EuroSCORE II). This could certainly guide clinicians and patients in decision-making regarding the postoperative follow-ups and support the importance of the accuracy of pathological valve diagnosis.” (Page 26, Line 369)

Regarding combined adverse outcomes, we investigated the detailed clinical outcomes to make a comparison among the three groups in table 3. Intriguingly, there was a trend that patients in the Calcific/degenerative group developed adverse cardiovascular events and gastrointestinal bleeding more frequently than others. Overall, we assumed that those differences in event rates could lead to a statistical difference of both cardiac events and combined adverse events found in Table 4 and Figure 3. From an appropriate statistical standpoint, we decided prior to conducting the clinical study to focus on these three types of clinically harmful events (all-cause death, cardiac events [all-cause death, aortic valve deterioration requiring repeated AVR, and HF hospitalization] and combined adverse events [cardiac events, non-fatal stroke, new-onset ischemic heart disease requiring unplanned PCI, and/or CABG, symptomatic bradycardia/ventricular tachycardia treated with pacemaker/ implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and hospital admission for non-fatal gastrointestinal bleeding]) for which we had a clinical interest. Additionally, these three adverse events have been commonly used as endpoints for patients undergoing interventions on aortic valve in recently published papers [1, 2]. Thus, we never retrofitted our data after analyzing the original data with prespecified multivariate analysis. We found a higher incidence of heart failure admission and late GI bleeding following successful surgical AVR for various mechanisms [3], both of which sometimes resulted in more fatal consequences than expected. A number of previous studies have linked aortic valve stenosis to GI bleeding [4] and reported cessation of GI bleeding following surgical AVR [5]. Moreover, in the new era of transcatheter AVR, there is growing attention to coronary revascularization strategies involving whether complete revascularization should be done along with surgical AVR or whether it should be accomplished prior to transcatheter AVR [2]. In our study all patients had complete revascularization performed with concomitant CABG when indicated. Therefore, including unplanned coronary revascularization in adverse events was considered relevant and met our clinical interest. Thus, we put the following sentence in the materials and methods section: “These definitions of the clinical outcomes were established prior to conducting this clinical study, based on our clinical interests and information from previous studies.” (Page 10, Line 162) and in the discussion section to reinforce informative arguments we demonstrated the similar study [6] to ours by adding the following sentence: “In a relatively large-scale study with a design similar to ours, tricuspid AS was associated with a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and worse survival rates after surgical AVR compared with bicuspid AS. This recent study, however, excluded patients with inflammatory AS. The Kaplan-Meier survival curves were adjusted only for age, and assessments of clinical events were not described, except for the mortality rates.” (Page 24, Line 321)

Reviewer #1: This is a retrospective analysis of 201 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement (AVR) for severe stenosis, with surgical pathology dividing patients into 1) post-inflammatory, 2) congenital, or 3) calcific/degenerative. Not surprisingly, those with calcific aortic valve pathology were older, with higher number of comorbidities, notably coronary artery disease, hypertension, that portended worse outcomes on median 4.1 year follow up. Also, not surprising was the finding that the congenital group was younger, and a larger proportion remained asymptomatic after AVR. Not so intuitive was the finding that the congenital group had a higher incidence of combined adverse events compared with the post-inflammatory group. This study points to the important ideologic concept that aortic valve disease is systemic disease, and accurate diagnosis implies attention to other systems that are predicted to be affected according to type. The manuscript would be more informative if a few points were clarified:

Response: We highly appreciated the comment above.

Response: According to changes in annual surgery procedure volumes for aortic valve and thoracic aortic procedures from 2006 to 2016 in the U.S. [7], the significant rise in the number of aortic valve replacements has resulted from the rapid growth of transcatheter AVR. In contrast, this recent trend in surgical AVR volume is in marked contrast to the meteoric rise in the number of transcatheter AVR cases since the United States Food and Drug Administration approval the procedure in 2011. A similar upward trend has also been found in other European countries [8, 9]. To avoid misleading the reader, we edited the sentence: “There has been a considerable increase in the number of aortic valve replacements (AVR) for severe aortic stenosis (AS) in recent year” to the following one in the abstract section: “The use of a transcatheter or surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) for severe aortic stenosis (AS) has considerably increased in recent years.” (Page 3, Line 39)

Response: The comments above are highly respected because the motivation for our research originated from insights into the diagnostic accuracy of valve etiology with conventional imaging modalities. As pointed out, discordant cases were most commonly found in our study when disease type based on mitral involvement was misdiagnosed as post inflammatory aortic disease when, in fact, it was calcific. Here, we investigated the diagnostic accuracy of aortic valve etiology with preoperative imaging modalities (mainly transthoracic echocardiography) for pathology-verified diagnosis in this study where the overall concordance rate was 79% (159/201 cases). We were ready to discuss the diagnostic accuracy of imaging modality and its practical implication to improve the preoperative diagnosis. However, this interesting topic was a bit beyond the scope of this paper as this study aimed at mainly exploring the clinical impact of aortic valve etiology for predefined postoperative outcomes. As a result, we added the following sentence to describe the validity of our preoperative diagnosis: “A comparison of the pathological diagnosis of the aortic valve etiology by clinical pathologists revealed a 79% (159/201 cases) concordance with the preoperative diagnosis by the attending physicians using imaging modalities (mainly TTE)“ (Page 7, Line 108) and “The diagnostic accuracy reported in the aforementioned study was comparable to our results in that the preoperative diagnosis was in agreement with the pathologically determined etiology in approximately 80% of the cases.” in the discussion section (Page 22, Line 300)

Response: No patients in the present study underwent a Ross procedure or Konno ventriculoplasty. We considered that this is mainly because our patient population was older, with a mean age of 75 years old, for appropriate indication of the Ross procedure which is more complex and technically demanding than standard AVR. Consequently, it requires a longer cardiopulmonary bypass time with the involvement of another valve triggering additional risk of complications. Therefore, we put the following sentences in the method section for clarification: “It is to be noted that no patient underwent other surgical aortic valve procedures, such as aortic valve repair, aortic valve replacement with human homograft, or the Ross procedure.” (Page 6, Line 98)

4. The clinical follow up was until June 2015. Is there a reason why the data are 5 years old?

Response: In truth, I was studying overseas to obtain a master’s degree in medical statics at the University of Southampton for almost two years. Following completion of that program and graduation, I returned to Japan and investigated this novel paper using medical knowledge and statistical skills with clinical data obtained between 2009 and 2015. We believe this period of time is ideal for this particular study because transcatheter AVR procedures, which had never provided information on valve pathology, had just been officially approved by Japanese FDA for use in 2013.

Comments (including minor):

The theory (that AS should be considered a systematic disease, line 326) and the results of the study are interesting although the study itself may benefit from a more clearly defined study purpose and hypothesis. This would allow for the removal of any unnecessary data or analyses and allow a more detailed focus on the elements directly related to the study question. While the importance of conscientious pathologic examination of excised specimens - including aortic valves is intuitively understood, it's not clear how this study adds to that argument. It appears that the study may have originally conducted to determine if certain valve pathologies were associated with worse prognosis (analogous to the prognostic value of certain cancer histologies). As the authors discuss, the initial association seen seems likely to be a surrogate given the risk-adjusted survival outcomes for the three groups was comparable. Although they did find an association between certain pathologies (degenerative namely) with adverse events, there is no clear pretext for undertaking this analysis.

Response: We wholly appreciate the comments from the reviewer. First, we need to clarify our study aim and its implications for clinical practice. A recent study [10] showed that the progression of AS in both tricuspid (post-inflammatory and calcific and degenerative AS) and congenital AS shares a common disease process of inflammation, calcium deposition and ossification and those three entities were thought to be a systemic disease. Although the relief of severe stenotic valves via surgical replacement is associated with improved outcomes over medical management, there is limited data on investigating the effects of aortic valve etiology on clinical outcomes following surgical AVR. Furthermore, potential differences among the three groups, such as burden of associated cardiovascular risk factors, associated aortopathies or differences in cardiac structures might influence postoperative outcomes and help manage patients [11]. Second, the study was mainly a descriptive one, and while we sought to compare predefined clinical outcomes among the three groups adjusting for as many potential confounding variables as possible, our study does not aim to imply inferiority or superiority of a certain valve etiology with respect to postoperative outcomes because few studies exist comparing the three AS etiologies. Needless to say, these estimated hazard ratios should not be interpreted as causal effects of the predictors to clinical outcomes of the patients. To wrap up, the ultimate goal of this study is to (i) describe the incidence of each valve etiology highlighting differences and similarities in clinical, echocardiographic and operative data among the three groups and (ii) compare clinical outcomes across the three etiologies following surgical AVR with and without statistical adjustments. Accordingly, we changed the sentences: “We aimed to investigate the association between the etiologies of stenotic aortic valves and clinical outcomes after surgical AVR in patients with severe AS.” in the introduction to the following:” This study aimed to (i) describe the incidence of each aortic valve etiology verified by pathological examinations, highlighting differences and similarities in clinical, echocardiographic, and operative data among AS patients with different valve etiologies requiring surgical AVR, and (ii) compare the clinical outcomes following surgical AVR with and without statistical adjustments for the established risk factors.”(Page 6, Line 85)

Response: From an appropriate statistical standpoint, we decided prior to conducting the clinical study to focus on these three types of clinically harmful events (all-cause death, cardiac events [all-cause death, aortic valve deterioration requiring repeated AVR, and HF hospitalization] and combined adverse events [cardiac events, non-fatal stroke, new-onset ischemic heart disease requiring unplanned PCI, and/or CABG, symptomatic bradycardia/ventricular tachycardia treated with pacemaker/ implantable cardioverter defibrillator, and hospital admission for non-fatal gastrointestinal bleeding]) for which we had a clinical interest. Additionally, these three adverse events have been commonly used as endpoints for patients undergoing interventions on aortic valve in recently published papers [1, 2]. Thus, we never retrofitted our data after analyzing the original data with prespecified multivariate analysis. We found a higher incidence of heart failure admission and late GI bleeding following successful surgical AVR for various mechanisms [3], both of which sometimes resulted in more fatal consequences than expected. A number of previous studies have linked aortic valve stenosis to GI bleeding [4] and reported cessation of GI bleeding following surgical AVR [5]. Moreover, in the new era of transcatheter AVR, there is growing attention to coronary revascularization strategies involving whether complete revascularization should be done along with surgical AVR or whether it should be accomplished prior to transcatheter AVR [2]. In our study all patients had complete revascularization performed with concomitant CABG when indicated. Therefore, including unplanned coronary revascularization in adverse events was considered relevant and met our clinical interest. Thus, we put the following sentence in the materials and methods section: “These definitions of the clinical outcomes were established prior to conducting this clinical study, based on our clinical interests and information from previous studies.” (Page 10, Line 162)

Response: The comments above are to the point. We need to admit that comparing NYHA class symptoms among three groups in Figure 4 is relative less important and a bit off our initial study purpose. When focusing on the association between valve etiology and functional status, we should design a different study as pointed out here. The main aim of describing functional status and its changes over time was to highlight how much functional status was improved by surgical procedures and maintained at follow-up regardless of aortic valve etiology. In addition, we were determined to report functional status because the development of cardiac symptoms is a clear indication for intervention on severe AS. Most essential is that we contemplated that assessing the chronic functional status at baseline, post-surgery and follow-up by aortic valve etiology could help understand what happened in patients with severe AS undergoing surgical AVR while providing different perspectives from the predefined clinical events. This is because clinical adverse events in the study was interpreted as an acute event and assessing the functional status was evaluated as a chronic status during a regular visit.

I was unable to find the Cox proportional hazards regression model (Table 4) in the manuscript.

Response: We added Table 4 to clearly present the associations between aortic valve etiology and clinical outcomes. (Page 20)

Although the manuscript is easy to follow as written, a more traditional approach is to present the written text altogether, followed by tables and a figure legend/figures at the end.

Response: We have followed submission guidelines of PLOS ONE Journal which shows the following statements regarding tables and figures:

� Do not include figures in the main manuscript file. Each figure must be prepared and submitted as an individual file.

� Figure captions must be inserted in the text of the manuscript, immediately following the paragraph in which the figure is first cited (read order). Do not include captions as part of the figure files themselves or submit them in a separate document.

� Place each table in your manuscript file directly after the paragraph in which it is first cited (read order). Do not submit your tables in separate files.

Response: The comment is valued as one of most essential parts in a clinical study dealing with humans. Consequently, we added the following sentences to show we followed protocol for our institutional review board when contacting patients and/or their relatives: “We followed the appropriate ethical protocols and privacy guidelines approved by the IRB when contacting the patients and/or their relatives.” (Page 7, Line 113)

References

1. Auensen A, Hussain AI, Bendz B, Aaberge L, Falk RS, Walle-Hansen MM, et al. Morbidity outcomes after surgical aortic valve replacement. Open Heart. 2017;4(1):e000588. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2017-000588. PubMed PMID: 28674629; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5471875.

2. Sondergaard L, Popma JJ, Reardon MJ, Van Mieghem NM, Deeb GM, Kodali S, et al. Comparison of a Complete Percutaneous versus Surgical Approach to Aortic Valve Replacement and Revascularization in Patients at Intermediate Surgical Risk: Results from the Randomized SURTAVI Trial. Circulation. 2019. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.039564. PubMed PMID: 31476897.

3. Iyengar A, Sanaiha Y, Aguayo E, Seo YJ, Dobaria V, Toppen W, et al. Comparison of Frequency of Late Gastrointestinal Bleeding With Transcatheter Versus Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122(10):1727-31. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2018.07.047. PubMed PMID: 30316451.

4. Shoenfeld Y, Eldar M, Bedazovsky B, Levy MJ, Pinkhas J. Aortic stenosis associated with gastrointestinal bleeding. A survey of 612 patients. Am Heart J. 1980;100(2):179-82. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(80)90113-1. PubMed PMID: 6967691.

5. Scheffer SM, Leatherman LL. Resolution of Heyde's syndrome of aortic stenosis and gastrointestinal bleeding after aortic valve replacement. Ann Thorac Surg. 1986;42(4):477-80. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)60563-2. PubMed PMID: 3490235.

6. Huntley GD, Thaden JJ, Alsidawi S, Michelena HI, Maleszewski JJ, Edwards WD, et al. Comparative study of bicuspid vs. tricuspid aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19(1):3-8. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jex211. PubMed PMID: 29029001.

7. D'Agostino RS, Jacobs JP, Badhwar V, Fernandez FG, Paone G, Wormuth DW, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery Database: 2018 Update on Outcomes and Quality. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105(1):15-23. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.10.035. PubMed PMID: 29233331.

8. Beckmann A, Meyer R, Lewandowski J, Frie M, Markewitz A, Harringer W. German Heart Surgery Report 2017: The Annual Updated Registry of the German Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2018;66(8):608-21. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1676131. PubMed PMID: 30508866.

9. Bartus K, Sadowski J, Litwinowicz R, Filip G, Jasinski M, Deja M, et al. Changing trends in aortic valve procedures over the past ten years-from mechanical prosthesis via stented bioprosthesis to TAVI procedures-analysis of 50,846 aortic valve cases based on a Polish National Cardiac Surgery Database. J Thorac Dis. 2019;11(6):2340-9. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2019.06.04. PubMed PMID: 31372271; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6626813.

10. Wallby L, Janerot-Sjoberg B, Steffensen T, Broqvist M. T lymphocyte infiltration in non-rheumatic aortic stenosis: a comparative descriptive study between tricuspid and bicuspid aortic valves. Heart. 2002;88(4):348-51. doi: 10.1136/heart.88.4.348. PubMed PMID: 12231589; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC1767380.

11. Masri A, Kalahasti V, Alkharabsheh S, Svensson LG, Sabik JF, Roselli EE, et al. Characteristics and long-term outcomes of contemporary patients with bicuspid aortic valves. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2016;151(6):1650-9 e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.12.019. PubMed PMID: 26825434.

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(29.2KB, docx)}

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229721.r003

Decision Letter 1

Wen-Chih Wu

6 Dec 2019

PONE-D-19-19333R1

Clinical impact of pathology-proven etiology of severely stenotic aortic valves on mid-term outcomes in patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Miura,

==============================

Please provide point to point responses to additional comments by reviewer 2 (below).

Please ask for a professional English editor to review the manuscript for grammar and readability prior to the next submission as minor grammar errors are present.

==============================

We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by Jan 20 2020 11:59PM. When you are ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter.

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). This letter should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.
A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.
An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Manuscript'.

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Wen-Chih Wu, MD, MPH

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

[Note: HTML markup is below. Please do not edit.]

Reviewers' comments:

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #2: Partly

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

5. Is the manuscript presented in an intelligible fashion and written in standard English?

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

6. Review Comments to the Author

Reviewer #2: The authors present a revision of their retrospective cohort study examining the association of valve pathology with intermediate outcome of patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement in which they found an association between valve pathology (mainly calcific disease) and outcome that persisted after risk adjustment.

Comments

The authors might include additional discussion on their interpretation of results – i.e. their interpretation of findings. They may have an idea on why, after risk adjustment, patients with calcific/degenerative pathology have worse outcomes (fatal and nonfatal complications) relative to patients with inflammatory pathology - especially given the strong association seen with adverse outcomes

Consider including the results of univariate analysis for the candidate variables use for multivariate

analysis used in Talble 4 (i.e.,, age, sex,....euroscore, etc)

Also, In the discussion, the authors might briefly discuss recommendations on how their study findings should impact clinical practice.

Figures 3 and 4 are difficult to read. Consider reformatting the figures so the graphs could be enlarged.

PLoS One. 2020 Mar 10;15(3):e0229721. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229721.r004

Author response to Decision Letter 1

14 Jan 2020

Response to Reviewer’s comments

Their revision and written communication addresses some of the comments/questions raised by reviewers. They are careful to note their association between valve type is not causal. The clinical impact of this investigation is difficult to ascertain. The authors might include additional discussion on their interpretation of results – i.e. their interpretation of findings. They may have an idea on why, after risk adjustment, patients with calcific/degenerative pathology have worse outcomes (fatal and nonfatal complications) relative to patients with inflammatory pathology - especially given the strong association seen with adverse outcomes

Response: Because of potential residual confounding, we agree with the reviewer that the association which we found are most likely not fully causal. We do like to discuss potential reasons for the association. Based on our findings, we speculate that the valve etiology profiles might have some effect on mid-term outcomes even after the removal of the diseased valve. Possibly, those differences in late complications among three groups may stem from the extent of postoperative regression of diffuse myocardial fibrosis and myocardial cellular hypertrophy based on aortic valve etiology, as investigated in a recent study [1]. Recently, calcific and degenerative aortic stenosis (AS) has been understood to be an active disease process akin to atherosclerosis from the perspectives of compelling histopathologic and clinical data [2]. Our study results allow us to interpret that numerous overlaps in clinical factors related to calcific and degenerative valve disease and atherosclerosis might be a key finding to explain the potential mechanism by which patients in the calcific/degenerative group develop adverse events associated with plaque vulnerability and thrombosis, including new-onset ischemic heart disease and non-fatal stroke, even after surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) with concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) when indicated. Indeed, heart failure admission, unplanned coronary revascularization and cardiovascular death were more common in the calcific and degenerative compared to the other two groups. The systemic impact of these atherosclerotic disease may in part be considered a residual confounding when comparing the prognoses of surgical AVR patients with three different etiologies. However, it can also be considered a direct consequence of the AS that differently affects myocardium and its recovery by AS etiology. In contrast, congenital aortic valve disease often involves many vascular abnormalities [3], and post-inflammatory disease can affect the myocardium and heart valves and the brain, joints, and skin [4]. In our present study, 23% of patients in the congenital group had undergone replacement of ascending aorta concomitantly, and 82% and 36% of patients in the post-inflammatory group were added surgical procedures on mitral valve and tricuspid valve, respectively. These concomitant surgical procedures, when indicated, might show protective effect on clinical outcomes for potential late complications after surgical AVR. In other words, other valve abnormalities and aortic disease (aneurysm and dilatation) are more likely to coexist in both post-inflammatory and congenital AS patients, which could raise a risk of developing cardiovascular events. However, in most cases, these cardiac comorbidities are surgically treated concomitantly when indicated based on current guidelines, leading to risk reduction for potential cardiovascular events to occur after surgical AVR. On the other hand, patients with calcific/degenerative AS appear to have a strong association with systemic atherosclerosis and there might be an aspect that cardiovascular risks are inevitably left even though a concomitant CABG is properly performed.

Thus, we have strengthened the discussion on why patients with calcific/degenerative pathology have worse outcomes (fatal and nonfatal complications) relative to patients with inflammatory pathology (Page 26, Line 347): “Based on our findings, we speculate that the valve etiology profiles might have some effects on the mid-term outcomes even after the removal of the diseased valve. Possibly, those differences in late complications among the three groups may stem from the extent of postoperative regression of diffuse myocardial fibrosis and myocardial cellular hypertrophy based on the aortic valve etiology, as investigated in a recent study [27]. Recently, calcific and degenerative AS has been understood to be an active disease process akin to atherosclerosis from the perspectives of compelling histopathologic and clinical data [28]. Our study results allow us to interpret that numerous overlaps in clinical factors related to calcific and degenerative valve disease and atherosclerosis might be a key finding to explain the potential mechanism by which patients in the calcific/degenerative group develop adverse events associated with plaque vulnerability and thrombosis, including new-onset ischemic heart disease and non-fatal stroke, even after surgical AVR with concomitant CABG when indicated. Indeed, HF admission, unplanned coronary revascularization, and cardiovascular death were more common in the calcific and degenerative group than in the other two groups. The systemic impact of these atherosclerotic diseases may in part be considered a residual confounding when comparing the prognoses of surgical AVR patients with three different etiologies. However, it can also be considered a direct consequence of the AS that differently affects the myocardium and its recovery by the AS etiology. In contrast, the congenital aortic valve disease often involves many vascular abnormalities [29], and the post-inflammatory disease can affect the myocardium and heart valves and the brain, joints, and skin [30]. In our present study, 23% of patients in the congenital group had undergone replacement of ascending aorta concomitantly, and 82% and 36% of the patients in the post-inflammatory group underwent additional surgical procedures on the mitral and tricuspid valves, respectively. These concomitant surgical procedures, if indicated, might show a protective effect on the clinical outcomes for potential late complications after surgical AVR. In other words, other valve abnormalities and aortic diseases (aneurysm and dilatation) are more likely to coexist in both post-inflammatory and congenital AS patients, which could raise a risk of developing cardiovascular events. However, in most cases, these cardiac comorbidities are surgically treated concomitantly when indicated based on the current guidelines [7], leading to risk reduction of potential cardiovascular events that could occur after surgical AVR. On the other hand, patients with calcific/degenerative AS appear to have a strong association with systemic atherosclerosis, and there might be a possibility that cardiovascular risks inevitably remain even though a concomitant CABG is properly performed. Taking this into consideration, AS should be deemed as a systemic disease with different potential mechanisms by its valve etiology, although the definite pathophysiology behind AS remains incompletely investigated [31].”

Consider including the results of univariate analysis for the candidate variables use for multivariate analysis used in Table 4 (i.e.,, age, sex,....euroscore, etc)

Response: We have added the results of univariate analysis for all variables that were used for each multivariate analysis changing the format of Table 4.

Also, In the discussion, the authors might briefly discuss recommendations on how their study findings should impact clinical practice.

Response: Our data suggest that the etiology and pathobiology of the valvular disease should be examined through a pathological investigation of the excised valve, which can provide essential information on its natural history, surgical risk, postoperative outcome, association with systemic disease, and potential vascular complications, in addition to preoperative imaging assessments. Therefore, future possibility of establishing accurate diagnosis of the diseased valves with less invasive imaging modalities confirmed by pathological examinations should be further explored, which can lead to another novel researches such as valve progression by aortic valve etiology or associations with non-aortic valves. In addition, our results show that the pathologically assessed etiology of the diseased valve was a strong predictor of the mid-term outcomes of the patient even after adjusting for patient demographic characteristics and perioperative risks (represented by EuroSCORE II). This could certainly guide clinicians and patients in decision-making regarding the postoperative follow-ups and support the importance of the accuracy of pathological valve diagnosis. More importantly, our data on detailed clinical outcomes highlights distinct trends in incidences of harmful events following surgical AVR among three etiologies. In fact, heart failure admission, device implantation and gastrointestinal bleeding were more prominent in both the congenital and calcific/degenerative groups compared to the post-inflammatory one while non-fatal stroke was more common in both the calcific/degenerative and post-inflammatory groups. In managing these patients, such a novel information could help to detect and treat potential late complications unique to each valve etiology.

Thus, we reinforced the discussion section to clearly state clinical implications (Page 27, Line 382): “As a clinical implication, our data suggest that the etiology and pathobiology of the valvular disease should be examined through a pathological investigation of the excised valve, which can provide essential information on its natural history, surgical risk, postoperative outcome, association with systemic disease, and potential vascular complications, regardless of preoperative imaging assessments. Therefore, future possibility of establishing accurate diagnosis of the diseased valves with less invasive imaging modalities confirmed by pathological examinations should be further explored, which can lead to other novel researches, such as valve progression by aortic valve etiology or associations with non-aortic valves. Moreover, our data on the detailed clinical outcomes highlight distinct trends in the incidences of harmful events following surgical AVR among the three etiologies. For instance, HF admission, device implantation, and gastrointestinal bleeding were more prominent in both the congenital and calcific/degenerative groups than in the post-inflammatory group, whereas non-fatal stroke was more common in both the calcific/degenerative and post-inflammatory groups. In managing these patients, such novel information could help to detect and treat potential late complications unique to each valve etiology.”

Figures 3 and 4 are difficult to read. Consider reformatting the figures so the graphs could be enlarged.

Response: We have reformatted the figures 3 and 4 so that they could be more readable by enlarging the original graphs clearly.

Reference

1. Treibel TA, Kozor R, Schofield R, Benedetti G, Fontana M, Bhuva AN, et al. Reverse Myocardial Remodeling Following Valve Replacement in Patients With Aortic Stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:860-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.12.035 PMID: 29471937

2. Freeman RV, Otto CM. Spectrum of calcific aortic valve disease: pathogenesis, disease progression, and treatment strategies. Circulation. 2005;111:3316-26. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.486738 PMID: 15967862.

3. Siu SC, Silversides CK. Bicuspid aortic valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:2789-800. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.068 PMID: 20579534.

4. Marijon E, Mirabel M, Celermajer DS, Jouven X. Rheumatic heart disease. Lancet. 2012;379:953-64. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61171-9 PMID: 22405798.

Attachment

Submitted filename: Final Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(19.7KB, docx)}

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229721.r005

Decision Letter 2

Wen-Chih Wu

27 Jan 2020

PONE-D-19-19333R2

Clinical impact of pathology-proven etiology of severely stenotic aortic valves on mid-term outcomes in patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement

PLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Miura,

==============================

Suggest to summarize the key results along with the main discussion points in a concise manner. Limit the reviews of the topic to only what is pertinent to the discussion points. Please also review the final product with a professional English editor.

==============================

We would appreciate receiving your revised manuscript by Mar 12 2020 11:59PM. When you are ready to submit your revision, log on to https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/ and select the 'Submissions Needing Revision' folder to locate your manuscript file.

If you would like to make changes to your financial disclosure, please include your updated statement in your cover letter.

Please include the following items when submitting your revised manuscript:

A rebuttal letter that responds to each point raised by the academic editor and reviewer(s). This letter should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Response to Reviewers'.
A marked-up copy of your manuscript that highlights changes made to the original version. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Track Changes'.
An unmarked version of your revised paper without tracked changes. This file should be uploaded as separate file and labeled 'Manuscript'.

We look forward to receiving your revised manuscript.

Kind regards,

Wen-Chih Wu, MD, MPH

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

PLoS One. 2020 Mar 10;15(3):e0229721. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229721.r006

Author response to Decision Letter 2

7 Feb 2020

Response to Reviewer’s comments

The manuscript is improved and the reviewer's comments were addressed. However, the current discussion is too lengthy, with run-on sentences, redundant ideas and unnecessary repetition of the results. Suggest to summarize the key results along with the main discussion points in a concise manner. Limit the reviews of the topic to only what is pertinent to the discussion points. Please also review the final product with a professional English editor.

Response: As suggested by academic editors, we carefully summarized the main discussion points for improved readability and clarity and fully focused on the topic of our interests throughout the entire manuscript by avoiding redundancy and unnecessary ideas. Thus, we revised some parts, mainly in the discussion section, with our intended meanings retained that are highlighted in red ink so that you could follow the changes we made. This file was uploaded as a separate file and labeled 'Revised Manuscript with Tracked Changes' together with ‘Manuscript’ in the process of submitting the revised manuscript after the final product was carefully reviewed by a professional English editor.

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Academic Editor.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(15KB, docx)}

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229721.r007

Decision Letter 3

Wen-Chih Wu

13 Feb 2020

Clinical impact of pathology-proven etiology of severely stenotic aortic valves on mid-term outcomes in patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement

PONE-D-19-19333R3

Dear Dr. Miura,

We are pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it complies with all outstanding technical requirements.

Within one week, you will receive an e-mail containing information on the amendments required prior to publication. When all required modifications have been addressed, you will receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will proceed to our production department and be scheduled for publication.

Shortly after the formal acceptance letter is sent, an invoice for payment will follow. To ensure an efficient production and billing process, please log into Editorial Manager at https://www.editorialmanager.com/pone/, click the "Update My Information" link at the top of the page, and update your user information. If you have any billing related questions, please contact our Author Billing department directly at authorbilling@plos.org.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, you must inform our press team as soon as possible and no later than 48 hours after receiving the formal acceptance. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information, please contact onepress@plos.org.

With kind regards,

Wen-Chih Wu, MD, MPH

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Additional Editor Comments (optional):

Reviewers' comments:

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229721.r008

Acceptance letter

Wen-Chih Wu

26 Feb 2020

PONE-D-19-19333R3

Clinical impact of pathology-proven etiology of severely stenotic aortic valves on mid-term outcomes in patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement

Dear Dr. Miura:

I am pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper at this point, to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

For any other questions or concerns, please email plosone@plos.org.

Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE.

With kind regards,

PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff

on behalf of

Dr. Wen-Chih Wu

Academic Editor

PLOS ONE

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

S1 File. Dataset for all individuals.

(XLSX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(164.4KB, xlsx)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(29.2KB, docx)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: Final Response to Reviewers.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(19.7KB, docx)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: Response to Academic Editor.docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(15KB, docx)}

Data Availability Statement

All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.

[pone.0229721.ref001] 1.Otto CM, Prendergast B. Aortic-valve stenosis—from patients at risk to severe valve obstruction. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:744–56. 10.1056/NEJMra1313875 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref002] 2.Campbell M. Calcific aortic stenosis and congenital bicuspid aortic valves. Br Heart J. 1968;30(5):606–16. 10.1136/hrt.30.5.606 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref003] 3.Chambers JB. Aortic stenosis. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2009;10:i11–9. 10.1093/ejechocard/jen240 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref004] 4.Rajamannan NM. Cardiac valvular medicine. Dordrecht: Springer; 2013; 59–61 [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref005] 5.Hillebrand M, Koschyk D, Ter Hark P, Schuler H, Rybczynski M, Berger J, et al. Diagnostic accuracy study of routine echocardiography for bicuspid aortic valve: a retrospective study and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2017;7:367–79. 10.21037/cdt.2017.05.03 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref006] 6.Miura S, Inoue K, Yamada S, Yamashita T, Ando K. Two rare cases of congenital aortic stenosis showing a discrepancy between preoperative imaging diagnosis, intraoperative findings, and histopathological diagnosis. J Cardiol Cases. 2018;18:13–6. 10.1016/j.jccase.2018.03.003 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref007] 7.Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC Jr., Faxon DP, Freed MD, et al. 2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease): endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2008;118:e523–661. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.190748 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref008] 8.Clawson BJ. Rheumatic heart disease: An analysis of 796 cases. Am Heart J. 1940; 20: 454–474. 10.1016/S0002-8703(40)90878-X [DOI] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref009] 9.Goldbarg SH, Elmariah S, Miller MA, Fuster V. Insights into degenerative aortic valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;50:1205–13. 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.06.024 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref010] 10.Roberts WC. The congenitally bicuspid aortic valve. A study of 85 autopsy cases. Am J Cardiol. 1970;26:72–83. 10.1016/0002-9149(70)90761-7 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref011] 11.Warren BA, Yong JL. Calcification of the aortic valve: its progression and grading. Pathology. 1997;29:360–8. 10.1080/00313029700169315 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref012] 12.Hamatani Y, Ishibashi-Ueda H, Nagai T, Sugano Y, Kanzaki H, Yasuda S, et al. Pathological Investigation of Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve Stenosis, Compared with Atherosclerotic Tricuspid Aortic Valve Stenosis and Congenital Bicuspid Aortic Valve Regurgitation. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0160208 10.1371/journal.pone.0160208 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref013] 13.Imai E, Horio M, Nitta K, Yamagata K, Iseki K, Tsukamoto Y, et al. Modification of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation for Japan. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;50:927–37. 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.09.004 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref014] 14.Nashef SA, Roques F, Sharples LD, Nilsson J, Smith C, Goldstone AR, et al. EuroSCORE II. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012;41:734–44; discussion 44–5. 10.1093/ejcts/ezs043 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref015] 15.Shahian DM, O’Brien SM, Filardo G, Ferraris VA, Haan CK, Rich JB, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2008 cardiac surgery risk models: part 1—coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88(1 Suppl):S2–22. 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.05.053 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref016] 16.O’Brien SM, Shahian DM, Filardo G, Ferraris VA, Haan CK, Rich JB, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2008 cardiac surgery risk models: part 2—isolated valve surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88(1 Suppl):S23–42. 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.05.056 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref017] 17.Miura S, Arita T, Kumamaru H, Domei T, Yamaji K, Soga Y, et al. Causes of death and mortality and evaluation of prognostic factors in patients with severe aortic stenosis in an aging society. J Cardiol. 2015;65:353–9. 10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.02.011 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref018] 18.Huntley GD, Thaden JJ, Alsidawi S, Michelena HI, Maleszewski JJ, Edwards WD, et al. Comparative study of bicuspid vs. tricuspid aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19:3–8. 10.1093/ehjci/jex211 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref019] 19.Tjang YS, van Hees Y, Korfer R, Grobbee DE, van der Heijden GJ. Predictors of mortality after aortic valve replacement. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007;32:469–74. 10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.06.012 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref020] 20.Ladich E, Nakano M, Carter-Monroe N, Virmani R. Pathology of calcific aortic stenosis. Future Cardiol. 2011;7:629–42. 10.2217/fca.11.53 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref021] 21.Matsumura T, Ohtaki E, Misu K, Tohbaru T, Asano R, Nagayama M, et al. Etiology of aortic valve disease and recent changes in Japan:a study of 600 valve replacement cases. Int J Cardiol. 2002;86:217–23 10.1016/s0167-5273(02)00199-7 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref022] 22.Agozzino L, de Vivo F, Falco A, de Luca L, Schinosa T, Cotrufo M. Surgical pathology of the aortic valve: gross and histological findings in 1120 excised valves. Cardiovasc Pathol. 1994;3:155–61. 10.1016/1054-8807(94)90024-8 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref023] 23.Yousry M, Rickenlund A, Petrini J, Jenner J, Liska J, Eriksson P, et al. Aortic valve type and calcification as assessed by transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2015;35:306–13. 10.1111/cpf.12166 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref024] 24.Chu JW, Picard MH, Agnihotri AK, Fitzsimons MG. Diagnosis of congenital unicuspid aortic valve in adult population: the value and limitation of transesophageal echocardiography. Echocardiography. 2010;27:1107–12. 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2010.01209.x . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref025] 25.Alkadhi H, Leschka S, Trindade PT, Feuchtner G, Stolzmann P, Plass A, et al. Cardiac CT for the differentiation of bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valves: comparison with echocardiography and surgery. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195:900–8. 10.2214/AJR.09.3813 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref026] 26.Treibel TA, Kozor R, Schofield R, Benedetti G, Fontana M, Bhuva AN, et al. Reverse Myocardial Remodeling Following Valve Replacement in Patients With Aortic Stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:860–71. 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.12.035 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref027] 27.Freeman RV, Otto CM. Spectrum of calcific aortic valve disease: pathogenesis, disease progression, and treatment strategies. Circulation. 2005;111:3316–26. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.486738 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref028] 28.Siu SC, Silversides CK. Bicuspid aortic valve disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:2789–800. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.068 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref029] 29.Marijon E, Mirabel M, Celermajer DS, Jouven X. Rheumatic heart disease. Lancet. 2012;379:953–64. 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61171-9 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

[pone.0229721.ref030] 30.Dweck MR, Boon NA, Newby DE. Calcific aortic stenosis: a disease of the valve and the myocardium. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:1854–63. 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.02.093 . [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

PERMALINK

Clinical impact of pathology-proven etiology of severely stenotic aortic valves on mid-term outcomes in patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement

Shiro Miura

Katsumi Inoue

Hiraku Kumamaru

Takehiro Yamashita

Michiya Hanyu

Shinichi Shirai

Kenji Ando

Roles

Abstract

Background

Methods and results

Conclusions

Introduction

Materials and methods

Study population

Fig 1. Study population flow chart.

Fig 2. Gross inspections of post-inflammatory (A), congenital (B), and calcific/degenerative (C) aortic stenosis in the representative cases from our study.

Clinical data

Definition of clinical outcome and follow-up

Statistical analysis

Results

Preoperative characteristics of the study population

Table 1. Preoperative characteristics according to aortic valve etiologies.

Echocardiographic evaluations and procedural details

Table 2. Preoperative and postoperative echocardiographic assessments and procedural surgical AVR characteristics.

Impact of the aortic valve etiology on mid-term outcome

Table 3. Detailed clinical outcomes following surgical AVR according to aortic valve etiology.

Fig 3. Kaplan-Meier event curves for mid-term outcomes following surgical AVR among the three types of aortic valve etiologies with respect to (A) all-cause death, (B) cardiac events, and (C) combined adverse events.

Table 4. Unadjusted and adjusted outcomes according to valve etiology among patients with severe AS undergoing surgical AVR.

Fig 4. NYHAfc of patients with severe aortic stenosis at the first diagnosis, within 30 days prior to surgical AVR, and at 3 years after surgical AVR (A) with a comparison of the three different aortic valve etiologies (B–D).

Discussion

Study limitations and strengths

Conclusions

Supporting information

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

Wen-Chih Wu

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

Wen-Chih Wu

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 1

Decision Letter 2

Wen-Chih Wu

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 2

Decision Letter 3

Wen-Chih Wu

Roles

Acceptance letter

Wen-Chih Wu

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

Similar articles

Cited by other articles

Links to NCBI Databases