FIG 2.

Treatment with lead drugs does not alter the microbiota, which is in a dysbiotic state after antibiotic treatment and CDI. Following antibiotic pretreatment, mice were infected with C. difficile spores and administered lead drugs or the vehicle control PBS (CDI model [Fig. 1A]). Uninfected, but antibiotic-pretreated, mice (ABX) and naive (untouched) mice served as controls. At 30 h postinfection, DNA from the cecal contents of the indicated groups of animals (as described in Table 1) was collected (n = 4 or 5 mice/group) and analyzed using the Illumina MiSeq system. (A) Alpha diversity, as measured by observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Levels are represented as the mean ± SE. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01, compared to results for naive mice, or #, P < 0.05, between two indicated groups. (B) PCA of weighted UniFrac distances for 16S rRNA V3-V4 sequence data. Each dot corresponds to an individual mouse. (C) Average relative microbial abundance at the family level.